{"title":"ABBREVIATIONS, CURRENCY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115056126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This introductory chapter provides an overview of plague and public health in Italy and Europe. Plagues, and more generally the campaigns mounted by governments to address emergencies caused by outbreaks of epidemic disease, have remained an important area of historical research, and continue to remain relevant to the present day. It is often portrayed as having provided a template for public health, with some of the main strategies developed in the Renaissance and early modern periods as models for later policies. Italy has been seen as central to this process, developing the first ‘effective’ plague measures; for, just as the Renaissance was viewed as gradually ‘civilising’ countries north of the Alps, so was the influence of Italian administrative reactions to epidemic disease. Focusing on plague in Florence, the book examines, on the one hand, the mixed motivations and attitudes of those who ran governments and, on the other, the varied reactions and activities of the lower levels of society, suggesting they were far from passive actors who accepted decrees and legislation from above.
{"title":"PLAGUE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN ITALY AND EUROPE","authors":"J. Henderson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.6","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory chapter provides an overview of plague and public health in Italy and Europe. Plagues, and more generally the campaigns mounted by governments to address emergencies caused by outbreaks of epidemic disease, have remained an important area of historical research, and continue to remain relevant to the present day. It is often portrayed as having provided a template for public health, with some of the main strategies developed in the Renaissance and early modern periods as models for later policies. Italy has been seen as central to this process, developing the first ‘effective’ plague measures; for, just as the Renaissance was viewed as gradually ‘civilising’ countries north of the Alps, so was the influence of Italian administrative reactions to epidemic disease. Focusing on plague in Florence, the book examines, on the one hand, the mixed motivations and attitudes of those who ran governments and, on the other, the varied reactions and activities of the lower levels of society, suggesting they were far from passive actors who accepted decrees and legislation from above.","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123714434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.12987/9780300249286-006
{"title":"3. Medicine, the Environment and the Poor","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300249286-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300249286-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"9 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122363951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"LAZARETTI AND ISOLATION:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126475312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.12987/9780300249286-007
{"title":"4. Treating the Body of the City and the Body of the Poor","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300249286-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300249286-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"548 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116263403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300196344.003.0009
J. Henderson
This epilogue addresses the return of plague in 1632–3, clearly shocking contemporaries since they had assumed it had disappeared. This analysis serves as a way to examine how far the city of Florence learned from its recent experience, since they now had tried and tested public health policies they could put into place to deal with an epidemic, whereas in 1630 they had not suffered from plague for over a century. What makes this outbreak interesting are the similarities and differences in secular and religious responses. As the chapter argues, while many of the same strategies were employed, this later outbreak did lead to some innovations. These include the quarantining of whole streets and the processing of the Virgin of S. Maria Impruneta through the city over three days. Fortunately, this outbreak proved more localised and much less virulent than the main epidemic which forms the centre of this book, and may help to explain why it was contained more effectively.
{"title":"The Return and End of Plague, 1632–3","authors":"J. Henderson","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300196344.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300196344.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This epilogue addresses the return of plague in 1632–3, clearly shocking contemporaries since they had assumed it had disappeared. This analysis serves as a way to examine how far the city of Florence learned from its recent experience, since they now had tried and tested public health policies they could put into place to deal with an epidemic, whereas in 1630 they had not suffered from plague for over a century. What makes this outbreak interesting are the similarities and differences in secular and religious responses. As the chapter argues, while many of the same strategies were employed, this later outbreak did lead to some innovations. These include the quarantining of whole streets and the processing of the Virgin of S. Maria Impruneta through the city over three days. Fortunately, this outbreak proved more localised and much less virulent than the main epidemic which forms the centre of this book, and may help to explain why it was contained more effectively.","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129665311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.12987/9780300249286-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.12987/9780300249286-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300249286-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127284359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-20DOI: 10.12987/yale/9780300196344.003.0007
J. Henderson
This chapter looks at the role of Lazaretti in Florence in the campaign against plague. In contrast to other cities, such as Venice and Milan, which constructed purpose-built isolation hospitals, Florence relied on adapting existing convents, churches, and patrician villas on the outskirts of the city. The chapter questions how far the epithet ‘more feared than death itself’ can legitimately be applied to these institutions. What makes the Florentine case so remarkable is the survival of the daily correspondence between the hospital directors and the health board. These letters provide a unique and moving insight into the way the Lazaretti were run, the medical and spiritual medicines prescribed, and the challenges thrown up by the admission and treatment of well over 10,000 people, more than 10 percent of the city's population. The chapter then argues that, while mortality may have been high, the extraordinary investment of time, personnel, and finances underlined the belief in the efficacy of these institutions as a way to solve the war against plague.
{"title":"Lazaretti and Isolation: ‘More Feared than Death Itself’?","authors":"J. Henderson","doi":"10.12987/yale/9780300196344.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300196344.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at the role of Lazaretti in Florence in the campaign against plague. In contrast to other cities, such as Venice and Milan, which constructed purpose-built isolation hospitals, Florence relied on adapting existing convents, churches, and patrician villas on the outskirts of the city. The chapter questions how far the epithet ‘more feared than death itself’ can legitimately be applied to these institutions. What makes the Florentine case so remarkable is the survival of the daily correspondence between the hospital directors and the health board. These letters provide a unique and moving insight into the way the Lazaretti were run, the medical and spiritual medicines prescribed, and the challenges thrown up by the admission and treatment of well over 10,000 people, more than 10 percent of the city's population. The chapter then argues that, while mortality may have been high, the extraordinary investment of time, personnel, and finances underlined the belief in the efficacy of these institutions as a way to solve the war against plague.","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"97 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120971841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter details the impact on the population of the policies discussed in the previous chapter. It first analyses the factors underlying the spread of plague, both through Florence and at a more local level in the city's largest parish, S. Lorenzo. Based on records of city and parish, it has been possible to analyse the number of people infected and buried in relation to the topographical and social profiles of individual streets. If this enables one to consider some of the environmental determinants of infection, it is also possible to assess the impact on mortality of the policy of removing the sick from their houses to Lazaretti, through comparing the number of people buried in extra-mural plague pits with those at the isolation hospitals. For contemporaries it was successful, since higher numbers died in Lazaretti, suggesting that they had managed to identify and remove the sick before they got worse. This policy remained in force the next year when a new strategy was introduced, with the imposition from mid-January of a general 40-day quarantine of the inhabitants of both the city and the surrounding countryside. Although this was an extremely expensive operation, since food and drink were being supplied daily to over 34,000 people, the continued drop in mortality led contemporaries to regard this as fulfilling their aims.
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF PLAGUE AND QUARANTINE","authors":"J. Henderson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk8w059.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details the impact on the population of the policies discussed in the previous chapter. It first analyses the factors underlying the spread of plague, both through Florence and at a more local level in the city's largest parish, S. Lorenzo. Based on records of city and parish, it has been possible to analyse the number of people infected and buried in relation to the topographical and social profiles of individual streets. If this enables one to consider some of the environmental determinants of infection, it is also possible to assess the impact on mortality of the policy of removing the sick from their houses to Lazaretti, through comparing the number of people buried in extra-mural plague pits with those at the isolation hospitals. For contemporaries it was successful, since higher numbers died in Lazaretti, suggesting that they had managed to identify and remove the sick before they got worse. This policy remained in force the next year when a new strategy was introduced, with the imposition from mid-January of a general 40-day quarantine of the inhabitants of both the city and the surrounding countryside. Although this was an extremely expensive operation, since food and drink were being supplied daily to over 34,000 people, the continued drop in mortality led contemporaries to regard this as fulfilling their aims.","PeriodicalId":131079,"journal":{"name":"Florence Under Siege","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114953209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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