Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0011
O. Walusinski
Among the many writings of Gilles de la Tourette, his book L’hypnotisme et les états analogues was the most successful, with two editions and translations in German and Italian. After brilliantly introducing the history of the discovery of this trance state, Gilles de la Tourette described the studies undertaken by the Salpêtrière School on hypnotism and its use for hysteria. Supporting his arguments with evidence, he claimed it was necessary to consider the practice of hypnosis as a medical therapy and to prohibit its uncontrolled use by non-physicians, notably healers and entertainers. A few of the clinical cases covered are analyzed parallel to the writings of other alienists at that time, such as Paul Sollier and Alfred Maury. Gilles de la Tourette’s hidden debt to Alexandre Cullere is at last brought to light.
在Gilles de la Tourette的许多作品中，他的《L’hypnotisme et les samtats analoggues》是最成功的，有两个版本，并翻译成德语和意大利语。Gilles de la Tourette在精彩地介绍了发现这种恍惚状态的历史之后，描述了Salpêtrière学派对催眠术及其用于歇斯底里症的研究。他以证据支持他的论点，声称有必要将催眠的做法视为一种医学治疗，并禁止非医生，特别是治疗师和演艺人员不受控制地使用催眠。其中一些临床案例的分析与当时其他异教主义者的著作平行，如保罗·索利尔和阿尔弗雷德·莫里。吉尔·德·拉·图雷特欠亚历山大·卡勒尔的秘密债务终于曝光了。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0012
O. Walusinski
The second part of Gilles de la Tourette’s Traité de l’Hystérie, on “paroxysmic hysteria,” is a vast catalogue of numerous pathologies. The author analyzes select chapters on hysteria in children, hysterical sleep, and a series of pathologies erroneously attributed to hysteria (with adverse consequences for the patients). The chapter also examines Gilles de la Tourette’s efforts to establish a biological test for distinguishing hysteria from epilepsy. There are multiple references to works and theses of students and colleagues of Gilles de la Tourette and Charcot who today have been forgotten. This considerable compilation bears witness to Gilles de la Tourette’s prodigious capacity for hard work.
吉尔·德·拉·图雷特(Gilles de la Tourette)的《癔病综合症》(trait de l’hyst)的第二部分是关于“突发性歇斯底里症”的，是一个庞大的病理目录。作者分析了儿童歇斯底里症、歇斯底里睡眠和一系列被错误归因于歇斯底里症的病理(对患者造成不良后果)的精选章节。本章还考察了Gilles de la Tourette建立区分歇斯底里症和癫痫症的生物学测试的努力。这里有很多关于吉尔·德拉·图雷特和夏科的学生和同事的作品和论文的参考资料，他们今天已经被遗忘了。这大量的汇编证明了吉尔·德·拉·图雷特从事艰苦工作的惊人能力。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0017
O. Walusinski
Octave Lebesgue (1857–1933), better known by the pen name Georges Montorgeuil, was a contemporary of Georges Gilles de la Tourette. They were brought together by their anticlerical, progressive political ideas and by friends in common, and both made significant advances in their professional careers during the last decade of the nineteenth century. Their epistolary exchange is conserved in the French National Archives in Paris, but has been neglected until now. Beyond their close friendship, it reveals the mutual favors exchanged between them. Well-connected in the political world of the Third Republic, Montorgueil helped build Gilles de la Tourette’s reputation. The detriments of this media coverage came at a time when Gilles de la Tourette’s illness began to disrupt his behavior and weaken his judgment. Decline marked the final years of this neuropsychiatrist, whose fame had been in part due to the support of his journalist friend.
奥克塔夫·勒贝格(Octave Lebesgue, 1857-1933)，笔名乔治·蒙托格伊(Georges Montorgeuil)更为人所知，与乔治·吉尔斯·德拉·图雷特(Georges Gilles de la Tourette)同时代。他们的反教权和进步的政治思想以及共同的朋友使他们走到了一起，在19世纪的最后十年里，他们都在职业生涯中取得了重大进展。他们的书信往来被保存在巴黎的法国国家档案馆，但直到现在一直被忽视。除了他们亲密的友谊之外，它还揭示了他们之间相互的好感。蒙托盖尔在法兰西第三共和国的政界人脉很广，他帮助吉尔·德·拉·图雷特赢得了声誉。这种媒体报道的不利之处在于，Gilles de la Tourette的疾病开始扰乱他的行为，削弱他的判断力。这位神经精神病学家的晚年每况愈下，他的名声部分要归功于他那位记者朋友的支持。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0014
O. Walusinski
Gilles de la Tourette, Charcot, Bourneville, and Axenfeld all belonged to the group of atheist or free-thinking physicians who sought, during the second half of the nineteenth century, to fit possession, ecstasy, visions, and miraculous healings into the framework of mental pathology. This meant frontal opposition to the Church and to Catholic physicians. The book by Gilles de la Tourette and Gabriel Legué, Sœur Jeanne des anges, Supérieure des Ursulines de Loudun, published in 1886 in the “Bibliothèque diabolique” collection directed by Bourneville, was their contribution to this medical-political cause. The genesis of the work, its bibliographic sources, and society’s view of hysteria at the time are discussed with relation to the historical, political, and literary aims of Gilles de la Tourette and Legué.
Gilles de la Tourette、Charcot、Bourneville和Axenfeld都属于无神论者或自由思想的医生群体，他们在19世纪下半叶寻求将附身、狂喜、幻觉和神奇的治疗纳入精神病理学的框架。这意味着对教会和天主教医生的正面反对。吉尔·德·拉·图雷特和加布里埃尔·勒格莱的书Sœur让娜·德·昂格斯1886年在伯尔内维尔指导的“恶魔图书馆”合集中出版，是他们对这一医学政治事业的贡献。作品的起源，它的书目来源，以及当时社会对歇斯底里的看法，与Gilles de la Tourette和leggu的历史，政治和文学目的有关。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190636036.003.0008
Olivier Walusinski
On December 28, 1885, Gilles de la Tourette defended his doctoral thesis in medicine with his teacher, Jean-Martin Charcot, presiding over the jury. The subject, proposed by Charcot himself, involved studying footprints made on sheets of white paper and establishing gait anomalies during various stages of neurological disorders. Gilles de la Tourette spent 1884 and 1885 working on his thesis. His footprints graphical study, which may appear simplistic, is the first of its kind in neurology, making it innovative and valuable. It drew on similar orthopedic studies previously conducted in other European countries. These studies are reviewed here, and the genesis, technical aspects, and results of Gilles de la Tourette’s study are analyzed. The impact of his thesis is examined based on summaries published in the medical press and the fact that Gilles de la Tourette was awarded a prize by the Académie de Médecine for this work.
1885年12月28日，Gilles de la Tourette在他的老师Jean-Martin Charcot主持下为他的医学博士论文辩护。这个课题是由Charcot自己提出的，包括研究白纸上的脚印，并在神经疾病的不同阶段建立步态异常。Gilles de la Tourette花了1884年和1885年写他的论文。他的足迹图形研究，可能看起来过于简单，是神经病学的第一个，使其具有创新性和价值。该研究借鉴了此前在其他欧洲国家进行的类似骨科研究。本文回顾了这些研究，并分析了Gilles de la Tourette研究的起源、技术方面和结果。他的论文的影响是根据发表在医学报刊上的摘要和Gilles de la Tourette因这项工作获得了academie de msamacemmie de msamdecine奖的事实来审查的。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190636036.003.0015
O. Walusinski
Gilles de la Tourette had a passion for the history of medicine and ideas, with a particular attachment to the city of Loudun, where his family had its roots. In 1884, he published a biography of another Loudun native, Théophraste Renaudot, a seventeenth-century physician who advocated reform in medical studies, calling into question the rigid scholastic method, limited to Hippocratic and Galenic medicine, in order to develop truly clinical practices as well as medical research. This chapter presents this biography and its genesis, Gilles de la Tourette’s hidden debt to Eugène Hatin, and unpublished letters received by Gilles de la Tourette after the book’s publication. Drawing on archival documents, the process Gilles de la Tourette initiated to erect a Renaudot statue in Paris and Loudun is detailed, as is his induction into the Ordre de la Légion d’honneur.
Gilles de la Tourette对医学史和思想史有着浓厚的兴趣，尤其喜欢他的家乡——卢敦市。1884年，他出版了另一位罗敦人thsamophraste Renaudot的传记。thsamophraste Renaudot是一位17世纪的医生，他提倡医学研究改革，对局限于希波克拉底和盖伦医学的僵化的学术方法提出质疑，以发展真正的临床实践和医学研究。这一章介绍了这本传记及其起源，吉尔·德·拉·图雷特对欧格伦·哈廷的隐性债务，以及吉尔·德·拉·图雷特在书出版后收到的未发表的信件。吉尔·德·拉·图雷特根据档案文件，详细介绍了他在巴黎和卢敦建立雷诺多雕像的过程，以及他被授予荣誉勋章的过程。
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