Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190636036.003.0016
O. Walusinski
La Revue Hebdomadaire, a general cultural publication that first appeared in 1892, asked Gilles de la Tourette for articles on medical themes. He provided thirteen articles between 1892 and 1900, first using the pen name Paracelse, then his own name. Two of the articles were biographical. Of the eleven remaining articles, two dealt with hygiene and alcoholism and another with the “human calculator” examined by Charcot, Jacques Inaudi. But, most often, Gilles de la Tourette enjoyed giving his interpretation, as an alienist fascinated with hypnotism and hysteria, of the dramatic works produced in the theaters of the Parisian boulevards. This chapter presents and analyzes Gilles de la Tourette’s various articles within the political, cultural, and medical context of the time as well as his involvement with a famous trial, the Cauvin affair.
1892年创刊的文化刊物《评论周刊》(La Revue Hebdomadaire)向吉尔斯·德·拉·图雷特(Gilles de La Tourette)索要医学题材的文章。他在1892年至1900年间发表了13篇文章，首先使用笔名Paracelse，然后使用自己的名字。其中两篇是传记文章。在剩下的11篇文章中，有两篇是关于卫生和酗酒的，另一篇是关于雅克·伊诺迪(Jacques Inaudi)研究的“人类计算器”。但是，大多数时候，吉尔·德·拉·图雷特喜欢以一个痴迷于催眠和歇斯底里的异乡人的身份，解释巴黎林荫大道剧院里的戏剧作品。本章介绍并分析了Gilles de la Tourette在当时的政治，文化和医学背景下的各种文章，以及他参与的著名审判，即Cauvin事件。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0009
O. Walusinski
This chapter opens with a summary of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome as it is currently understood, then presents the lesson given by Gilles de la Tourette in 1899 on the subject. This lesson is indicative of the necessary perspicacity for isolating the pathology from “the choreas,” a catch-all term in Gilles de la Tourette’s day for abnormal movements. Initiated by the translation of an article by the American alienist Beard describing the “Jumpers of Maine,” Gilles de la Tourette’s work can be situated along a timeline that included errors and missing elements up to its publication in 1885. Also highlighted are Charcot’s role in this nosographical study, as well as the hidden contribution of Georges Guinon. The reception by European and American neurologists of this entity’s isolation concludes the analysis of this seminal work, which led to the now-famous eponym.
本章以吉尔·德·拉·图雷特综合症的总结作为目前的理解，然后介绍了吉尔·德·拉·图雷特在1899年关于这个主题的教训。这一课表明了将病理学与“舞蹈症”(Gilles de la Tourette时代对异常运动的统称)区分开来的必要洞察力。吉尔斯·德·拉·图雷特的作品始于对美国外星人学者比尔德(Beard)一篇描述“缅因州跳楼者”(Jumpers of Maine)的文章的翻译，可以沿着一条包括错误和缺失元素的时间线进行定位，直到1885年出版。同时强调的是沙可在这个临床研究中的作用，以及乔治·吉农的隐藏贡献。欧洲和美国的神经学家对这个实体的孤立性的接受，总结了这一开创性工作的分析，这导致了现在著名的名字。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190636036.003.0004
O. Walusinski
Although 1893 began with a promising start as Gilles de la Tourette finished the second part of his treatise on hysteria, Hystérie pathologique. Later, in June, he was pronounced “Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur” on behalf of the French Ministry of the Interior for the decisive role he had played in the erection of a statue to honor Théophraste Renaudot. However, five weeks after the death of his son from meningitis in July 1893, Gilles de la Tourette’s teacher Charcot died. Then, in December of the same year, Rose Kamper, a former patient at La Salpêtrière, attempted to assassinate Gilles de la Tourette in his office. The author examines this murder attempt in the context of unpublished documents and newspaper articles.
尽管1893年有了一个很好的开始，Gilles de la Tourette完成了他关于歇斯底里症的论文的第二部分，癔病。后来，在6月，他被代表法国内政部授予“荣誉骑士勋章”，以表彰他在为萨姆萨弗拉斯特·雷诺多建立雕像的过程中所起的决定性作用。然而，1893年7月，他的儿子死于脑膜炎，五个星期后，吉尔·德·拉·图雷特的老师沙科特也去世了。同年12月，La Salpêtrière的前病人Rose Kamper试图在Gilles de La Tourette的办公室刺杀他。作者在未发表的文件和报纸文章的背景下研究了这一谋杀企图。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190636036.003.0018
Olivier Walusinski
This chapter focuses on Georges Gilles de la Tourette’s poetical pursuits. A man of many talents, these poems provide insight into yet another facet of Gilles de la Tourette’s personality. As well, they may provide some clue to his mental state as he suffered from the long-term effects of syphilis. It is difficult to know whether these poems should be taken as initial signs of Gilles de la Tourette’s disease or whether they are a simple manifestation of his imagination and the pleasure he took in writing. His poetry can be found at the family archive in Loundun.
这一章的重点是乔治·吉尔斯·德拉·图雷特的诗歌追求。作为一个多才多艺的人，这些诗提供了对Gilles de la Tourette个性的另一个方面的洞察。此外，它们也可能为他长期受梅毒影响的精神状态提供一些线索。很难知道这些诗是否应该被视为吉尔·德·拉·图雷特病的最初迹象，或者它们是否只是他想象力和写作乐趣的简单表现。他的诗歌可以在朗敦的家族档案中找到。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0019
O. Walusinski
Gilles de la Tourette was a prolific author from the time he started his medical studies; he published his first article in 1881. All of his publications are listed here, in chronological order, including the list of his books and journal articles. Also listed are theses he inspired as well as his article co-authors. The most important texts are analyzed, notably his book, Les états neurasthéniques, which includes a description of restless legs syndrome; “Benedikt syndrome,” co-authored with Jean-Baptiste Charcot, which is placed within the historical context of the condition’s isolation; Le traitement pratique de l’épilepsie, in which Gilles de la Tourette improved treatment by specifying the effective dose of bromide; and the debate between Babiński and Gilles de la Tourette that took place at a 1900 session of the Société de neurologie and pertained to the specificity of the Babiński sign.
Gilles de la Tourette从他开始医学研究的时候就是一个多产的作家;他在1881年发表了第一篇文章。他所有的出版物都列在这里，按时间顺序，包括他的书和期刊文章的列表。还列出了他启发的论文以及他的文章合著者。最重要的文本被分析，特别是他的书，Les 神经衰弱症，其中包括对不宁腿综合征的描述;与Jean-Baptiste Charcot合著的《本尼迪克特综合症》(Benedikt syndrome)被置于该疾病孤立的历史背景下;在该项目中，吉尔斯·德·拉·图雷特通过指定溴化物的有效剂量改善了治疗;还有在1900年的社会神经病学会议上，Babiński和Gilles de la Tourette之间的争论，这与Babiński符号的特殊性有关。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0006
O. Walusinski
In 1896, Gilles de la Tourette was appointed head of the medical department for the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris. His nomination inevitably made him the object of intense envy and several venomous attacks by the press. He responded in the best way possible, by devoting himself to his duties. The fair’s medical department was perfectly organized and fulfilled all of its missions throughout the five years the event lasted, including its set-up and dismantling. The initial criticism was forgotten once Gilles de la Tourette set to work, leaving no room for further censure. This chapter examines his record and the malicious gossip aimed at discrediting him, while revealing a few well-kept secrets.
1896年，Gilles de la Tourette被任命为1900年巴黎世界博览会医疗部门的负责人。他的提名不可避免地使他成为强烈嫉妒的对象，并受到新闻界的几次恶毒攻击。他以最好的方式作出了回应，全身心地投入到自己的职责中。展会的医疗部门组织得很好，在展会持续的五年中完成了所有的任务，包括它的建立和拆除。Gilles de la Tourette开始工作后，最初的批评就被遗忘了，没有留下进一步谴责的余地。这一章考察了他的记录和恶意的流言蜚语，旨在诋毁他，同时揭示了一些保守的秘密。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190636036.003.0010
O. Walusinski
Although the framework of neurological nosography was established during the second half of the nineteenth century, with Jean-Martin Charcot and his Salpêtrière School playing a major role, therapies for the recently identified diseases remained relatively ineffective. Since many Parkinson’s patients reported an improvement in their condition after being violently shaken during travel in mail carriages, Charcot recycled an old treatment method based on a vibratory armchair, assigning the preliminary study to Gilles de la Tourette, who tried to extend the technique to other pathologies by using a vibratory helmet. Another technique recommended by Charcot for treating tabes patients was “suspension,” thought to elongate the spinal cord. The related therapeutic tests in France and Europe are discussed in detail. Gilles de la Tourette made significant use of suspension at the time. The author compares his reports with the scientific challenges to his techniques and examines the resulting discussions.
尽管在19世纪下半叶建立了神经内科的框架，让-马丁·沙科和他的Salpêtrière学派发挥了主要作用，但对最近发现的疾病的治疗仍然相对无效。由于许多帕金森患者在乘坐邮车旅行时受到剧烈震动后病情有所改善，夏可回收了一种基于振动扶手椅的旧治疗方法，并将初步研究交给了吉尔斯·德拉·图雷特(Gilles de la Tourette)，后者试图通过使用振动头盔将这项技术扩展到其他疾病。Charcot推荐的另一种治疗tabes患者的技术是“悬浮”，被认为可以延长脊髓。详细讨论了法国和欧洲的相关治疗试验。Gilles de la Tourette在当时使用了大量的暂停。作者将他的报告与对他的技术的科学挑战进行了比较，并检查了由此产生的讨论。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0005
Olivier Walusinski
Using unpublished letters as well as press excerpts, the author examines Gilles de la Tourette’s relationships with hospital administrators and journalists, which provide insight into his personality. Responding to an unfortunate case sensationalized by the press, Gilles de la Tourette aggressively defended his reputation while also revealing cognitive difficulties that would worsen over time. Starting in 1893, Gilles de la Tourette’s behavior gradually changed, a sign of syphilitic general paralysis. The chapter presents previously unpublished letters that he sent to the administrators of his hospital, where he was in charge of a department and describes his reaction to a slanderous press campaign. In addition to Gilles de la Tourette’s condition, the new documents elucidate the state of Parisian hospitals and the challenges of hospital physicians at the end of the nineteenth century.
作者利用未发表的信件和新闻摘录，研究了吉尔斯·德拉图雷特与医院管理人员和记者的关系，从而深入了解了他的个性。吉尔斯·德拉图雷特在回应一个被媒体大肆渲染的不幸案件时，积极捍卫自己的声誉，同时也透露了随着时间的推移，他的认知困难会恶化。从1893年开始，Gilles de la Tourette的行为逐渐改变，这是梅毒全身性麻痹的征兆。这一章展示了他写给医院管理人员的未发表的信件，他在那里负责一个部门，并描述了他对诽谤媒体运动的反应。除了Gilles de la Tourette的病情外，这些新文件还阐明了19世纪末巴黎医院的状况以及医院医生面临的挑战。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780190636036.003.0003
O. Walusinski
The unpublished letters presented in this chapter, from Georges Gilles de la Tourette’s teacher Jean-Martin Charcot to Gilles de la Tourette, provide insight into the daily workings of Charcot’s famous La Salpêtrière department in the famous Parisian hospital. Charcot engaged a secretary to help him in his practice, and in 1887 he selected Gilles de la Tourette for this coveted post. By providing evidence of an exchange between the teacher and his student regarding hypnotism and hysteria, these letters also elucidate the quarrel between the Nancy and Salpêtrière Schools, especially during a famous trial, the Gouffé affair. Charcot’s esteem for and trust in Gilles de la Tourette are manifest.
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Pub Date : 2018-10-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190636036.003.0002
O. Walusinski
After his classical high school education in Chatellerault, Gilles de la Tourette moved to Poitiers for his medical studies, which he then pursued in Paris. This chapter covers his student days and his career path within the hospital and university hierarchies and brings additional interesting information on the system of university examinations and French medical education. The author also discusses Gilles de la Tourette’s relationships with other notables of the time, for example, with Jules Claretie and Sigmund Freud, and his opinions regarding the legal affairs that marked his time. Unpublished archives are used to explore Georges Gilles de la Tourette’s numerous literary and medical activities.
在沙特勒罗接受完古典高中教育后，吉勒·德·拉·图雷特搬到普瓦捷学习医学，然后在巴黎继续深造。这一章涵盖了他的学生时代和他在医院和大学等级制度中的职业道路，并带来了关于大学考试制度和法国医学教育的额外有趣信息。作者还讨论了Gilles de la Tourette与当时其他名人的关系，例如与Jules Claretie和Sigmund Freud的关系，以及他对当时法律事务的看法。未发表的档案被用来探索乔治吉尔斯德拉图雷特的众多文学和医学活动。
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