Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/lwc.2025.3647152
Junhyeong Jo, Mingun Kim, Jemin Lee, Miyoung Yun, Junhwan Lee
{"title":"Optimizing Transmit Power and Antenna Tilt Angle for Non-Terrestrial Networks","authors":"Junhyeong Jo, Mingun Kim, Jemin Lee, Miyoung Yun, Junhwan Lee","doi":"10.1109/lwc.2025.3647152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3647152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/LWC.2025.3647212
Zhenyu Li;Ozan Alp Topal;Özlem Tuğfe Demir;Emil Björnson;Cicek Cavdar
Without requiring operational costs such as cabling and powering while maintaining reconfigurable phase-shift capability, self-sustainable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ssRISs) can be deployed in locations inaccessible to conventional relays or base stations, offering a novel approach to enhance wireless coverage. This letter assesses the feasibility of ssRIS deployment by analyzing two harvest-and-reflect (HaR) schemes: element-splitting (ES) and time-splitting (TS). We examine how element requirements scale with key system parameters, transmit power, data rate demands, and outage constraints under both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ssRIS-to-user equipment (UE) channels. Analytical and numerical results reveal distinct feasibility characteristics. The TS scheme demonstrates better channel hardening gain, maintaining stable element requirements across varying outage margins, making it advantageous for indoor deployments with favorable harvesting conditions and moderate data rates. However, TS exhibits an element requirement that exponentially scales to harvesting difficulty and data rate. Conversely, the ES scheme shows only linear growth with harvesting difficulty, providing better feasibility under challenging outdoor scenarios. These findings establish that TS excels in benign environments, prioritizing reliability, while ES is preferable for demanding conditions requiring operational robustness.
{"title":"Feasibility Study Regarding Self-Sustainable Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces","authors":"Zhenyu Li;Ozan Alp Topal;Özlem Tuğfe Demir;Emil Björnson;Cicek Cavdar","doi":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3647212","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3647212","url":null,"abstract":"Without requiring operational costs such as cabling and powering while maintaining reconfigurable phase-shift capability, self-sustainable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ssRISs) can be deployed in locations inaccessible to conventional relays or base stations, offering a novel approach to enhance wireless coverage. This letter assesses the feasibility of ssRIS deployment by analyzing two harvest-and-reflect (HaR) schemes: element-splitting (ES) and time-splitting (TS). We examine how element requirements scale with key system parameters, transmit power, data rate demands, and outage constraints under both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ssRIS-to-user equipment (UE) channels. Analytical and numerical results reveal distinct feasibility characteristics. The TS scheme demonstrates better channel hardening gain, maintaining stable element requirements across varying outage margins, making it advantageous for indoor deployments with favorable harvesting conditions and moderate data rates. However, TS exhibits an element requirement that exponentially scales to harvesting difficulty and data rate. Conversely, the ES scheme shows only linear growth with harvesting difficulty, providing better feasibility under challenging outdoor scenarios. These findings establish that TS excels in benign environments, prioritizing reliability, while ES is preferable for demanding conditions requiring operational robustness.","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"15 ","pages":"1045-1049"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/LWC.2025.3647010
Lihua Ruan;Limeng Dong;Hongyi Zhu
This letter presents a comparative study of leveraging reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) or private precoding (PP) to counteract potential malicious sensing using channel state information (CSI) by a user device (UD) during communication. RIS and PP recently have emerged as two distinct approaches to address the growing concern of environment information leakage from CSI. Although both have demonstrated effectiveness, their theoretical performance and, more importantly, a comprehensive understanding of their comparative abilities in supporting a UD communication meanwhile anti its sensing remain underexplored. In this letter, we model the CSI-based sensing and communication performance of a UD controlled by RIS and PP in multi-antenna system contexts, respectively. Towards enhancing communication while restricting the sensing accuracy, we derive the exact optimal PP performance case and RIS performance bounds over feasible configurations. By analyzing the derived results, we draw insights into the characteristics of RIS and PP in influencing environment privacy and the UD communication, answering when RIS or PP is preferable. The theoretical results are verified in simulations.
{"title":"Anti CSI-Based Sensing During Communication: Performance Modeling and Comparison of Using RIS and Private Precoding","authors":"Lihua Ruan;Limeng Dong;Hongyi Zhu","doi":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3647010","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3647010","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a comparative study of leveraging reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) or private precoding (PP) to counteract potential malicious sensing using channel state information (CSI) by a user device (UD) during communication. RIS and PP recently have emerged as two distinct approaches to address the growing concern of environment information leakage from CSI. Although both have demonstrated effectiveness, their theoretical performance and, more importantly, a comprehensive understanding of their comparative abilities in supporting a UD communication meanwhile anti its sensing remain underexplored. In this letter, we model the CSI-based sensing and communication performance of a UD controlled by RIS and PP in multi-antenna system contexts, respectively. Towards enhancing communication while restricting the sensing accuracy, we derive the exact optimal PP performance case and RIS performance bounds over feasible configurations. By analyzing the derived results, we draw insights into the characteristics of RIS and PP in influencing environment privacy and the UD communication, answering when RIS or PP is preferable. The theoretical results are verified in simulations.","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"15 ","pages":"1070-1074"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/LWC.2025.3646878
Thien Huynh-The;Phuoc-Long Huynh;Van-Ca Phan;Thai-Hoc Vu;Daniel Benevides da Costa
The growing demand for spectrum efficiency in next-generation wireless networks, especially in vehicular environments, necessitates effective spectrum sensing (SS) techniques capable of managing the coexistence of technologies like fifth generation new radio (NR) and radar systems. This letter introduces SpecDiff, an innovative framework based on latent diffusion models for spectrogram segmentation, designed to identify and differentiate these coexisting signals in dynamic, noisy environments. SpecDiff leverages a generative diffusion model in a compact latent space, using an attention-based denoising process to enhance segmentation performance under low signal-to-noise ratios and complex channel conditions. The model achieves state-of-the-art performance, with a mean accuracy of 98.68% and mean intersection-over-union (IoU) of 96.30%, effectively identifying the occupied bandwidth in spectrograms. Furthermore, SpecDiff surpasses existing deep learning models in both accuracy and efficiency, offering a promising solution for spectrum sharing in future wireless networks.
{"title":"Latent Diffusion for Spectrum Sensing of Coexisting Radar and Communication Signals","authors":"Thien Huynh-The;Phuoc-Long Huynh;Van-Ca Phan;Thai-Hoc Vu;Daniel Benevides da Costa","doi":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646878","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646878","url":null,"abstract":"The growing demand for spectrum efficiency in next-generation wireless networks, especially in vehicular environments, necessitates effective spectrum sensing (SS) techniques capable of managing the coexistence of technologies like fifth generation new radio (NR) and radar systems. This letter introduces SpecDiff, an innovative framework based on latent diffusion models for spectrogram segmentation, designed to identify and differentiate these coexisting signals in dynamic, noisy environments. SpecDiff leverages a generative diffusion model in a compact latent space, using an attention-based denoising process to enhance segmentation performance under low signal-to-noise ratios and complex channel conditions. The model achieves state-of-the-art performance, with a mean accuracy of 98.68% and mean intersection-over-union (IoU) of 96.30%, effectively identifying the occupied bandwidth in spectrograms. Furthermore, SpecDiff surpasses existing deep learning models in both accuracy and efficiency, offering a promising solution for spectrum sharing in future wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"15 ","pages":"1025-1029"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We address the joint optimization of port selection and precoder design for a Fluid Antenna System (FAS) to minimize power consumption under a minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraint. This formulation results in a challenging mixed-integer nonconvex problem. To solve it, we introduce a novel large language model (LLM)-based hyper-heuristic. Our approach leverages alternating optimization to decompose the problem into a convex precoder subproblem and a port selection subproblem. For the latter, we employ a genetic algorithm (GA) that is automatically enhanced by a dual-LLM architecture. This architecture uses one LLM to generate crossover operators and another to critique and refine them, eliminating manual tuning. Under the simulation conditions of 10 dB SINR, 10 users, and antenna sizes between $8times $ 8 cm and $13times $ 13 cm, the proposed LLM-enhanced GA outperforms the conventional GA by an average of 22.09%.
为了在最小信噪比（SINR）约束下最大限度地降低功耗，研究了流体天线系统（FAS）的端口选择和预编码器设计的联合优化。这个公式导致了一个具有挑战性的混合整数非凸问题。为了解决这个问题，我们引入了一种新的基于大语言模型的超启发式算法。我们的方法利用交替优化将问题分解为凸预编码器子问题和端口选择子问题。对于后者，我们采用了一种遗传算法（GA），该算法通过双llm架构自动增强。该架构使用一个LLM生成交叉操作符，另一个LLM对其进行评论和改进，从而消除了手动调优。在10 dB信噪比、10个用户、天线尺寸在8 × 8 cm ~ 13 × 13 cm之间的仿真条件下，所提llm增强遗传算法的性能平均优于传统遗传算法22.09%。
{"title":"LLM-Driven Design for Fluid Antenna Systems","authors":"Chao Wang;Bowen Zhang;Zan Li;Kai-Kit Wong;Hao Xu;Gan Zheng;Chan-Byoung Chae","doi":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3647421","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3647421","url":null,"abstract":"We address the joint optimization of port selection and precoder design for a Fluid Antenna System (FAS) to minimize power consumption under a minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraint. This formulation results in a challenging mixed-integer nonconvex problem. To solve it, we introduce a novel large language model (LLM)-based hyper-heuristic. Our approach leverages alternating optimization to decompose the problem into a convex precoder subproblem and a port selection subproblem. For the latter, we employ a genetic algorithm (GA) that is automatically enhanced by a dual-LLM architecture. This architecture uses one LLM to generate crossover operators and another to critique and refine them, eliminating manual tuning. Under the simulation conditions of 10 dB SINR, 10 users, and antenna sizes between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>8 cm and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$13times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>13 cm, the proposed LLM-enhanced GA outperforms the conventional GA by an average of 22.09%.","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"15 ","pages":"1065-1069"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/lwc.2025.3646361
Jimin Yang, Jongkwan Lee, Hoki Baek, Jaesung Lim
{"title":"Joint Communication and Localization Enhancement for UAV-Assisted ISAC System Under Location Uncertainty","authors":"Jimin Yang, Jongkwan Lee, Hoki Baek, Jaesung Lim","doi":"10.1109/lwc.2025.3646361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2025.3646361","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/LWC.2025.3646169
Wenqian Tang;Zian Meng;Qiang Li;Mingdie Yan;Xiaohu Ge
Existing denoising models of semantic communication (SemCom) rely on continuous diffusion, requiring analog signal reconstruction at the receiver. To be compatible with the prevailing digital systems, a fully digital generative SemCom framework is proposed by designing a Channel Discrete Denoising Diffusion Model (CD3M). To capture symbol transitions under digital channel distortions, a discrete Markov chain model is first constructed, which guides CD3M to learn robust denoising dynamics over digital constellations. On this basis, a unified generative digital SemCom architecture is established by integrating CD3M with Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder (VQVAE), i.e., CD3M-VQVAE, which enables channel-adaptive denoising with a single codec pair. Simulation results demonstrate that CD3M-VQVAE outperforms other single-codec and classical coded-modulation schemes, and can reach the performance of multi-codec methods at moderate SNRs under certain compression rates.
{"title":"Channel Denoising in Digital Semantic Communication Systems via Discrete Diffusion","authors":"Wenqian Tang;Zian Meng;Qiang Li;Mingdie Yan;Xiaohu Ge","doi":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646169","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646169","url":null,"abstract":"Existing denoising models of semantic communication (SemCom) rely on continuous diffusion, requiring analog signal reconstruction at the receiver. To be compatible with the prevailing digital systems, a fully digital generative SemCom framework is proposed by designing a Channel Discrete Denoising Diffusion Model (CD3M). To capture symbol transitions under digital channel distortions, a discrete Markov chain model is first constructed, which guides CD3M to learn robust denoising dynamics over digital constellations. On this basis, a unified generative digital SemCom architecture is established by integrating CD3M with Vector Quantized Variational Autoencoder (VQVAE), i.e., CD3M-VQVAE, which enables channel-adaptive denoising with a single codec pair. Simulation results demonstrate that CD3M-VQVAE outperforms other single-codec and classical coded-modulation schemes, and can reach the performance of multi-codec methods at moderate SNRs under certain compression rates.","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"15 ","pages":"1035-1039"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose MOBA, a real-time scheduler for MOdel selection and Bandwidth Allocation, to provide low-latency and high-quality image transmission in wireless networks. Specifically, MOBA first decomposes the joint optimization into large numbers of simple subproblems that are suitable for parallel computation. Then, we can solve them in parallel through sampling a subset of subproblems from identified promising sets, achieving real-time near-optimal solutions. Finally, we implement MOBA on an off-the-shelf Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) platform. Experimental results show that MOBA outperforms other traditional schemes, while meeting the stringent timing requirement ($125~mu s$ ) in 5G.
{"title":"MOBA: Real-Time Model Selection and Bandwidth Allocation for Wireless Image Transmission","authors":"Wei Teng;Hanchi Shi;Weijia Han;Weihua Wu;Xiao Ma;Kun Guo","doi":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646261","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646261","url":null,"abstract":"We propose MOBA, a real-time scheduler for MOdel selection and Bandwidth Allocation, to provide low-latency and high-quality image transmission in wireless networks. Specifically, MOBA first decomposes the joint optimization into large numbers of simple subproblems that are suitable for parallel computation. Then, we can solve them in parallel through sampling a subset of subproblems from identified promising sets, achieving real-time near-optimal solutions. Finally, we implement MOBA on an off-the-shelf Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) platform. Experimental results show that MOBA outperforms other traditional schemes, while meeting the stringent timing requirement (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$125~mu s$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in 5G.","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"15 ","pages":"1005-1009"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1109/LWC.2025.3646218
Rui Guo;Yulin Wang;Xiyue Xue;Meilin He
This letter proposes a novel Viterbi-Like successive cancellation (VL-SC) decoding algorithm for polar codes. The algorithm employs the bit log-likelihood-ratio as the “penalty value” within the Viterbi framework to determine the next path quickly, especially in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenarios. To further reduce the time complexity, an enhanced version of the VL-SC algorithm, termed VL-SC with Simplified Inherit Mechanism (VL-SC with SIM) is presented. The enhanced algorithm uses the soft information in the initial successive cancellation decoding process and minimizes the computational amount of specific bits by inheriting some logarithmic likelihood ratios. Simulation results demonstrate that for a code length of N ${=} 512$ and a rate of R ${=} 0.5$ , the VL-SC and VL-SC with SIM algorithms achieve a reduction in time complexity by 17% and 23%, respectively, compared to the SC-Flip (T ${=} 4$ ) algorithm, while maintaining similar decoding performance. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in reducing complexity and improving efficiency without sacrificing decoding accuracy.
{"title":"Simplified Viterbi-Like Successive-Cancellation Decoding Algorithm for Polar Codes","authors":"Rui Guo;Yulin Wang;Xiyue Xue;Meilin He","doi":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646218","DOIUrl":"10.1109/LWC.2025.3646218","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a novel Viterbi-Like successive cancellation (VL-SC) decoding algorithm for polar codes. The algorithm employs the bit log-likelihood-ratio as the “penalty value” within the Viterbi framework to determine the next path quickly, especially in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenarios. To further reduce the time complexity, an enhanced version of the VL-SC algorithm, termed VL-SC with Simplified Inherit Mechanism (VL-SC with SIM) is presented. The enhanced algorithm uses the soft information in the initial successive cancellation decoding process and minimizes the computational amount of specific bits by inheriting some logarithmic likelihood ratios. Simulation results demonstrate that for a code length of N <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 512$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a rate of R <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 0.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the VL-SC and VL-SC with SIM algorithms achieve a reduction in time complexity by 17% and 23%, respectively, compared to the SC-Flip (T <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=} 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) algorithm, while maintaining similar decoding performance. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in reducing complexity and improving efficiency without sacrificing decoding accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13343,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters","volume":"15 ","pages":"1165-1169"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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