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Performance evaluation technique for screen-to-camera-based optical camera communications 基于屏幕到摄像机的光学摄像机通信性能评估技术
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-08-07 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12102
Vaigai Nayaki Yokar, Hoa Le-Minh, Zabih Ghassemlooy, Wai Lok Woo

The increasing development and utilisation of optical camera communications offer an excellent opportunity for the implementation of the smartphone-to-smartphone-based visible light communications (S2SVLC) system. In this study, the authors experimentally demonstrate that the S2SVLC system can support high-quality multimedia transmissions by the investigation of the mean square error estimation, peak signal-to-noise (PSNR) degradation, bit error rate (BER), and data rate achieved. The experimental analysis has been carried out for different typical practical background illuminations (i.e., normal illumination and dark condition), distances, tilting, and rotation angles. The PSNR and BER are determined for different frame sizes in the S2SVLC system to provide an insight of system performance. Those results indicate that the data transmission at different conditions significantly impacts the system's performance.

光学相机通信的日益发展和利用为实现基于智能手机到智能手机的可见光通信(S2SVLC)系统提供了极好的机会。在这项研究中,作者通过研究均方误差估计、峰值信噪比(PSNR)退化、误码率(BER)和数据速率,实验证明S2SVLC系统可以支持高质量的多媒体传输。对不同的典型实际背景照明(即正常照明和黑暗条件)、距离、倾斜和旋转角度进行了实验分析。针对S2SVLC系统中的不同帧大小来确定PSNR和BER,以提供对系统性能的深入了解。这些结果表明,不同条件下的数据传输对系统性能有显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Frame recovery using multiple images in rolling shutter based systems 在基于滚动快门的系统中使用多个图像进行帧恢复
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12100
Miguel Rêgo, Joaquin Perez, Pedro Fonseca, Luís Nero Alves

An algorithm for recovering transmitted static identifiers (IDs) in rolling shutter based Optical Camera Communication systems is proposed by the authors, considering a system comprised of a camera and a circular light source. The goal is to allow the correct decoding when the ID frame is only partially detected in the image. A baseline algorithm as reference for the frame recovery success rate (FRSR) and a reconstruction algorithm based on the idea of capturing multiple frame fragments and reassembling them is proposed in order to recover the transmitted ID not entirely seen on a single image. It was proven, by simulation, that the maximum distance at which the IDs recovery can be guaranteed is increased by 2.5 fold with the proposed algorithm, for 6-bit, 8-bit and 10-bit codewords. An experimental validation algorithm was also proposed, using image processing techniques to extract the bitstreams and test the ID recovery process. The proposed algorithm improves the FRSR for a given distance, even in the presence of considerable bit errors in the bitstreams extracted from the images.

针对由摄像机和圆形光源组成的卷帘式光学摄像机通信系统,提出了一种恢复传输静态标识符(id)的算法。目标是允许在图像中仅部分检测到ID帧时进行正确的解码。提出了一种以帧恢复成功率(FRSR)为基准的基线算法和一种基于捕获多个帧片段并将其重组的思想的重建算法,以恢复在单个图像上不完全看到的传输ID。仿真结果表明,对于6位、8位和10位码字,该算法保证id恢复的最大距离提高了2.5倍。提出了一种实验验证算法,利用图像处理技术提取比特流并测试ID恢复过程。提出的算法提高了给定距离下的FRSR,即使在从图像中提取的比特流中存在相当大的比特误差。
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引用次数: 0
An optical digital-to-analog converter with a built-in intensity converter consisting of silicon waveguide 一种光学数模转换器,带有由硅波导组成的内置强度转换器
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12099
Yohei Aikawa, Hiroyuki Uenohara

Optical digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are key to overcoming the enormous power consumption caused by the slowdown of Moore's Law. In previous work, an optical DAC consisting of a signal generator and an intensity converter was presented. The generating component was integrated into the device, but a higher level of device integration is desirable. An optical DAC device with a built-in intensity converter for a 2-bit binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signal is demonstrated. The integrated device consists of two delay line interferometers (DLIs) with silicon waveguides. The first is used to generate a quadrature PSK (QPSK) signal from two BPSK signals, and the second is used to convert the QPSK constellation into light intensities. Experimental results show that the 2-bit digital codes 00, 01, 10, and 11 can be successfully converted into four different light intensities depending on their pattern at 10 Gbps.

光学数模转换器(dac)是克服摩尔定律减速所带来的巨大功耗的关键。在以前的工作中,提出了一种由信号发生器和强度转换器组成的光DAC。发电组件已集成到设备中,但需要更高水平的设备集成。介绍了一种内置强度转换器的2位二进制相移键控(BPSK)信号光DAC器件。该集成器件由两个带有硅波导的延迟线干涉仪(DLIs)组成。第一个用于从两个BPSK信号产生正交PSK (QPSK)信号,第二个用于将QPSK星座转换为光强度。实验结果表明,在10gbps下,2位数字编码00、01、10和11可以根据其模式成功转换为4种不同的光强。
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引用次数: 0
Material characterisation for optical wireless communication combining measurement and Monte Carlo simulations 结合测量和蒙特卡罗模拟的光学无线通信材料特性
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12098
Pierre Combeau, Lilian Aveneau, Pierre Thuillier Le Gac, Ruqin Xiao

A method is proposed for optical characterisation of materials, which is a very important input for realistic channel simulation based on Monte-Carlo Ray-Tracing algorithms. This original approach consists first of all in carrying out some measurements of the optical power received after propagation in the environment containing the materials sought, using a simple and low-cost experimental setup. In a second step, this approach is based on an optimization algorithm. It takes as input the optical power measurements made, associated with the parameters of the measurement environment, such as the positions or properties of the sensors. This algorithm searches for the parameters of the material reflection models, minimising the difference between the optical measurement and the simulation. Two cost functions are studied to perform this search and showed that the correlation measure is the more robust one. To avoid uncertainties in the real input data, this approach is discussed using only a virtual configuration with well-controlled input data and thus a virtual measurement obtained by simulation. The results show that this method produces a correct estimate of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) albedos, provided that the chosen BRDF models correspond well to the reflection behaviour of the materials, and that the materials have a significant influence on the measured optical power.

提出了一种基于蒙特卡罗光线追踪算法的材料光学表征方法,该方法是实现真实通道模拟的重要输入。这种原始方法首先包括在包含所寻找材料的环境中进行传播后接收光功率的一些测量,使用简单且低成本的实验装置。第二步,该方法基于优化算法。它将与测量环境参数(如传感器的位置或属性)相关的光功率测量作为输入。该算法搜索材料反射模型的参数,使光学测量与模拟之间的差异最小化。研究了两个成本函数来执行这种搜索,并表明相关度量是更鲁棒的度量。为了避免实际输入数据中的不确定性,本文只讨论了具有良好控制输入数据的虚拟结构,从而通过仿真获得虚拟测量值。结果表明,如果选择的BRDF模型与材料的反射特性相对应,并且材料对测量的光功率有显著影响,则该方法可以正确估计双向反射分布函数(BRDF)反照率。
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引用次数: 0
Non-linear modelling and distortion compensation in optical Fast-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems 光学快速正交频分复用系统的非线性建模与失真补偿
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12097
Luis Carlos Vieira, Waseem Ozan, John Mitchell, Izzat Darwazeh

Fast-OFDM-based intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) has been proposed for deployment of cost-efficient optical access networks, due to its implementation simplicity and high spectral efficiency. In this article, the accuracy of the generalised memory polynomial (GMP) for the non-linear modelling of optical Fast-OFDM links is studied, including memory effects and considering different model parameters. After model validation using measured data of a 10 km single mode fibre link, the GMP is used for performance investigations of a distortion compensation approach to optical Fast-OFDM, for up to 16PAM modulation formats and different number of Fast-OFDM subcarriers. This study firstly reports the performance results of optical 16PAM-Fast-OFDM systems using either 2PAM- or 4PAM-based training signals for digital post-distortion and FFT-based channel estimation, and firstly investigates the influence of the zero padding (ZP) length on the performance of optical Fast-OFDM. Excellent performance improvements are achieved using the proposed distortion compensation scheme, relative to conventional system implementation.

基于快速ofdm的强度调制和直接检测(IM/DD)由于其实现简单和频谱效率高,被提出用于部署经济高效的光接入网。本文研究了广义记忆多项式(GMP)在光纤Fast-OFDM链路非线性建模中的准确性,包括记忆效应和考虑不同的模型参数。在使用10公里单模光纤链路的测量数据进行模型验证后,GMP用于光学Fast-OFDM的失真补偿方法的性能研究,最多可用于16PAM调制格式和不同数量的Fast-OFDM子载波。本研究首先报道了使用基于2PAM或4pam的训练信号进行数字后失真和基于fft的信道估计的光学16PAM-Fast-OFDM系统的性能结果,并首先研究了零填充(ZP)长度对光学Fast-OFDM性能的影响。与传统的系统实现相比,所提出的失真补偿方案实现了优异的性能改进。
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引用次数: 0
A unilateral 3D indoor positioning system employing optical camera communications 采用光学相机通信的单向三维室内定位系统
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12094
Othman Isam Younus, Neha Chaudhary, Zabih Ghassemlooy, Luis Nero Alves, Stanislav Zvanovec, Dimitrios Pattas, Vasilis K. Papanikolaou

This article investigates the use of a visible light positioning system in an indoor environment to provide a three dimensional (3D) high-accuracy solution. The proposed system leveraged the use of a single light-emitting diode and an image sensor at the transmitter and the receiver (Rx) respectively. The proposed system can retrieve the 3D coordinate of the Rx using a combination of the angle of arrival and received signal strength (RSS). To mitigate the error induced by the lens at the Rx, a novel method is proposed and experimentally tested. The authors show that, the proposed method outperforms previously reported RSS under all circumstances and it is immune to varying exposure times within the standard range of 250 µs to 4 ms. The authors experimentally demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve a 3D root mean squared error of 7.56 cm.

本文研究了在室内环境中使用可见光定位系统来提供三维(3D)高精度解决方案。所提出的系统利用了在发射器和接收器(Rx)分别使用单个发光二极管和图像传感器。该系统可以使用到达角度和接收信号强度(RSS)的组合来检索Rx的三维坐标。为了减轻透镜在Rx处引起的误差,提出了一种新的方法并进行了实验验证。作者表明,所提出的方法在所有情况下都优于先前报道的RSS,并且在250µs至4 ms的标准范围内不受不同暴露时间的影响。实验表明,该算法可以实现7.56 cm的三维均方根误差。
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引用次数: 0
Multispectral Optical camera communication links based on spectral signature multiplexing 基于光谱特征复用的多光谱光学相机通信链路
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12090
Daniel Moreno, Victor Guerra, Julio Rufo, Jose Rabadan, Rafael Perez-Jimenez

Optical camera communication is foreseen to have an essential role in future systems requiring wireless communication capability. In this regard, high-spectral-resolution cameras, such as multispectral (MS) cameras, present specific characteristics that can be exploited to provide new features to optical camera communication links. Using the MS cameras' features to take advantage of the light-emitting diode (LED) behaviour in a novel communication scheme is focussed. Notably, LED spectral response curves are different when their temperature changes. Therefore, these differences can be detected based on the MS cameras' spectral resolution. Thus, more than one communication channel can be attained using the same LED device since the camera can distinguish the different LED spectral signatures. This new approach is analysed in this work, including some equalisation techniques applied to the channel matrix in the receiver to improve the extraction of the transmitted signal reducing the inter-channel interference. For the specific MS camera employed in the experiments, up to two distinct channels could be obtained with the same transmitter at different temperatures, getting a bit error rate below the forward error correction limit. However, obtaining satisfactory results is highly dependent on the variation that temperature causes in the spectral signatures of the LEDs, so further experiments are recommended in future work with different devices.

预计光学相机通信将在未来需要无线通信能力的系统中发挥重要作用。在这方面,高光谱分辨率相机,例如多光谱(MS)相机,呈现出可以用来为光学相机通信链路提供新特性的特定特性。在一种新颖的通信方案中,利用MS相机的特性来利用发光二极管(LED)的行为是重点。值得注意的是,LED的光谱响应曲线在其温度变化时是不同的。因此,可以根据MS相机的光谱分辨率来检测这些差异。因此,使用相同的LED设备可以获得一个以上的通信信道,因为相机可以区分不同的LED光谱特征。这项工作分析了这种新方法,包括应用于接收机中信道矩阵的一些均衡技术,以改进发射信号的提取,减少信道间干扰。对于实验中使用的特定MS相机,在不同温度下使用相同的发射器可以获得多达两个不同的通道,从而使误码率低于前向纠错极限。然而,获得令人满意的结果在很大程度上取决于温度在LED光谱特征中引起的变化,因此建议在未来使用不同设备进行进一步的实验。
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引用次数: 0
Performance analysis of uplink optical wireless communications in the presence of a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface 同时发射和反射可重构智能表面下上行链路光无线通信的性能分析
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12096
Alireza Salehiyan, Mohammad Javad Emadi

Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has gained research and development interests in modifying wireless channel characteristics in order to improve the performance of wireless communications, especially when the quality of the line-of-sight channel is not that good. In this work, for the first time in the literature, we have used simultaneously transmitting and reflecting RIS (STAR-RIS) in a non-orthogonal multiple-access visible light communication system to improve the performance of the system. Achievable rates of the users are derived for two data recovery schemes, single-user detection (SUD) and successive interference cancellation (SIC). Then, the sum-rate optimisation problem is formulated for two operating modes of STAR-RIS, namely energy-splitting and mode-switching cases. Moreover, a sequential parametric convex approximation method is used to solve the sum-rate optimisation problems. The authors have also compared energy-splitting and mode-switching cases and showed that these two modes have the same performance. Finally, numerical results for SUD and SIC schemes and two benchmarking schemes, time-sharing and max-min fairness, are presented, and spectral- and energy-efficiency, number of STAR-RIS elements, the position of users, and access point are discussed.

近年来,可重构智能表面(RIS)在改变无线信道特性以提高无线通信性能方面引起了人们的研究和发展兴趣,特别是在视距信道质量不太好的情况下。在这项工作中,我们在文献中首次在非正交多路接入可见光通信系统中使用同时发射和反射RIS (STAR-RIS)来提高系统的性能。推导了单用户检测(SUD)和连续干扰消除(SIC)两种数据恢复方案下用户的可实现率。然后,针对STAR-RIS的两种工作模式,即能量分裂和模式切换情况,建立了求和速率优化问题。此外,还采用了序列参数凸逼近方法来解决和速率优化问题。作者还比较了能量分裂和模式切换的情况,表明这两种模式具有相同的性能。最后,给出了SUD和SIC方案以及分时和最大最小公平两种基准方案的数值结果,并讨论了频谱和能源效率、STAR-RIS单元数量、用户位置和接入点。
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引用次数: 2
A surface plasmon resonance haemoglobin concentration sensor based on D-type optical fibre with a graphene-gold surface architecture 基于石墨烯-金表面结构的D型光纤的表面等离子体共振血红蛋白浓度传感器
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12092
Zhen-Jiang Shi, Shi-Liang Guo, Xin Li, Wen-Chao Li, Zhi-Quan Li

In this study, a surface plasmon resonance sensor for detecting haemoglobin concentration based on a D-type optical fibre with a graphene-gold surface architecture is proposed. The graphene-gold surface architecture included a 50 nm thick gold film and monolayer graphene film, which were decorated on a 10 mm long D-type sensing region. The proposed sensor worked in wavelength interrogation mode, with the light wavelength ranging from 400 to 1100 nm. The authors realised the D-type optical fibre surface polishing process, the gold film vacuum coating process, and the chemical-vapour-deposited graphene's wet transfer process. Furthermore, the fabricated sensors were used to detect the refractive index (RI) of haemoglobin samples, which varied from 1.331 to 1.346. Experiment results show that the fitted RI sensitivity of the sensor decorated with gold and graphene reaches 1874.41 nm/RIU, 4.995% higher than that of the sensor decorated only with gold. The concentration sensitivity of the sensor coated with gold and graphene film is 4.96 nm/(g/dL), and the proposed sensor can provide a resolution of 20.2 mg/dL for haemoglobin concentration detection.

在这项研究中,提出了一种基于石墨烯-金表面结构的d型光纤的表面等离子体共振传感器,用于检测血红蛋白浓度。石墨烯-金表面结构包括50 nm厚的金膜和单层石墨烯膜,它们被装饰在10 mm长的d型传感区域上。该传感器工作在波长询问模式下,波长范围为400 ~ 1100nm。作者实现了d型光纤表面抛光工艺、金膜真空镀膜工艺和化学气相沉积石墨烯湿转移工艺。此外,所制备的传感器用于检测血红蛋白样品的折射率(RI),其变化范围为1.331 ~ 1.346。实验结果表明,金与石墨烯修饰传感器的拟合RI灵敏度达到1874.41 nm/RIU,比纯金修饰传感器的拟合RI灵敏度提高4.995%。该传感器的浓度灵敏度为4.96 nm/(g/dL),可提供20.2 mg/dL的血红蛋白浓度检测分辨率。
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引用次数: 0
Topas-based octa-circular cladding and rectangular porous core photonic crystal fibre for terahertz waveguide 用于太赫兹波导的Topas基八圆包层矩形多孔芯光子晶体光纤
IF 1.6 4区 计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1049/ote2.12093
Zareen Mustafa, Mohammad Rakibul Islam, Md. Aminul Islam, Nafiz Imtiaz Bin Hamid

This article presents a novel design for guiding terahertz (THz) waves, which utilises a photonic crystal fibre with a porous core (PC-PCF). This approach is substantiated by a Topas-based octagonal-shaped core with rectangular air slots. By utilising Finite Element Method and Perfectly Matched Layer boundary condition, the guiding properties of a structure consisting of octagonal air holes integrated with circular air slots in the cladding region have been investigated. The proposed structure exhibits a birefringence value of 0.05 and a low effective material loss of 0.013 cm−1. Moreover, it exhibits flattened dispersion measuring 0.6±0.16ps/THz/cm $0.6pm 0.16,mathrm{p}mathrm{s}/mathrm{T}mathrm{H}mathrm{z}/mathrm{c}mathrm{m}$ at a wide-ranging frequency of 0.4 to 1.6 THz. In addition to that, the proposed structure offers 60% high core power fraction, 10−18 cm−1 confinement loss at 65% porosity of 290 μm core diameter and 1.6 THz frequency. Other significant waveguide properties: effective refractive index, effective area, spot size, and beam divergence of the proposed fibre are numerically analysed and discussed rigorously along with the fabrication viability of the fibre with existing techniques.

本文提出了一种利用多孔芯光子晶体光纤(PC-PCF)引导太赫兹(THz)波的新设计。这种方法是由一个基于topas的带有矩形气槽的八角形核心证实的。利用有限元方法和完全匹配层边界条件,研究了包层区域由八角形气孔和圆形气孔组成的结构的导向特性。该结构的双折射率为0.05,有效材料损耗为0.013 cm−1。此外,它表现出平坦的色散,测量为0.6±0.16 p s / T H z / c m $0.6pm 0.16, mathm {p} mathm {s}/ mathm {T} mathm {H} mathm {z}/ mathm {c} mathm {m}$频率在0.4到1.6太赫兹之间。此外,该结构具有60%的高芯功率分数,在孔隙率为65%、芯直径为290 μm、频率为1.6 THz时,约束损耗为10 ~ 18 cm−1。其他重要的波导特性:有效折射率、有效面积、光斑尺寸和所提出的光纤的光束发散进行了数值分析和严格讨论,并与现有技术的光纤制造可行性进行了严格的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
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