Biotechnology Journal最新文献

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important homopolysaccharide also known as a natural anionic mucopolysaccharide or glycosaminoglycan formed by the alternate connection of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine as disaccharide units. For this review, the literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, using a few specific keywords including hyaluronic acid, biopolymer, glucuronic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, anti-aging and wound. Among the searched publications, further screening was done to select reports on the use of HA in healthcare and pharmaceutical products. Information relevant to the topic of this review has been presented in the article using 100 selected references, in eight tables and five figures. HA is a commercially valuable biocompatible polymer, which has been traditionally derived from rooster combs and animal tissues. However, it is currently produced through microbial fermentation by group C Streptococci. This biopolymer occurs naturally in several human tissues, including the skin and eyes. HA is a vital ingredient used in numerous products by global industries due to its unique characteristics, like inherent biocompatibility, tissue regenerative capacity, and anti-inflammatory properties. There has been a significant interest in recent years, enhanced across the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Equally, the increased consumer interest from the aging population is compelling the demand for anti-aging products. Therefore, the global market for products formulated with HA marketed with defined benefits is experiencing significant growth. In this review, we have summarized current commercial applications of HA in many industries and consequently the increasing market size in specific application sectors in the next five years by 2030 in the international market.

The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joint cartilage, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and their associated nerves and blood vessels. These components work together to maintain human movement and mechanical stability, serving as the critical foundation for sustaining life activities. In recent years, with the acceleration of population aging, the incidence of musculoskeletal-related diseases such as sarcopenia, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis (OP), osteoarthritis (OA), and tendon injuries has continued to rise, significantly impacting patients’ quality of life and imposing a heavy social health burden. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered widespread attention in tissue repair and regenerative medicine due to their excellent self-renewal capacity, multipotent differentiation potential, and low immunogenicity. Numerous studies have shown that the therapeutic effects of MSCs primarily depend on their paracrine actions, particularly the extracellular vesicles (EVs) they secrete, which play a crucial role in regulating tissue homeostasis and repairing damage. MSC-derived EVs possess biological functions similar to those of their parent cells and lack immunogenicity and tumorigenic risks. As effective carriers of intercellular signaling, they can transport various bioactive substances (such as miRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and lipids), demonstrating significant advantages in regulating cellular functions within the musculoskeletal system, promoting tissue regeneration, and alleviating inflammation. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress of MSC-derived EVs in musculoskeletal system diseases, focusing on their mechanisms of action and application potential in sarcopenia, osteoporosis, degenerative joint cartilage diseases, and tendon repair, aiming to provide theoretical basis and new research directions for related basic research and clinical translation.

Myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, primarily due to the limited regenerative capacity of adult cardiac tissue. Recent advances in regenerative medicine aim to address this limitation through stem cell therapies supported by bioengineered scaffolds and targeted delivery systems. This review highlights current progress in scaffold-guided cardiac regeneration, focusing on the therapeutic potential of embryonic, mesenchymal, induced pluripotent, and cardiac-resident stem cells. The integration of natural and synthetic biomaterials, including hydrogels, decellularized extracellular matrices, and smart polymers, is discussed in relation to cell survival, engraftment, and paracrine signaling. Moreover, we examine innovative delivery strategies, such as temperature-responsive cell sheets, injectable hydrogel systems, and 3D-printed constructs. Key challenges, including poor cell retention, immune rejection, and variability in scaffold performance, are addressed along with emerging solutions like bioresponsive materials and multimodal imaging for in vivo cell tracking. Finally, we propose translational perspectives to accelerate the clinical application of scaffold-assisted stem cell therapies for heart repair. Overall, this review synthesizes current advances and emerging technologies to provide a comprehensive roadmap for optimizing scaffold-based stem cell strategies in cardiac regeneration.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) offers a powerful tool in characterizing the complex biophysical environment inducing by dynamic storage conditions, providing insights often beyond the reach of conventional experimental approaches. As our understanding of platelet (PLT) biology has advanced, increased attention has been directed toward mechanical stresses, attributing shear forces encountered during collection, processing, and storage to an acceleration decline in PLT concentrate (PC) quality. CFD simulations using the volume of fluid model were used to simulate PC storage under varying agitation frequencies. Key parameters assessed include fluid velocity, wall shear stress (WSS), and gas–liquid mass transfer. Agitation increased fluid velocity and WSS while preserving the temporal symmetry characteristic of sinusoidal motion. Enhanced oxygen transfer was observed in open-top containers; however, when accounting for the gas permeability of storage materials, oxygen availability was ultimately constrained by container permeability rather than fluid motion. These results highlight the dual role of agitation: promoting oxygen transfer while simultaneously introducing mechanical stress that may contribute to PLT storage lesions. Importantly, since oxygen supply is limited by container permeability, reducing agitation could minimize shear-induced PLT damage without compromising oxygenation. Future optimization strategies may involve modifying storage container geometry or permeability to further improve oxygen delivery during storage.

Phospholipid-based nanocarriers are an adaptable and chemically tunable class of drug delivery systems that self-assemble into bilayered vesicles due to the amphiphilic nature of phospholipids. Phospholipid-based nanocarriers can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs through non-covalent interactions and modulation of lipid phase behavior. This review explores the molecular and supramolecular principles governing the formation, stability, and function of key phospholipid-derived nanocarriers, including liposomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, invasomes, phytosomes, pharmacosomes, and virosomes. The structural attributes—such as bilayer packing, surface charge, curvature elasticity, and membrane permeability—are critically evaluated for the impact of those structural parameters on optimizing drug loading, drug release, and bioavailability. For example, variations in bilayer packing affect the encapsulation efficiency and drug release profiles, while surface charge modulates cellular uptake and colloidal stability. Curvature elasticity plays a pivotal role in membrane fusion and drug release, and membrane permeability determines the rate at which drugs diffuse from the nanocarrier. Emerging multilamellar systems such as vesosomes and spongosomes are also discussed for their potential in site-specific, controlled drug release. Common fabrication techniques (e.g., thin-film hydration, ethanol injection, freeze–thaw, and microfluidics) and characterization methods (e.g., DLS, DSC, FTIR, and cryo-TEM) are reviewed. The translational landscape is assessed through clinically approved liposomal drugs, patent trends, and ongoing trials involving stimuli-responsive systems. Challenges related to colloidal stability, tumor penetration, immune interactions, and large-scale manufacturing are addressed. This review provides a chemistry-centered framework to guide the rational design and clinical development of phospholipid nanocarriers, particularly in cancer therapeutics.

In this study, lincomycin A (Lin-A), a lincosamide antibiotic primarily synthesized by Streptomyces lincolnensis, was selected as a model to demonstrate a combined genetic regulation and process engineering strategy for production improvement. The GntR-family transcriptional regulator SLCG_2790 was identified as a negative modulator of Lin-A biosynthesis. Disruption of SLCG_2790 in the industrial strain S. lincolnensis L-427 led to enhanced Lin-A accumulation, accompanied by increased transcriptional levels of mycothiol and ergothioneine biosynthesis genes. Metabolic flux analysis revealed an 83.6% elevation in pentose phosphate pathway activity compared to the parental strain. Despite the observed reduction in mycelial growth resulting from SLCG_2790 deletion, fermentation performance was significantly improved through medium optimization using Plackett–Burman design, steepest ascent, and response surface methodology. The optimized conditions yielded a 38.1% increase in Lin-A production in shake-flask culture, along with an accelerated onset of physiological activity. In a 5-L bioreactor, the engineered strain achieved a maximum Lin-A titer of 3640.6 mg/L, representing a 101.4% improvement over the parental strain cultured in the original medium. These findings underscore the potential of transcriptional regulation coupled with rational process optimization to overcome metabolic constraints and enhance antibiotic production in actinomycetes.