{"title":"A cubic equation of state for polar and apolar fluids","authors":"H. Toghiani, D. Viswanath","doi":"10.1021/I200033A032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75872609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Saturation of single-input-single-output controllers written in velocity form: reset windup protection","authors":"N. Segall, P. A. Taylor","doi":"10.1021/I200033A024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77495576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Classement des particules solides en trois categories selon leur forme, et determination pour chaque categorie des valeurs optimales des constantes figurant dans les equations de calcul de la vitesse minimale. Obtention de trois equations qui minimisent l'erreur de calcul de la vitesse minimale
{"title":"Improved equation for the calculation of minimum fluidization velocity","authors":"A. Lucas, J. Arnaldos, J. Casal, L. Puigjaner","doi":"10.1021/I200033A013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A013","url":null,"abstract":"Classement des particules solides en trois categories selon leur forme, et determination pour chaque categorie des valeurs optimales des constantes figurant dans les equations de calcul de la vitesse minimale. Obtention de trois equations qui minimisent l'erreur de calcul de la vitesse minimale","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76560091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pyrolysis of black liquor solids","authors":"P. Bhattacharya, V. Parthiban, D. Kunzru","doi":"10.1021/I200033A012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78939447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The decomposition of kerogen of Green River formation oil shale, impregnated with transition metals, was investigated following nonisothermal thermogravimetric techniques, in the presence of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. Experimental data were best fit by a first-order kinetic model with respect to kerogen. The effects of ambient atmosphere and heating rate were also investigated. In the absence of metals, inert and reducing atmospheres were found not to affect kinetic parameters. The frequency factor was found to increase with heating rate at a constant activation energy. The presence of metals in the oil shale matrix and hydrogen in the retorting atmosphere did not alter the kinetic order of kerogen decomposition, but it lowered apparent activation energies and increased the rate constants. These results are discussed in terms of dissociative hydrogen adsorption on the metal crystallites and hydrogen spill over to the organic matter, resulting in hydrogenation and/or cracking reactions.
{"title":"Catalytic effects of transition metals on oil shale pyrolysis","authors":"N. Toreis, X. Verykios, E. Grossmann","doi":"10.1021/I200033A036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A036","url":null,"abstract":"The decomposition of kerogen of Green River formation oil shale, impregnated with transition metals, was investigated following nonisothermal thermogravimetric techniques, in the presence of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. Experimental data were best fit by a first-order kinetic model with respect to kerogen. The effects of ambient atmosphere and heating rate were also investigated. In the absence of metals, inert and reducing atmospheres were found not to affect kinetic parameters. The frequency factor was found to increase with heating rate at a constant activation energy. The presence of metals in the oil shale matrix and hydrogen in the retorting atmosphere did not alter the kinetic order of kerogen decomposition, but it lowered apparent activation energies and increased the rate constants. These results are discussed in terms of dissociative hydrogen adsorption on the metal crystallites and hydrogen spill over to the organic matter, resulting in hydrogenation and/or cracking reactions.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85232256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal dehydrocondensation of benzene to diphenyl in a nonisothermal flow reactor","authors":"R. Dasgupta, B. R. Maiti","doi":"10.1021/I200033A007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73481302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Tamhankar, M. Bagajewicz, G. Gavalas, P. Sharma, M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos
Several pure and mixed oxides (ZnO, CuO, ZnO-Fe_2O_3, CuO-Fe_2O_3, CuO-AI_O_3, and CuO-Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3) were investigated as regenerable sorbents for the removal of H_2S at high temperatures. A special technique was used to prepare the sorbents in highly porous form. The sorbents were subjected to successive sulfidation-regeneration cycles in a packed-bed microreactor. Sulfidation was carried out at 538-650 °C with H_2S-H_2O-H_2-N_2 mixtures, regeneration with O_2-N_2-H_2O mixtures. Fresh, sulfided, and regenerated sorbents were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, and BET surface area analysis. Solid conversion and the prebreakthrough exit concentration of H_2S are discussed in terms of physical structure and thermodynamic properties of the sorbents. The performance of the sorbents CuO-Fe_2O_3, CuO-Al_2O_3, and CuO-Fe_2O_3-AI_2O_3 is discussed in terms of changes in the oxidation state of copper during sulfidation.
{"title":"Mixed-oxide sorbents for high-temperature removal of hydrogen sulfide","authors":"S. Tamhankar, M. Bagajewicz, G. Gavalas, P. Sharma, M. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos","doi":"10.1021/I200033A014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A014","url":null,"abstract":"Several pure and mixed oxides (ZnO, CuO, ZnO-Fe_2O_3, CuO-Fe_2O_3, CuO-AI_O_3, and CuO-Fe_2O_3-Al_2O_3) were investigated as regenerable sorbents for the removal of H_2S at high temperatures. A special technique was used to prepare the sorbents in highly porous form. The sorbents were subjected to successive sulfidation-regeneration cycles in a packed-bed microreactor. Sulfidation was carried out at 538-650 °C with H_2S-H_2O-H_2-N_2 mixtures, regeneration with O_2-N_2-H_2O mixtures. Fresh, sulfided, and regenerated sorbents were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDS, and BET surface area analysis. Solid conversion and the prebreakthrough exit concentration of H_2S are discussed in terms of physical structure and thermodynamic properties of the sorbents. The performance of the sorbents CuO-Fe_2O_3, CuO-Al_2O_3, and CuO-Fe_2O_3-AI_2O_3 is discussed in terms of changes in the oxidation state of copper during sulfidation.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81299487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measurements of effective intraparticle diffusivity were made by using aged catalysts withdrawn at various times from coal liquefaction expanded-bed hydrotreaters. Artificially aged catalysts from the laboratory were also used. Depending on the feed properties and the catalyst age, the effective intraparticle diffusivities were reduced, by up to 2 orders of magnitude, as compared to the corresponding values with the fresh catalyst. The data suggest a significant increase in catalyst pellet tortuosity because of deposition of materials inside pores during hydroprocessing activities, indicating a contributing factor to catalyst deactivation. The intraparticle diffusivity values could be partially restored through controlled oxidative regeneration.
{"title":"Intraparticle diffusivity reduction during hydrotreatment of coal-derived liquids","authors":"J. Guin, K. Tsai, C. W. Curtis","doi":"10.1021/I200033A028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A028","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of effective intraparticle diffusivity were made by using aged catalysts withdrawn at various times from coal liquefaction expanded-bed hydrotreaters. Artificially aged catalysts from the laboratory were also used. Depending on the feed properties and the catalyst age, the effective intraparticle diffusivities were reduced, by up to 2 orders of magnitude, as compared to the corresponding values with the fresh catalyst. The data suggest a significant increase in catalyst pellet tortuosity because of deposition of materials inside pores during hydroprocessing activities, indicating a contributing factor to catalyst deactivation. The intraparticle diffusivity values could be partially restored through controlled oxidative regeneration.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89231243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermolytic reactions of dodecane","authors":"P. Zhou, B. Crynes","doi":"10.1021/I200033A027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90985939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A kinetic model, incorporating dehydrogenation of tetralin, for the liquefaction of coals has been developed and tested with data from a variety of low- and medium-rank coals. The model postulates that coal essentially consists of three lumps. Of these, one dissociates almost instantaneously, the second is characterized by slow internal hydrogen shuttling, and only the third lump requires external hydrogen. The reactivity of each lump does not vary between coals; however, different coals are found to contain different fractions of each lump. The rate of reaction of coal is about 3 orders of magnitude faster than the tetralin dehydrogenation reaction. This study clearly shows that it is not only the solvent's capacity to donate hydrogen but also the rate at which hydrogen is donated that is important in coal liquefaction.
{"title":"Generalized kinetic model for the uncatalyzed hydroliquefaction of coal","authors":"A. Ghosh, G. Prasad, J. Agnew, T. Sridhar","doi":"10.1021/I200033A019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A019","url":null,"abstract":"A kinetic model, incorporating dehydrogenation of tetralin, for the liquefaction of coals has been developed and tested with data from a variety of low- and medium-rank coals. The model postulates that coal essentially consists of three lumps. Of these, one dissociates almost instantaneously, the second is characterized by slow internal hydrogen shuttling, and only the third lump requires external hydrogen. The reactivity of each lump does not vary between coals; however, different coals are found to contain different fractions of each lump. The rate of reaction of coal is about 3 orders of magnitude faster than the tetralin dehydrogenation reaction. This study clearly shows that it is not only the solvent's capacity to donate hydrogen but also the rate at which hydrogen is donated that is important in coal liquefaction.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86287088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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