A state-of-the-art review of experimental methods for studying the hydrodynamics of gas-solids fluidization is presented. Techniques applied by various investigators to obtain statistically representative properties of bubble behavior and particle mixing in the dense region and particle dynamics in the region above the bed surface are described. Measurement principles, descriptions of the experimental setups, and accuracy of the measurements are presented. Guidelines for measurement system selection are given.
{"title":"Review of experimental methods for studying the hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized beds","authors":"N. Cheremisinoff","doi":"10.1021/I200033A001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A001","url":null,"abstract":"A state-of-the-art review of experimental methods for studying the hydrodynamics of gas-solids fluidization is presented. Techniques applied by various investigators to obtain statistically representative properties of bubble behavior and particle mixing in the dense region and particle dynamics in the region above the bed surface are described. Measurement principles, descriptions of the experimental setups, and accuracy of the measurements are presented. Guidelines for measurement system selection are given.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"2 1","pages":"329-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90111913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methode de Mc Cabe et Thiele de calcul des unites d'osmose inverse avec des rejets entre 80 et 100%. Lorsque l'on fixe le facteur de concentration total et que l'on connait les conditions operatoires et les caracteristiques des membranes, cette methode permet de connaitre le nombre de lignes de modules en parallele, le nombre de modules en serie dans chaque ligne, le debit du permeat et la concentration moyenne du permeat, par de simples equations explicites
Mc Cabe和Thiele的反渗透装置的计算方法在80 - 100%之间。当固定因子浓度和总要知道膜的发展条件和特点,这种方法可以了解许多线路平行单元,单元数》系列中的每一行,借方permeat permeat日平均浓度,并明确由简单的方程
{"title":"Improved graphical-analytical method for the design of reverse-osmosis plants","authors":"F. Evangelista","doi":"10.1021/I200033A005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A005","url":null,"abstract":"Methode de Mc Cabe et Thiele de calcul des unites d'osmose inverse avec des rejets entre 80 et 100%. Lorsque l'on fixe le facteur de concentration total et que l'on connait les conditions operatoires et les caracteristiques des membranes, cette methode permet de connaitre le nombre de lignes de modules en parallele, le nombre de modules en serie dans chaque ligne, le debit du permeat et la concentration moyenne du permeat, par de simples equations explicites","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"95 1","pages":"366-375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74143823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Sada, H. Kumazawa, Choulho Lee, Takahisa Iguchi
En utilisant des solutions aqueuses de sucrose on compare l'influence de la vitesse superficielle du gaz et des proprietes physiques du liquide sur la retenue de gaz et sur le coefficient de transfert volumetrique du liquide dans une colonne a bulle a deux phases, avec des resultats precedents. Etude quantitative de l'influence de particules en suspension, au moyen de diverses sortes de particules mouillables
{"title":"Gas holdup and mass-transfer characteristics in a three-phase bubble column","authors":"E. Sada, H. Kumazawa, Choulho Lee, Takahisa Iguchi","doi":"10.1021/I200033A020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A020","url":null,"abstract":"En utilisant des solutions aqueuses de sucrose on compare l'influence de la vitesse superficielle du gaz et des proprietes physiques du liquide sur la retenue de gaz et sur le coefficient de transfert volumetrique du liquide dans une colonne a bulle a deux phases, avec des resultats precedents. Etude quantitative de l'influence de particules en suspension, au moyen de diverses sortes de particules mouillables","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"23 1","pages":"472-476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84326725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The net formation of sulfur trioxide in the presence of an excess of carbon monoxide with respect to sulfur dioxide was studied under different reaction conditions in a single element of a commercial monolithic Pt, Rh converter. Conditions giving rise to self-oscillations were found to result in a complete oxidation of carbon monoxide and in only a 10% net conversion of sulfur dioxide.
{"title":"Suppression of sulfur trioxide formation in a monolithic catalytic converter for cars due to oscillating reaction conditions","authors":"P. Olsson, N. Schoeoen","doi":"10.1021/I200033A031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A031","url":null,"abstract":"The net formation of sulfur trioxide in the presence of an excess of carbon monoxide with respect to sulfur dioxide was studied under different reaction conditions in a single element of a commercial monolithic Pt, Rh converter. Conditions giving rise to self-oscillations were found to result in a complete oxidation of carbon monoxide and in only a 10% net conversion of sulfur dioxide.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"27 1","pages":"528-531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84456039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shrikant B. Gudadhe, D. Ramkumar, A. P. Kudchadker
{"title":"KINETIC-STUDIES OF AMINATION OF 11-BROMOUNDECANOIC ACID","authors":"Shrikant B. Gudadhe, D. Ramkumar, A. P. Kudchadker","doi":"10.1021/I200033A003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"354-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88665358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Direct conversion of salinity gradients into electric power as well as production of an acid and a base, simultaneous to generation of electricity, was investigated. Devices that combined features of an electrodialytic pile with those of fuel cells or of electrochemical half cells were designed. Electrodes of the electrochemical half cells were restored to their initial condition by simple reversal of the flow pattern. Fuel cells in the investigated system used water as the fuel and air as the oxidant. Energy extracted from salinity gradients at power density of up to 1 W/m/sup 2/ of the membrane yields up to 0.6 MW of electric power per m/sup 3//s of river or brackish water. Sodium hydroxide is obtained in an amount which corresponds to the number of coulombs of electricity generated in the process. Part of the produced HCI is, however, lost.
{"title":"Novel process for direct conversion of free energy of mixing into electric power","authors":"J. Jagur-grodzinski, R. Kramer","doi":"10.1021/I200033A016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A016","url":null,"abstract":"Direct conversion of salinity gradients into electric power as well as production of an acid and a base, simultaneous to generation of electricity, was investigated. Devices that combined features of an electrodialytic pile with those of fuel cells or of electrochemical half cells were designed. Electrodes of the electrochemical half cells were restored to their initial condition by simple reversal of the flow pattern. Fuel cells in the investigated system used water as the fuel and air as the oxidant. Energy extracted from salinity gradients at power density of up to 1 W/m/sup 2/ of the membrane yields up to 0.6 MW of electric power per m/sup 3//s of river or brackish water. Sodium hydroxide is obtained in an amount which corresponds to the number of coulombs of electricity generated in the process. Part of the produced HCI is, however, lost.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"44 1","pages":"443-449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86832111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methanol synthesis reactions: calculations of equilibrium conversions using equations of state","authors":"Te Chang, R. W. Rousseau, P. K. Kilpatrick","doi":"10.1021/I200033A021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"25 1","pages":"477-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78312182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. G. Harvey, T. Matheson, K. Pratt, M. Stanborough
The 100-400C fraction of Rundle shale oil has been processed over three commercial sulfide hydrotreating catalysts at 400C, 13.8-MPa hydrogen pressure, and 1.0-h/sup -1/ LHSV. Ni-W/SiO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ deactivated rapidly, Co-Mo/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was effective, and Ni-Mo/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was most effective. The Ni-Mo should allow production of a good substitute crude oil but not single-step production of finished middle-distillate fuels. Hydroprocessing under the above conditions did not alter the boiling range of the oil much, but all the catalysts brought about hydrogenation of diaromatic material, a concomitant increase in hydroaromatics, and some cracking of polyaromatics. All the catalysts except the Ni-W completely deoxygenated phenolic components. Residual nitrogen compounds were predominantly nonbasic benzo- and dibenzopyrroles.
{"title":"Catalyst performance in continuous hydrotreating of Rundle shale oil","authors":"T. G. Harvey, T. Matheson, K. Pratt, M. Stanborough","doi":"10.1021/I200033A029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A029","url":null,"abstract":"The 100-400C fraction of Rundle shale oil has been processed over three commercial sulfide hydrotreating catalysts at 400C, 13.8-MPa hydrogen pressure, and 1.0-h/sup -1/ LHSV. Ni-W/SiO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ deactivated rapidly, Co-Mo/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was effective, and Ni-Mo/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was most effective. The Ni-Mo should allow production of a good substitute crude oil but not single-step production of finished middle-distillate fuels. Hydroprocessing under the above conditions did not alter the boiling range of the oil much, but all the catalysts brought about hydrogenation of diaromatic material, a concomitant increase in hydroaromatics, and some cracking of polyaromatics. All the catalysts except the Ni-W completely deoxygenated phenolic components. Residual nitrogen compounds were predominantly nonbasic benzo- and dibenzopyrroles.","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"31 1","pages":"521-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78918081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Internal Model Control: multiloop design","authors":"C. Economou, M. Morari","doi":"10.1021/I200033A011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"28 1","pages":"411-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88501744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Etude theorique; vitesse du transfert de masse dans l'electrodialyse du systeme H 2 SO 4 -glucose-xylose; application au calcul de la densite de courant limite et au choix du domaine de concentration optimale pour un electrodialyseur a compartiments multiples
{"title":"Recovery of sulfuric acid with multicompartment electrodialysis","authors":"Ting-chia Huang, R. Juang","doi":"10.1021/I200033A033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/I200033A033","url":null,"abstract":"Etude theorique; vitesse du transfert de masse dans l'electrodialyse du systeme H 2 SO 4 -glucose-xylose; application au calcul de la densite de courant limite et au choix du domaine de concentration optimale pour un electrodialyseur a compartiments multiples","PeriodicalId":13537,"journal":{"name":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development","volume":"23 1","pages":"537-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81959336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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