Cooled and uncooled one-channel deformable mirrors for use in industrial laser machines for various applications have been developed and investigated. The design, technical parameters and effectiveness of the mirrors are described in detail. The experience of exploitation of the uncooled deformable mirrors is considered for two industrial laser machines based on: a) 2-kW cw-power CO-laser; b) 250-kW pulsed copper vapour laser.
{"title":"Cooled and Uncooled One-Channel Deformable Mirrors for Industrial Laser Machines","authors":"A. G. Safrońov","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.mc.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.mc.4","url":null,"abstract":"Cooled and uncooled one-channel deformable mirrors for use in industrial laser machines for various applications have been developed and investigated. The design, technical parameters and effectiveness of the mirrors are described in detail. The experience of exploitation of the uncooled deformable mirrors is considered for two industrial laser machines based on: a) 2-kW cw-power CO-laser; b) 250-kW pulsed copper vapour laser.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127221838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Free-space optical communication requires receive and transmit antennas in the form of telescopes. In comparison with single-aperture (“monolithic”) telescopes mainly considered so far, a phased telescope array offers many fundamental advantages: • reduced size of optical elements, • inherent modularity, therefore • redundancy (i. e. graceful degradation instead of total breakdown in case of a subtelescope failure), • reduced overall size and mass, • non-mechanical fine pointing.
{"title":"Adaptive receive telescope array for coherent free-space laser communications","authors":"A. Kalmar, K. Kudielka, W. Leeb","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.mb.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.mb.3","url":null,"abstract":"Free-space optical communication requires receive and transmit antennas in the form of telescopes. In comparison with single-aperture (“monolithic”) telescopes mainly considered so far, a phased telescope array offers many fundamental advantages: • reduced size of optical elements, • inherent modularity, therefore • redundancy (i. e. graceful degradation instead of total breakdown in case of a subtelescope failure), • reduced overall size and mass, • non-mechanical fine pointing.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127260163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Levine, A. Wirth, F. Landers, E. Martinsen, A. Jankevics, M. Toledo-Quiñones, T. Bruno, R. Zielinski
The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is a miniaturized version of the classical Hartmann mask extended by using a two-dimensional array of lenslets that is optically conjugate to the wavefront surface under test. The sensitivity and dynamic range of the wavefront measurement is controlled by the combination of reimaging optics and the diameter and focal length of the lenslet array. This allows an adjustment of the gradient measurement sensitivity . As the beam size is reduced in reimaging the test surface, the angular spread of the beam is magnified. This magnification increases the size of the gradients or tilts of the ray bundles from micro-radians to milliradians for typical testing configurations. Measurements of such large angles are not so prone to error due to mechanical and thermal instabilities in the sensor equipment as are interferometric sensors where dimensional stability must always be measured in parts of a micron. It is this flexibility that makes it possible for the same sensor system to measure with very high accuracy the wavefront produced by a Hubble Space Telescope simulator and, with a change of lens array, the shape of f/0.7 paraboloids.
{"title":"Applications of Shack-Hartman wavefront sensing and adaptive optics for in place laser gain media measurements and for horizontal path optical communications","authors":"B. Levine, A. Wirth, F. Landers, E. Martinsen, A. Jankevics, M. Toledo-Quiñones, T. Bruno, R. Zielinski","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tua.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tua.2","url":null,"abstract":"The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is a miniaturized version of the classical Hartmann mask extended by using a two-dimensional array of lenslets that is optically conjugate to the wavefront surface under test. The sensitivity and dynamic range of the wavefront measurement is controlled by the combination of reimaging optics and the diameter and focal length of the lenslet array. This allows an adjustment of the gradient measurement sensitivity . As the beam size is reduced in reimaging the test surface, the angular spread of the beam is magnified. This magnification increases the size of the gradients or tilts of the ray bundles from micro-radians to milliradians for typical testing configurations. Measurements of such large angles are not so prone to error due to mechanical and thermal instabilities in the sensor equipment as are interferometric sensors where dimensional stability must always be measured in parts of a micron. It is this flexibility that makes it possible for the same sensor system to measure with very high accuracy the wavefront produced by a Hubble Space Telescope simulator and, with a change of lens array, the shape of f/0.7 paraboloids.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125861079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Projection lithography systems are being developed to print 0.1 μm features over a large field, using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light of a wavelength of around 13 nm. At this wavelength the optics must be all-reflective with multilayer coatings. Current designs of the projection optics consist of off-axis ringfield systems with three or four mirrors (see Fig. I). The demands of microlithography are that the image must be of high quality across the entire field and within a large depth of focus, and that image distortion must be less than 10 nm. These requirements put severe constraints on the quality of the mirrors, which, in general, must have figure errors better than 0.2 nm rms. Although such tolerances can be met by the present state of the art there are various sources of error which can degrade the optical performance of the system. Of those sources, many may cause only low-frequency, quasi-static errors. These error sources include deformation due to stress of the multilayer coatings, thermal and gravitational loading, optical manufacture, and maintenance and alignment of the system. We are investigating the possibility of actively controlling the figure of the mirrors to correct for such errors and achieve the desired imaging performance. Control of the surface figure may also allow a greater throughput of the system, by being able to accommodate a higher heat load from a more intense EUV source.
{"title":"An Investigation of Active Optics for Extreme-Ultraviolet Projection Lithography","authors":"H. Chapman, D. Sweeney","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.mc.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.mc.3","url":null,"abstract":"Projection lithography systems are being developed to print 0.1 μm features over a large field, using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light of a wavelength of around 13 nm. At this wavelength the optics must be all-reflective with multilayer coatings. Current designs of the projection optics consist of off-axis ringfield systems with three or four mirrors (see Fig. I). The demands of microlithography are that the image must be of high quality across the entire field and within a large depth of focus, and that image distortion must be less than 10 nm. These requirements put severe constraints on the quality of the mirrors, which, in general, must have figure errors better than 0.2 nm rms. Although such tolerances can be met by the present state of the art there are various sources of error which can degrade the optical performance of the system. Of those sources, many may cause only low-frequency, quasi-static errors. These error sources include deformation due to stress of the multilayer coatings, thermal and gravitational loading, optical manufacture, and maintenance and alignment of the system. We are investigating the possibility of actively controlling the figure of the mirrors to correct for such errors and achieve the desired imaging performance. Control of the surface figure may also allow a greater throughput of the system, by being able to accommodate a higher heat load from a more intense EUV source.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125560135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we will review the requirements on laser power and beam quality for active tracking of missiles and satellites. We will compare the cases of solar illumination and laser illumination from a theoretical and also simulation standpoint, and we will show results obtained from Starfire Optical Range and White Sands Missile Range using active tracking lasers. The potential benefits for active tracking include full sky coverage for orbiting debris, laser ranging for ephemeris updating, and precision tracking for boosting missiles. Other aspects of the laser requirements will also be presented, including the impacts of speckle and jitter coupling.
{"title":"Laser requirements on active tracking","authors":"J. Riker, P. Merritt, J. Roark","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.mb.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.mb.1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we will review the requirements on laser power and beam quality for active tracking of missiles and satellites. We will compare the cases of solar illumination and laser illumination from a theoretical and also simulation standpoint, and we will show results obtained from Starfire Optical Range and White Sands Missile Range using active tracking lasers. The potential benefits for active tracking include full sky coverage for orbiting debris, laser ranging for ephemeris updating, and precision tracking for boosting missiles. Other aspects of the laser requirements will also be presented, including the impacts of speckle and jitter coupling.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129772315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Overview of the Shutura International Workshop for Adaptive Optics for Industry and Medicine","authors":"F. Merkle, C. Dainty, A. Kudryashov","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.ma.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.ma.1","url":null,"abstract":"Summary not available.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123919016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Love, D. Buscher, A. Purvis, D. Robertson, R. Sharpies
The use of adaptive optics (AO) for wavefront compensation other than for atmospheric turbulence is an emerging, exciting field. The required system specifications will obviously be dependent on the particular application, and indeed may not be well-characterized for many of the potential uses. Liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs) are also an emerging technology within the field of AO. With this in mind we present here a summary of the specifications of both currently available and predicted LC-SLMs which may be used as wavefront correctors, and discuss how they may be particularly suited for use in non-astronomical AO systems.
{"title":"The electrical and optical properties of liquid devices for adaptive optics","authors":"G. Love, D. Buscher, A. Purvis, D. Robertson, R. Sharpies","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tub.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tub.2","url":null,"abstract":"The use of adaptive optics (AO) for wavefront compensation other than for atmospheric turbulence is an emerging, exciting field. The required system specifications will obviously be dependent on the particular application, and indeed may not be well-characterized for many of the potential uses. Liquid crystal spatial light modulators (LC-SLMs) are also an emerging technology within the field of AO. With this in mind we present here a summary of the specifications of both currently available and predicted LC-SLMs which may be used as wavefront correctors, and discuss how they may be particularly suited for use in non-astronomical AO systems.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133811120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Gonglewski, S. Browne, R. Highland, D. Dayton, S. Sandven
Fast generation of known stimuli simulating atmospheric turbulence has long been an impossible dream for proving and characterizing adaptive optics systems. Now that liquid crystal phase modulators are available with a moderate number (>100) of elements, they can be readily employed to provide accurate and repeatable disturbances for the testing of adaptive optics. Moreover, their small size and low power dissipation make them ideal as on-board test sources with deterministic time-varying higher order phase screens.
{"title":"Use of an LCPM to Simulate Time Varying Atmospheric Distortion for an Adaptive Optics System: Laboratory Demonstration","authors":"J. Gonglewski, S. Browne, R. Highland, D. Dayton, S. Sandven","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tub.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tub.4","url":null,"abstract":"Fast generation of known stimuli simulating atmospheric turbulence has long been an impossible dream for proving and characterizing adaptive optics systems. Now that liquid crystal phase modulators are available with a moderate number (>100) of elements, they can be readily employed to provide accurate and repeatable disturbances for the testing of adaptive optics. Moreover, their small size and low power dissipation make them ideal as on-board test sources with deterministic time-varying higher order phase screens.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125881502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Gonglewski, A. Kudryashov, S. Browne, R. Highland
Nematic liquid crystals have been used as phase retarders for adaptive optics for more than 10 years. Of the available options, liquid crystals phase modulators (LCPMs) have the advantages of low cost, reliability, compactness, low power, ease of controllability, a transmissive nature, and simple aperture scalability. A number of groups have investigated the use of LCPMs for adaptive wavefront control and demonstrated preliminary results.1-6 The current limitation for using these devices in atmospheric adaptive systems is their relatively slow response times. In this paper we present the results of turbulence simulation with a 127 element LCPM. The turbulence is statistically appropriate for the atmosphere in both temporal and spatial correlation, except for the low spatial and temporal frequency limitations of the LCPM. We address the limitations and potentialities of such modulators.
{"title":"Liquid Crystal Phase Modulators For Time Phase Distortion Simulations","authors":"J. Gonglewski, A. Kudryashov, S. Browne, R. Highland","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tub.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tub.3","url":null,"abstract":"Nematic liquid crystals have been used as phase retarders for adaptive optics for more than 10 years. Of the available options, liquid crystals phase modulators (LCPMs) have the advantages of low cost, reliability, compactness, low power, ease of controllability, a transmissive nature, and simple aperture scalability. A number of groups have investigated the use of LCPMs for adaptive wavefront control and demonstrated preliminary results.1-6 The current limitation for using these devices in atmospheric adaptive systems is their relatively slow response times. In this paper we present the results of turbulence simulation with a 127 element LCPM. The turbulence is statistically appropriate for the atmosphere in both temporal and spatial correlation, except for the low spatial and temporal frequency limitations of the LCPM. We address the limitations and potentialities of such modulators.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121990738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider here adaptive (phase conjugation) optical system for the correction of non-linear distortion with the independent reference beam. We can use either cooperative beacon from independent source, either glint on the target surface, either natural guide star, or artificial guide star, formed using atmospheric scattering of the light. First of all we will consider "exact" phase conjugation and "phase unwrapping" technique. Phase conjugation algorithm allows significantly decrease the atmospheric aberrations due to the thermal blooming and the atmospheric turbulence both for vertical and horizontal paths.
{"title":"Adaptive Correction of Laser Beam Aberration On Atmospheric Paths","authors":"V. Lukin, B. Fortes","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tua.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tua.3","url":null,"abstract":"We consider here adaptive (phase conjugation) optical system for the correction of non-linear distortion with the independent reference beam. We can use either cooperative beacon from independent source, either glint on the target surface, either natural guide star, or artificial guide star, formed using atmospheric scattering of the light. First of all we will consider \"exact\" phase conjugation and \"phase unwrapping\" technique. Phase conjugation algorithm allows significantly decrease the atmospheric aberrations due to the thermal blooming and the atmospheric turbulence both for vertical and horizontal paths.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129285889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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