G. T. Bold, T. H. Barnes, A. Somervell, T. Haskell
There has recently been considerable interest in a new type of adaptive optics system which uses intensity-phase feedback round a two beam shearing interferometer that is used to measure the shape of incoming wavefronts. Real-time aberration correction in monochromatic light has been demonstrated in the laboratory1,2. So far, the monochromaticity of these systems has been a severe limitation. Here we present a feedback interferometer system designed to work with broad-band light.
{"title":"White Light Feedback Interferometry For Aberration Correction","authors":"G. T. Bold, T. H. Barnes, A. Somervell, T. Haskell","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.mc.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.mc.2","url":null,"abstract":"There has recently been considerable interest in a new type of adaptive optics system which uses intensity-phase feedback round a two beam shearing interferometer that is used to measure the shape of incoming wavefronts. Real-time aberration correction in monochromatic light has been demonstrated in the laboratory1,2. So far, the monochromaticity of these systems has been a severe limitation. Here we present a feedback interferometer system designed to work with broad-band light.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123732552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the fabrication procedure of precise optics, the control of the phase distribution of the optics was difficult task because the previous fabrication method was not suitable for the figuring of surface profile. Furthermore, since the previous fabrication was not made on the interferometer, the measurement of the phase distribution was made off-line scheme. We have proposed a novel method for figuring the surface profile of optical plastics and optical glass using very short wavelength excimer laser1). We used ArF laser (λ=193 nm) because the shorter wavelength laser light provides the smoother surface2). We have made some basic experiments on the measurement of the ablation rate of different kinds of optical plastics (PMMA) and optical glass (BK-7) in situ interferometric observation of the surface figure.
{"title":"Laser ablative figuring of optics for phase control","authors":"T. Jitsuno, K. Tokumura, T. Akashi, M. Nakatsuka","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tua.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tua.5","url":null,"abstract":"In the fabrication procedure of precise optics, the control of the phase distribution of the optics was difficult task because the previous fabrication method was not suitable for the figuring of surface profile. Furthermore, since the previous fabrication was not made on the interferometer, the measurement of the phase distribution was made off-line scheme. We have proposed a novel method for figuring the surface profile of optical plastics and optical glass using very short wavelength excimer laser1). We used ArF laser (λ=193 nm) because the shorter wavelength laser light provides the smoother surface2). We have made some basic experiments on the measurement of the ablation rate of different kinds of optical plastics (PMMA) and optical glass (BK-7) in situ interferometric observation of the surface figure.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123527797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uniform irradiation of laser beam is needed for the directly driven inertial confinement fusion, laser-chemistry and industrial applications such as laser welding, semiconductor processing and laser microfabrication. For improving the irradiation uniformity on a fusion target, several beam smoothing techniques such as a random phase plate (RPP)1, induced spatial incoherence (ISI)2, smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD)3 and kinoform phase plate (KPP)4 have been proposed. The RPP has energy loss of ~ 15 % by a large diffraction angle, and the ISI and the SSD have imprint problems by instantaneous speckle pattern. The precise KPP with a continuous phase distribution is difficult to fabricate, even if the energy loss can be reduced to 5%. We are developing an active optical system to compensate (or control) a wavefront aberration included in a large-scale laser system for fusion. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor using a large F-number plastic micro-lens array5 and continuous faceplate type deformable mirror6 have been developed and their good performance has been demonstrated.
{"title":"Shaping a focused laser beam by continuous wavefront control using a deformable mirror","authors":"G. Yoon, T. Jitsuno, M. Nakatsuka, Y. Kato","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tua.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tua.4","url":null,"abstract":"Uniform irradiation of laser beam is needed for the directly driven inertial confinement fusion, laser-chemistry and industrial applications such as laser welding, semiconductor processing and laser microfabrication. For improving the irradiation uniformity on a fusion target, several beam smoothing techniques such as a random phase plate (RPP)1, induced spatial incoherence (ISI)2, smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD)3 and kinoform phase plate (KPP)4 have been proposed. The RPP has energy loss of ~ 15 % by a large diffraction angle, and the ISI and the SSD have imprint problems by instantaneous speckle pattern. The precise KPP with a continuous phase distribution is difficult to fabricate, even if the energy loss can be reduced to 5%. We are developing an active optical system to compensate (or control) a wavefront aberration included in a large-scale laser system for fusion. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor using a large F-number plastic micro-lens array5 and continuous faceplate type deformable mirror6 have been developed and their good performance has been demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116281853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The axial response of a high numerical aperture (NA) optical system is known to be very sensitive to any mismatch in refractive index between that of a specimen and that of an immersion medium. Light focused deeply into the specimen is usually strongly degraded by spherical aberration resulting from the refractive index mismatch. Even an extremely small amount of spherical aberration has been shown to be enough to produce a substantial degradation of the point spread function (PSF) far more in the depth than in the lateral direction. Various approaches to correcting these aberrations have been proposed in the literature. However, most approaches only consider first-order aberration correction and/or the proposed methods only work for a given and fixed focusing depth[1-3]. Here we will consider the possibility for dynamically compensating for all orders of spherical aberration resulting from refractive index mismatch by use of a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM).
{"title":"Improvement of axial response in three-dimensional light focusing by use of dynamic phase compensation","authors":"J. Glückstad, Y. Kawata, O. Nakamura, S. Kawata","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.mc.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.mc.1","url":null,"abstract":"The axial response of a high numerical aperture (NA) optical system is known to be very sensitive to any mismatch in refractive index between that of a specimen and that of an immersion medium. Light focused deeply into the specimen is usually strongly degraded by spherical aberration resulting from the refractive index mismatch. Even an extremely small amount of spherical aberration has been shown to be enough to produce a substantial degradation of the point spread function (PSF) far more in the depth than in the lateral direction. Various approaches to correcting these aberrations have been proposed in the literature. However, most approaches only consider first-order aberration correction and/or the proposed methods only work for a given and fixed focusing depth[1-3]. Here we will consider the possibility for dynamically compensating for all orders of spherical aberration resulting from refractive index mismatch by use of a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM).","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124988318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of intensity fluctuations on images by synthetic apertures is investigated in the case when partial or total phase correction is achieved. A simple adaptive optics imaging system is constituted by a two hole aperture, illuminated by the field after the adaptive correction of the phase. The problem is therefore reduced to investigating Young’s interference pattern of two holes in a screen illuminated by a field with amplitude and phase fluctuations. In the case of perfect phase correction, of course, there are no phase fluctuations.
{"title":"Scintillation effects on images by adaptive synthetic apertures in the atmosphere","authors":"A. Consortini, Vincent Nourrit","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.pdp.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.pdp.2","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of intensity fluctuations on images by synthetic apertures is investigated in the case when partial or total phase correction is achieved. A simple adaptive optics imaging system is constituted by a two hole aperture, illuminated by the field after the adaptive correction of the phase. The problem is therefore reduced to investigating Young’s interference pattern of two holes in a screen illuminated by a field with amplitude and phase fluctuations. In the case of perfect phase correction, of course, there are no phase fluctuations.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124884936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compensated imaging by real-time holography allows telescopes to be scaled to large apertures using light-weight, low-optical-quality primary mirrors. This application leads to unique requirements for real-time holographic media. Materials and devices under development for this application include nonlinear optical media and optically and electrically addressed spatial light modulators.
{"title":"Compensated Imaging with Lightweight Telescopes using Real-Time Holography","authors":"M. Gruneisen, J. M. Wilkes, C. Clayton","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.mb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.mb.2","url":null,"abstract":"Compensated imaging by real-time holography allows telescopes to be scaled to large apertures using light-weight, low-optical-quality primary mirrors. This application leads to unique requirements for real-time holographic media. Materials and devices under development for this application include nonlinear optical media and optically and electrically addressed spatial light modulators.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133237860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
• This work conducted with atmospheric turbulence in mind i.e. astronomical/satellite imaging • We have developed a computer model of a Shack-Hartmann sensor incorporating shot and ccd read noise with three main aims - • 1. To establish the optimal (pupil plane equivalent) Hartmann sub-aperture size for a given signal-noise scenario. • 2. To explore possible benefits of Bayesian wavefront estimation when operating at low light levels. • 3. To investigate improved slope estimation techniques.
{"title":"Hartmann Sensing at Low Light Levels","authors":"D. L. Ash, C. Solomon","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.pdp.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.pdp.1","url":null,"abstract":"• This work conducted with atmospheric turbulence in mind i.e. astronomical/satellite imaging • We have developed a computer model of a Shack-Hartmann sensor incorporating shot and ccd read noise with three main aims - • 1. To establish the optimal (pupil plane equivalent) Hartmann sub-aperture size for a given signal-noise scenario. • 2. To explore possible benefits of Bayesian wavefront estimation when operating at low light levels. • 3. To investigate improved slope estimation techniques.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122091048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-segment spatial light modulators (SLM) have recently received much attention for use in adaptive optics applications.1 These devices have the advantage that they are compact, light weight, and less expensive than deformable mirrors. They can also be used in transmission. These attributes make them desirable for use in many applications including those not associated with astronomy. At present the devices are some what slow; however, it is envisioned that their speed will be increased considerably in the near future.
{"title":"Adaptive Optics Using A Liquid Crystal Phase Modulator in Conjunction With a Shack-Hartmann Wave-Front Sensor","authors":"D. Dayton, S. Browne, J. Gonglewski, S. Sandven","doi":"10.1364/nao.1997.tub.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/nao.1997.tub.1","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-segment spatial light modulators (SLM) have recently received much attention for use in adaptive optics applications.1 These devices have the advantage that they are compact, light weight, and less expensive than deformable mirrors. They can also be used in transmission. These attributes make them desirable for use in many applications including those not associated with astronomy. At present the devices are some what slow; however, it is envisioned that their speed will be increased considerably in the near future.","PeriodicalId":135541,"journal":{"name":"Nonastronomical Adaptive Optics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126647432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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