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The Holiness of Wholeness: Religious Contributions to Human Flourishing 完整的神圣性:宗教对人类繁荣的贡献
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.31
K. Pargament, Serena P. Wong, Julie J. Exline
This chapter proposes that the essential contribution of religion to flourishing goes beyond any single factor. Instead, religion is concerned with human wholeness—that is, how people put the bits and pieces of their lives together into a coherent whole. What lends unity to the lives of many individuals is the focus on sacred matters. Religious institutions are most uniquely concerned with what people hold sacred and how they can develop and foster their relationship with ultimate concerns. Drawing on theory and research, this chapter examines three key ingredients of wholeness and their intimate connections to religion: the capacity to see and approach life with breadth and depth; a life-affirming view of oneself and the world; and the ability to organize the life journey into a cohesive whole. Wholeness may be understood as a superordinate virtue, a major key to human flourishing and life well-lived. Although the focus of this chapter is on “religion at its best,” the authors also acknowledge the darker side of religion and its capacity to lead to suffering and brokenness.
本章提出,宗教对繁荣的重要贡献超越任何单一因素。相反,宗教关注的是人类的整体性——也就是说,人们如何将生活的点点滴滴整合成一个连贯的整体。给许多人的生活带来统一的是对神圣事物的关注。宗教机构最关心的是人们认为神圣的东西,以及他们如何发展和促进与终极关切的关系。本章以理论和研究为基础,探讨整体性的三个关键要素及其与宗教的密切联系:以广度和深度看待和接近生命的能力;对自己和世界的肯定的人生观;以及将人生旅程组织成一个有凝聚力的整体的能力。整体性可以被理解为一种崇高的美德,是人类繁荣和美好生活的关键。虽然本章的重点是“宗教最好的一面”,但作者也承认宗教的阴暗面及其导致痛苦和破碎的能力。
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引用次数: 2
How to Encourage People to Engage with the Arts and Humanities: Suggestions from Self-Efficacy Theory and Research 如何鼓励人们参与艺术和人文学科:来自自我效能理论和研究的建议
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.19
J. E. Maddux, Evan M. Kleiman
Engaging with the arts and humanities (in all their myriad forms) can add a richness to life that can enhance the quality of life and subjective well-being. Too many people, however, often avoid such engagement because they do not believe that they have sufficient knowledge and experience to enjoy and appreciate some of the finer things in life, such as classical music art, literature, theatre, and dance. Self-efficacy theory and research can offer some practical suggestions for how to encourage people to experiment with the arts and humanities, not only as observers and consumers, but also as students and producers of their own work.
参与艺术和人文学科(以各种形式)可以丰富生活,提高生活质量和主观幸福感。然而,太多的人往往避免这样的参与,因为他们不相信自己有足够的知识和经验来享受和欣赏生活中一些美好的事物,如古典音乐、艺术、文学、戏剧和舞蹈。自我效能理论和研究可以提供一些实用的建议,鼓励人们不仅作为观察者和消费者,而且作为学生和自己作品的生产者,去尝试艺术和人文学科。
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引用次数: 0
Love and Other Positive Emotions in Contemporary Visual and Social Practice Art 当代视觉与社会实践艺术中的爱与其他积极情感
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.26
Clairee Schneider, B. Fredrickson
This chapter integrates theory and evidence on the science of positive emotions with recent examples of contemporary visual and social practice art that touch on resonant themes. Focus begins with an emphasis on the individual experience of positive emotions and extends to co-experienced positive emotions, at both relational and communal levels. The artists considered—Janine Antoni, Louise Bourgeois, Nick Cave, C.S.1 Curatorial Projects, Harrell Fletcher, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Sarah Gotowka, Jim Hodges, Emily Jacir, Julia Jamrozik, Miranda July, Coryn Kempster, Felice Koenig, Antonio Vega Macotela, and Kateřina Šedá—as well as the theorists Nicholas Bourraid and Luce Irigaray are all advocating for a more emotional and connected world after decades of highlighting difference. The chapter concludes with specific suggestions for more richly integrating scientific and artistic approaches to understanding and evoking positive human experiences.
本章将积极情绪科学的理论和证据与当代视觉和社会实践艺术的最新例子相结合,触及共鸣主题。关注开始于强调积极情绪的个人体验,并扩展到共同体验的积极情绪,在关系和社区层面。被考虑的艺术家有:珍妮·安东尼、路易丝·布尔乔亚、尼克·凯夫、C.S.1策展项目、Harrell Fletcher、Felix Gonzalez-Torres、Sarah Gotowka、Jim Hodges、Emily Jacir、Julia Jamrozik、Miranda July、Coryn Kempster、Felice Koenig、Antonio Vega Macotela和Kateřina Šedá-as以及理论家Nicholas Bourraid和Luce Irigaray在几十年强调差异之后,都在倡导一个更加情绪化和联系的世界。本章最后提出了具体的建议,以更丰富地整合科学和艺术的方法来理解和唤起积极的人类经验。
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引用次数: 0
Lessons for Positive Arts and Humanities from the Science of Meaning in Life 生命意义科学给积极艺术和人文的启示
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.21
A. N. Wilkinson, L. King
This chapter addresses the likely contributions of art and literature to meaning in life. First, the authors define meaning in life, describe its general features, and consider its place in human flourishing. They consider variables (particularly positive mood) that predict meaning in life and link these factors with the arts and humanities. Then, they consider the place of regularities and routines in meaning in life and place such experiences within the arts and humanities. They then consider the feeling of existential mattering as it relates to participation in culture. Finally, they draw an analogy between difficult times and difficult works of art and literature, and explore the ways that effortful meaning-making might contribute to the Good Life.
本章探讨艺术和文学对人生意义的可能贡献。首先,作者定义了生命的意义,描述了它的一般特征,并考虑了它在人类繁荣中的地位。他们考虑预测生活意义的变量(尤其是积极情绪),并将这些因素与艺术和人文学科联系起来。然后,他们考虑规律和惯例在生活意义中的地位,并将这种经历置于艺术和人文学科中。然后他们考虑存在感的重要性,因为它与参与文化有关。最后,他们将困难时期与困难的艺术和文学作品进行了类比,并探索了努力创造意义可能有助于美好生活的方式。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Reflection in Transformative Learning: Staff and Student Experiences 反思在变革学习中的作用:教职员工和学生的经验
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.36
C. Kandiko Howson, S. Weller
In the humanities, reflection is often a tacit practice, and more explicit strategies for engaging and scaffolding reflection can be used. This chapter draws on data from three studies in the humanities that use innovative pedagogical practices, including concept mapping, critical reading, and co-development to evidence reflection. These studies in Classics, history, English, and other humanities fields integrate activities of staff and students, bringing perspectives together and encouraging them to consider the educational experience from other viewpoints. Engaging in such activities can trigger critical thinking and critical reflection, and such reflective practices can act as a mechanism for transformational learning, which enables a sense of agency, intellectual and emotional growth, and flourishing.
在人文学科中,反思通常是一种隐性的实践,可以使用更明确的策略来参与和支撑反思。本章借鉴了三个人文学科研究的数据,这些研究采用了创新的教学实践,包括概念映射、批判性阅读和证据反思的共同发展。这些在经典、历史、英语和其他人文领域的研究整合了教职员工和学生的活动,将观点结合在一起,鼓励他们从其他角度考虑教育经验。参与这样的活动可以触发批判性思考和批判性反思,这种反思实践可以作为转换学习的机制,它可以实现代理感,智力和情感的成长和繁荣。
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引用次数: 0
Practical Wisdom: What Philosophy and Literature Can Add to Psychology 实用智慧:哲学和文学对心理学的贡献
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.27
B. Schwartz
In the course of studying the cognitive and affective components of wise judgment, psychology has largely neglected the moral dimensions of wisdom. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle places moral will at the center of his discussion, and points out how skill divorced from will—divorced from virtue and character—can create knavish individuals who will mold institutions that corrupt human character. In this chapter, the author discusses the central role that moral will must play in a complete discussion of wisdom. Understanding moral will requires understanding the proper telos of human activities and practices, as well as the virtues of character that people need in order to remain true to the telos of those practices. Discussion of these essential topics is avoided by psychologists, but embraced by philosophers. Thus, philosophy has a central role to play in developing a proper understanding of practical wisdom. Moreover, for Aristotle, wise practice typically involves finding the “mean” between extremes. But the mean is not formulaic; it is context specific. This means that wise judgment must give priority to the particular, which, in turn, means that judgment must be understood as embedded in narrative. Thus, an understanding of narrative, best embodied by literary studies, has much to contribute to a complete understanding of wisdom. In sum, a complete account of practical wisdom requires psychology, philosophy, and literary studies acting as partners.
在研究明智判断的认知和情感成分的过程中,心理学在很大程度上忽略了智慧的道德维度。在《尼各马可伦理学》中,亚里士多德将道德意志置于其讨论的中心,并指出与意志分离的技能——与美德和品格分离的技能——将如何创造出狡猾的个人,这些人将塑造败坏人类品格的制度。在这一章中,作者讨论了道德意志在完整的智慧讨论中必须发挥的核心作用。理解道德意志需要理解人类活动和实践的正确目的,以及人们为了保持对这些实践的最终目的的忠诚所需要的品格美德。心理学家回避讨论这些重要的话题,但哲学家却欣然接受。因此,哲学在发展对实践智慧的正确理解方面发挥着核心作用。此外,对亚里士多德来说,明智的做法通常包括在极端之间找到“中庸之道”。但平均数并不是公式化的;它是特定于上下文的。这意味着明智的判断必须优先考虑特定的事物,这反过来又意味着判断必须被理解为嵌入在叙述中。因此,文学研究最好地体现了对叙事的理解,这对全面理解智慧有很大的帮助。总之,对实践智慧的完整描述需要心理学、哲学和文学研究作为合作伙伴。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophy and Well-Being 哲学与幸福
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.25
Justin Ivory, V. Tiberius
This chapter aims to provide the reader with an understanding of philosophical research on well-being in the Western analytic tradition. For the last several decades, philosophical theories of well-being have been divided into “the big three”: hedonism, desire satisfactionism, and objective list theories (Parfit 1984). This tripartite classificatory system now seems limited, however, and some recent research suggests dividing philosophical theories of well-being into two types: enumerative and explanatory. The authors follow this line of thought here. Under the heading of enumerative theories, they discuss the most popular monistic theory on offer, hedonism, as well as pluralistic theories. They conclude from their review of enumerative theories that explanatory theories (theories that explain why pleasure or the other potential items on the list of goods do indeed contribute to well-being) also have an important role to play. Under the heading of explanatory theories, they discuss perfectionism, desire satisfactionism, and value fulfillment.
本章旨在为读者提供西方分析传统中关于幸福的哲学研究的理解。在过去的几十年里,关于幸福的哲学理论被分为“三大”:享乐主义、欲望满足主义和客观清单理论(Parfit 1984)。然而,这种三重分类系统现在似乎很有限,最近的一些研究建议将幸福的哲学理论分为两种类型:列举型和解释型。作者在这里遵循了这条思路。在列举理论的标题下,他们讨论了最流行的一元论理论,享乐主义,以及多元理论。他们从对列举理论的回顾中得出结论,解释理论(解释为什么快乐或商品清单上的其他潜在项目确实有助于幸福的理论)也发挥着重要作用。在解释理论的标题下,他们讨论了完美主义、欲望满足主义和价值实现。
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引用次数: 0
The Positive Humanities: Culture and Human Flourishing 积极人文:文化与人类繁荣
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.43
J. Pawelski
The Positive Humanities are a new field of inquiry and practice concerned with the relationship between culture and human flourishing. They seek to understand the conceptual nuances of this relationship in a variety of contexts in different societies across time. They also investigate the practical effects of cultural engagement on human flourishing, with a particular emphasis on how such engagement can be intentionally optimized to help individuals and communities thrive. Grounded in the wisdom, narrative, aesthetic, and performance traditions of cultures across time and around the world (and thus always inclusive of the arts), they seek insights into the nature and development of human flourishing from this vast storehouse of human experience. The Positive Humanities are also informed by more recent efforts in the sciences to bring empirical methodologies to bear in the investigation of well-being, and their practical emphasis connects them to the educational institutions, creative industries, and cultural organizations through which the humanities are often studied and experienced. This chapter provides an introduction to the Positive Humanities, examining their complex relationship to historical and contemporary approaches to the humanities; exploring their connections to the science of well-being (especially positive psychology); identifying their domains of practical influence; clarifying their definition, aims, and commitments; and suggesting important future directions for the field.
积极人文学科是研究文化与人类繁荣之间关系的新领域。他们试图理解这种关系在不同社会背景下的概念上的细微差别。他们还研究了文化参与对人类繁荣的实际影响,特别强调如何有意地优化这种参与,以帮助个人和社区繁荣。他们以智慧、叙事、美学和表演传统为基础,跨越时间和世界各地的文化(因此总是包括艺术),从这个巨大的人类经验宝库中寻求对人类繁荣的本质和发展的见解。积极人文学科也受到最近科学努力的影响,这些努力将实证方法引入到对福祉的调查中,他们的实践重点将他们与教育机构、创意产业和文化组织联系起来,通过这些机构,人文学科经常被研究和体验。本章介绍了积极人文学科,考察了它们与历史和当代人文学科方法的复杂关系;探索它们与幸福科学(尤其是积极心理学)的联系;确定其实际影响的领域;明确他们的定义、目标和承诺;并提出了该领域未来的重要方向。
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引用次数: 5
The Flourishing Congregations Project: Character Strengths Pathways to Enhance Well-Being beyond the Individual 蓬勃发展的教会项目:品格力量的途径,以提高福祉超越个人
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.40
Rachel M Hershberg, Ryan M. Niemiec, Irwin Kula
Researchers in philosophy and psychology have called for an integration of the science of positive psychology with the humanities, to catalyze new avenues of flourishing throughout society. Religion, as a field within the humanities, may be well poised to be integrated with positive psychology, namely character strengths, to promote flourishing. On the other hand, religious institutions have entrenched and sacrosanct perspectives and traditions, which may preclude them from using the science to become houses of human flourishing. To explore this potential integration, the Flourishing Congregations Project was developed. The project included ten distinguished rabbis who were immersed in the science of character strengths and well-being, and were tasked with developing insights and practices to modify their High Holidays services to meaningfully impact their congregants. The chapter presents qualitative findings of this project, including examples of receptivity and barriers to change among rabbis and congregants, and broader implications across congregations and communities.
哲学和心理学的研究人员呼吁将积极心理学与人文科学相结合,以催化整个社会繁荣的新途径。宗教作为人文学科的一个领域,可以很好地与积极心理学相结合,即性格优势,以促进繁荣。另一方面,宗教机构有着根深蒂固的、神圣不可侵犯的观点和传统,这可能会阻碍它们利用科学成为人类繁荣的家园。为了探索这种潜在的整合,开发了蓬勃发展的会众项目。该项目包括10位杰出的拉比,他们沉浸在性格力量和幸福的科学中,他们的任务是发展洞察力和实践,以修改他们的高假日服务,以有意义地影响他们的会众。本章介绍了该项目的定性结果,包括拉比和会众对改变的接受程度和障碍的例子,以及对会众和社区的更广泛影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Passion in the Arts and Humanities: How Quality of Engagement Matters 激情在艺术和人文学科中的作用:参与质量如何重要
Pub Date : 2022-01-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190064570.013.34
R. Vallerand, A. Sverdlik, Arielle Bonneville-Roussy
The arts and humanities are prevalent sources of passion. Whether it is through performing them or appreciating the performance of others, the type of passion that individuals have for the arts and humanities can shape a variety of outcomes. Following the model proposed by Tay, Pawelski, and colleagues (2018, 2019), the present chapter documents the role of passion for the arts and humanities in personal outcomes such as emotions, creativity, performance, well-being, and identity processes. Research on passion for the arts and humanities demonstrates that the type of passion matters: while engaging in the arts and humanities out of harmonious passion leads to adaptive outcomes and even protects against negative ones, being obsessively passionate may be maladaptive. Thus, while engagement in the arts and humanities has the potential to contribute to human flourishing, the quality of engagement matters for those who are passionate about these domains.
艺术和人文学科是激情的普遍来源。无论是通过表演还是欣赏他人的表演,个人对艺术和人文学科的热情都会产生各种各样的结果。根据Tay、Pawelski及其同事(2018,2019)提出的模型,本章记录了对艺术和人文学科的热情在个人结果(如情绪、创造力、表现、幸福感和身份认同过程)中的作用。对艺术和人文激情的研究表明,激情的类型很重要:出于和谐的激情从事艺术和人文会带来适应性的结果,甚至可以防止负面的结果,过度的激情可能是不适应的。因此,虽然参与艺术和人文学科有可能为人类的繁荣做出贡献,但对那些对这些领域充满热情的人来说,参与的质量很重要。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
The Oxford Handbook of the Positive Humanities
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