Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501746956-002
{"title":"Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501746956-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501746956-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133437521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501746949.003.0009
Saw Ralph, Naw Sheera, Stephanie Olinga-Shannon
This chapter recounts the series of events which led to Saw Ralph's extended leave from the army. It begins with tensions within the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) as Karen officers began imitating Burmese soldiers in forcibly recruiting more soldiers for the army. These instances of misconduct boiled up in 1994, when Buddhist monks and the Karen Buddhist community expressed their dissatisfaction. This eventually led to tensions between Karen Buddhists and Christians, which was further inflamed with the help of the Burmese. The chapter also details the fall of Manerplaw and Ralph's eventual request for extended leave, which seemed to have effectively become his retirement.
{"title":"Psychological Warfare","authors":"Saw Ralph, Naw Sheera, Stephanie Olinga-Shannon","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501746949.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501746949.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter recounts the series of events which led to Saw Ralph's extended leave from the army. It begins with tensions within the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) as Karen officers began imitating Burmese soldiers in forcibly recruiting more soldiers for the army. These instances of misconduct boiled up in 1994, when Buddhist monks and the Karen Buddhist community expressed their dissatisfaction. This eventually led to tensions between Karen Buddhists and Christians, which was further inflamed with the help of the Burmese. The chapter also details the fall of Manerplaw and Ralph's eventual request for extended leave, which seemed to have effectively become his retirement.","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"2000 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128272203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501746956-011
{"title":"7. Revolution Headquarters","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501746956-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501746956-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133072364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501746956-002
{"title":"Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501746956-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501746956-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129558813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501746956-014
{"title":"10. Childhood","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501746956-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501746956-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114494648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501746949.003.0012
Saw Ralph, Naw Sheera, Stephanie Olinga-Shannon
This chapter covers Naw Sheera's experiences after the occupation and Burma's eventual independence. During this time, tensions between the Karen and the Burmese were escalating, and Burmese independence only exacerbated these tensions with the start of the Karen Revolution in 1949. Naw Sheera, however, was unaware of most of these developments, as she still lived in relative isolation. Moreover, her village was not politically inclined—a fact which the Burmese used to their advantage when confronting the Karens. These difficulties led to the arrest of Naw Sheera's father and his long years of imprisonment by the Burmese. Eventually, Naw Sheera and her family moved away to the village of Klaw Khwa, where she was later reunited with her father.
{"title":"Burman Harassment","authors":"Saw Ralph, Naw Sheera, Stephanie Olinga-Shannon","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501746949.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501746949.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers Naw Sheera's experiences after the occupation and Burma's eventual independence. During this time, tensions between the Karen and the Burmese were escalating, and Burmese independence only exacerbated these tensions with the start of the Karen Revolution in 1949. Naw Sheera, however, was unaware of most of these developments, as she still lived in relative isolation. Moreover, her village was not politically inclined—a fact which the Burmese used to their advantage when confronting the Karens. These difficulties led to the arrest of Naw Sheera's father and his long years of imprisonment by the Burmese. Eventually, Naw Sheera and her family moved away to the village of Klaw Khwa, where she was later reunited with her father.","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124406792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501746956-013
{"title":"9. Life after the Revolution","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501746956-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501746956-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"389 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127173192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.1515/9781501746956-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501746956-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501746956-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130755375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501746956-017
{"title":"13. Marriage","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501746956-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501746956-017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131347278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501746956-006
{"title":"2. Japanese Occupation","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501746956-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501746956-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136593,"journal":{"name":"Fifty Years in the Karen Revolution in Burma","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121180314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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