Infectious Diseases最新文献

英文中文

Epstein–Barr Virus: Should We Still Invest in Vaccines or Focus on Predictive Tests? 爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒:我们应该继续投资疫苗还是专注于预测性测试?

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-10-28 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101094

E. Drouet

The complex interplay between host and EBV has made it difficult to elaborate useful vaccines protecting against EBV diseases. It is encouraging to see that EBV vaccine programs have started to incorporate different arms of the immune system. An array of argument calls for a realistic goal for vaccine strategies which should be preventing EBV diseases, rather than EBV infection. EBV is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with epithelial cell carcinomas, as well as lymphoid malignancies. Parallel to this need, one could propose priorities for future research: (i) identification of surrogate predictive markers for the development of EBV diseases (ii) determination of immune correlates of protection in animal models and humans.

宿主和eb病毒之间复杂的相互作用使得很难研制出有效的疫苗来预防eb病毒疾病。令人鼓舞的是，EBV疫苗项目已经开始纳入免疫系统的不同部分。一系列论点要求疫苗战略的现实目标应该是预防EBV疾病，而不是EBV感染。EBV是传染性单核细胞增多症的主要病因，与上皮细胞癌以及淋巴细胞恶性肿瘤有关。与这一需求并行，人们可以提出未来研究的优先事项:(i)确定eb病毒疾病发展的替代预测标记(ii)确定动物模型和人类中保护的免疫相关因素。

引用次数: 1

Treatment of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) Using Targeted Immunotherapy 靶向免疫疗法治疗基孔肯雅病毒(CHIKV

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-09-22 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.97811

F. N. Biteghe, Chalomie Nyangone Ekome Toung, Jean de la Croix Ndong, Neelakshi Mungra, T. Dar, Arnaud John Kombe Kombe

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common mosquito-borne Alphavirus infecting humans worldwide. Up to date, there are no antiviral treatments or vaccines approved to treat or prevent CHIKV for which treatments remain symptomatic based on clinical manifestations. Hence, designing effective therapies to either prevent or treat CHIKV infection is of paramount importance. Interestingly, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are known to be significantly important in mediating protective immunity in CHIV infection. During the last decades, numerous animal studies have reported the protective and prophylactic efficacy of human and mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs isolated from convalescent patients. However, the therapeutic benefits of these anti-CHIKV mAbs can be limited by multiple factors. Thus, it becomes pertinent to better understand the CHIKV infection dynamics, mitigate the undesired mAbs-associated effects and improve therapies. In this review, we critically discuss CHIKV antiviral infectious mechanisms and address how the improved understanding of the latter may pave the way to better targeted immunotherapies.

基孔肯雅病毒(CHIKV)是全世界最常见的感染人类的蚊媒甲病毒。迄今为止，没有批准用于治疗或预防CHIKV的抗病毒治疗或疫苗，其治疗方法仍然是基于临床表现的症状性治疗。因此，设计有效的治疗方法来预防或治疗CHIKV感染是至关重要的。有趣的是，已知单克隆抗体(mab)在介导甲型h1n1病毒感染的保护性免疫中起着重要作用。在过去的几十年里，许多动物研究报告了从恢复期患者中分离的人类和小鼠抗chikv单克隆抗体的保护和预防作用。然而，这些抗chikv单克隆抗体的治疗益处可能受到多种因素的限制。因此，有必要更好地了解CHIKV感染动态，减轻与单克隆抗体相关的不良影响，并改进治疗方法。在这篇综述中，我们批判性地讨论了CHIKV抗病毒感染机制，并讨论了对后者的更好理解如何为更好的靶向免疫治疗铺平道路。

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引用次数: 0

Pneumonia: Drug-Related Problems and Hospital Readmissions 肺炎：药物相关问题和医院重新评估

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-09-10 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100127

Kien T. Nguyen, Suol T. Pham, Thu P.M. Vo, Chu X. Duong, Dyah A. Perwitasari, Ngoc H.K. Truong, Dung T.H. Quach, Thao N.P. Nguyen, Van T.T. Duong, Phuong M. Nguyen, Thao H. Nguyen, K. Taxis, Thang Nguyen

Pneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases and the fourth leading cause of death globally. According to US statistics in 2019, pneumonia is the most common cause of sepsis and septic shock. In the US, inpatient pneumonia hospitalizations account for the top 10 highest medical costs, totaling $9.5 billion for 960,000 hospital stays. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in the treatment of infectious diseases, including the treatment of pneumonia, is a globally alarming problem. Antibiotic resistance increases the risk of death and re-hospitalization, prolongs hospital stays, and increases treatment costs, and is one of the greatest threats in modern medicine. Drug-related problems (DRPs) in pneumonia - such as suboptimal antibiotic indications, prolonged treatment duration, and drug interactions - increase the rate of antibiotic resistance and adverse effects, thereby leading to an increased burden in treatment. In a context in which novel and effective antibiotics are scarce, mitigating DRPs in order to reduce antibiotic resistance is currently a prime concern. A variety of interventions proven useful in reducing DRPs are antibiotic stewardship programs, the use of biomarkers, computerized physician order entries and clinical decision support systems, and community-acquired pneumonia scores.

肺炎是最常见的传染病之一，也是全球第四大死亡原因。根据美国2019年的统计数据，肺炎是导致败血症和感染性休克的最常见原因。在美国，肺炎住院治疗是医疗费用最高的前10名，96万次住院治疗总计95亿美元。在治疗传染病，包括治疗肺炎过程中出现的抗生素耐药性，是一个令人震惊的全球性问题。抗生素耐药性增加了死亡和再次住院的风险，延长了住院时间，增加了治疗费用，是现代医学面临的最大威胁之一。肺炎中的药物相关问题(DRPs)——如抗生素适应症不佳、治疗时间延长和药物相互作用——增加了抗生素耐药性和不良反应的发生率，从而导致治疗负担增加。在缺乏新型和有效抗生素的情况下，减轻DRPs以减少抗生素耐药性是目前的主要关注点。各种被证明对降低drp有用的干预措施包括抗生素管理计划、生物标志物的使用、计算机化医嘱录入和临床决策支持系统以及社区获得性肺炎评分。

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引用次数: 1

Pathogenicity Mechanism of Candida albicans 白色念珠菌致病机制的研究

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-09-05 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99737

S. Pattnaik, L. Maharana, M. Sethi

In normal human microbiome, the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans is a crucial member. C. albicans resides mostly in individual as harmless commensal life. In specific situations, however, C. albicans can cause diseases that cause contaminations of the skin to life-threatening fundamental contaminations. Pathogenesis of Candida species is contributed by multiple factors. Some of the major contributors are enlisted here. These include host pathogen interaction, receptors molecule like TLR recognition, TLR signaling, C type lectin receptors, Dectin 1,2 and 3, mannose receptor, mincle, DC sign, Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes, soluble molecules in candida recognition, cellular responses to candida such as neutrophils, macrophages. This chapter enlightens all the components of candida pathogenicity by the assessment of Candida species pathogenic determinants. All together these will explain the current knowledge about how these determinant factors and receptors modulate virulence as well as consequent infection. Better understanding of candida pathogenicity mechanism can be the resultant of better treatment guidelines along with development of novel antifungal agents. Overall, in this review we present an update in the current understanding of the insight of pathogenicity mechanisms in this important human pathogen.

在正常人类微生物组中，多态性真菌白色念珠菌是一个重要成员。白色念珠菌主要作为无害的共生生物存在于个体中。然而，在特定情况下，白色念珠菌会引起疾病，导致皮肤污染，甚至危及生命的基本污染。念珠菌的发病机制是由多种因素造成的。一些主要贡献者在这里被招募。这些包括宿主-病原体相互作用、受体分子样TLR识别、TLR信号传导、C型凝集素受体、Dectin 1,2和3、甘露糖受体、肉糜、DC信号、结节样受体（NLRs）和炎症小体、念珠菌识别中的可溶性分子、对念珠菌的细胞反应，如中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞。本章通过对念珠菌属致病性决定因素的评估，揭示了念珠菌致病性的所有组成部分。所有这些将解释目前关于这些决定因素和受体如何调节毒力以及随后的感染的知识。随着新型抗真菌药物的开发，对念珠菌致病机制的更好理解可能是更好的治疗指南的结果。总之，在这篇综述中，我们介绍了对这种重要人类病原体致病机制的最新理解。

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引用次数: 2

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, and Detection of mecA Gene among Cardiac Patients from a Tertiary Care Heart Center in Kathmandu, Nepal. 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA):来自尼泊尔加德满都三级保健心脏中心的心脏病患者的流行、抗菌药物敏感性模式和mecA基因检测。

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/11786337211037355

Sajina Dhungel, Komal Raj Rijal, Bindeshwar Yadav, Binod Dhungel, Nabaraj Adhikari, Upendra Thapa Shrestha, Bipin Adhikari, Megha Raj Banjara, Prakash Ghimire

Background: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant human pathogen associated with nosocomial infections. mecA in the S. aureus is a marker of MRSA. The main objective of this study was to detect mecA and vanA genes conferring resistance in S. aureus among cardiac patients attending Sahid Gangalal National Heart Centre (SGNHC), Kathmandu, Nepal between May and November 2019.

Methods: A total of 524 clinical samples (blood, urine, sputum) were collected and processed. Bacterial isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) and screening for MRSA was carried out by cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for MRSA was established by agar dilution method and chromosomal DNA was extracted and used in polymerase chain reaction targeting the mecA and vanA genes.

Results: Out of 524 specimens, 27.5% (144/524) showed bacterial growth. Among 144 culture positive isolates, S. aureus (27.1%; 39/144) was the predominant bacteria. Among 39 S. aureus isolates, all isolates were found resistant to penicillin followed by erythromycin (94.9%; 37/39), gentamicin (94.9%; 37/39) and cefoxitin (87.2%; 34/39). Out of 39 S. aureus, 87.2% (34/39) were MRSA. Among 34 MRSA, 8.8% (3/34) were vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA). None of the MRSA was resistant to vancomycin. All of the 3 VISA isolates were obtained from inpatients. Of 39 S. aureus, 82.1% (32/39) harbored mecA gene. Similarly, the entire VISA isolates and 94.1% (32/34) of the MRSA isolates were tested positive for mecA gene.

Conclusions: High prevalence of MRSA among the cardiac patients indicates the increasing burden of drug resistance among bacterial isolates. Since infection control is the crucial step in coping with the burgeoning antimicrobial resistance in the country, augmentation of diagnostic facilities with routine monitoring of drug resistance is recommended.

背景:耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)是一种与医院感染相关的重要人类病原体。金黄色葡萄球菌中的mecA是MRSA的标记物。本研究的主要目的是检测2019年5月至11月期间在尼泊尔加德满都Sahid Gangalal国家心脏中心(SGNHC)就诊的心脏病患者中赋予金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的mecA和vanA基因。方法:收集524例临床标本(血、尿、痰)进行处理。采用头孢西丁纸片扩散法对分离菌株进行抗菌药敏试验(AST)和MRSA筛选。采用琼脂稀释法建立万古霉素对MRSA的最低抑制浓度(MIC)，提取染色体DNA，针对mecA和vanA基因进行聚合酶链反应。结果:524份标本中，有27.5%(144/524)有细菌生长。144株培养阳性分离株中，金黄色葡萄球菌占27.1%;39/144)为优势菌群。39株金黄色葡萄球菌均对青霉素耐药，其次是红霉素(94.9%);37/39)，庆大霉素(94.9%;37/39)和头孢西丁(87.2%;34/39)。39例金黄色葡萄球菌中，87.2%(34/39)为MRSA。34例MRSA中，8.8%(3/34)为万古霉素中间型金黄色葡萄球菌(VISA)。所有MRSA对万古霉素都没有耐药性。3株VISA分离株均来自住院患者。39株金黄色葡萄球菌中携带mecA基因的占82.1%(32/39)。同样，所有VISA分离株和94.1%(32/34)的MRSA分离株均检测到mecA基因阳性。结论:MRSA在心脏病患者中的高流行率表明菌株的耐药负担日益加重。由于感染控制是应对该国迅速出现的抗菌素耐药性的关键步骤，因此建议加强诊断设施，对耐药性进行常规监测。

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引用次数: 9

Herbal Medicine in Russia’s History: The Use of Herbal Medicine for Infectious Diseases in Russia’s History 俄罗斯历史上的草药：俄罗斯历史上草药治疗传染病的情况

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/9789811458712120040006

M. Conroy

引用次数: 0

Azadirachta Indica (Neem) in Various Infectious Diseases 印楝与各种传染病

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/9789811458712121040007

M. Joshi, B. Prabhakar

引用次数: 1

Plant Phenolics as an Alternative Source of Antimicrobial Compounds 植物酚类物质作为抗菌化合物的替代来源

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/9789811458712120040005

Inamullah Hakeem Said, N. Kuhnert

引用次数: 0

Preface 前言

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/9789811458712120040002

Ferid Murad, Atta-ur-Rahman, K. Bian

引用次数: 0

Improving Anti-Microbial Activity of Allicin and Carvacrol through Stabilized Analogs and Nanotechnology 利用稳定类似物和纳米技术提高大蒜素和香芹酚的抑菌活性

IF 5.8 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Infectious Diseases

Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.2174/9789811458712120040004

D. Cundell

引用次数: 0

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