Infectious disorders drug targets最新文献

Identifying novel therapies is a critical need in the treatment of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Stromelysin-1, also known as matrixmetalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), has been investigated as a diagnostic biomarker and a potential pharmacological target. Here, we discuss the recent findings of Gelzo et al. in the context of additional MMP3 investigations to delineate its exact role in diagnosis, prognostication, and phenotyping, in addition to its promising role as a therapeutic target in COVID-19-associated respiratory failure.

Restoring everyday civil life from the devastating pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be only by the development of an efficient vaccine. As of April 12, 2022, 497,960,492 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported, including 6,181,850 lives having been lost worldwide and completely paralyzing the d global economy. Detection of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, in December 2019, and the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 that was published on January 11, 2020, leads to a global race, to prepare for a preventive vaccine. No single institution can develop a vaccine individually because there are many stages for developing and producing a successful vaccine. Since this virus threatens the health, the economy, and society the demand for a fast-track vaccine is understandable. This article tries to give an overview of vaccine 'candidates' development and clinical trials, and it mentions some challenges of using these vaccines for managing SARS-CoV-2.

The current world is plagued by unpredictability as a result of various COVID-19 variants. The current variants of concern (VOCs) are B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617/B.1.617.2(Delta). WHO classified two variants, delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron (B.1.1.529), as having highly mutable strikes. The WHO predicted that it would be more dangerous than previous variants due to its mutatable capability. The Omicron variant of coronavirus has caused widespread disruption, with countries struggling to manage the massive number of infections. Due to its unique properties, such as protein structure, symptoms, transmission, and epidemiology, this review aims to compare omicron to other variants. Furthermore, we have highlighted vaccines that have been used to combat this pandemic.

Background: Adenovirus generally causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It is common in children and occasionally in adults. Neurological involvement is rare, which may be mild aseptic meningitis to potentially fatal acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Recently, viruses have been reported increasingly to cause CNS infections. Viral aetiology typically varies with age.

Case presentation: Here, we report an unusual adenovirus meningoencephalitis with a co-infection of neurocysticercosis in an immunocompetent adult patient. An 18-year-old healthy female student was admitted with fever and headache for 11 days and progressive altered behaviour for 5 days, followed by altered sensorium for 3 days. This variable and unusual presentation of adenoviral infection involving CNS provoked diagnostic difficulties, but with the help of advanced diagnostics, especially molecular, exact aetiology was detected. Even with the neurocysticercosis infection in this patient, the outcome was not adversely affected.

Conclusion: This unusual co-infection with a successful outcome is the first case of this type in literature.

Aim: HIV infection is currently an incurable disease characterized by life-long drug utility. Its incurable causality and mechanism are still unknown to us.

Methods: To overcome this therapeutic setback, some breakthroughs should be made by utilizing different approaches. How to plan some experimental and clinical novelty for HIV curability is a modern challenge. In this article, new ideas and approaches for global HIV/AIDS therapeutic strategies are proposed and represented by scientific insights.

Results: Pharmaceutical characteristics, herbal medicine, novel drug targets, cutting-edge biotherapy, drug combination, animal modalities, and immune-stimuli for HIV latency, as well as clearance, are highlighted.

Discussion: To elucidate our understanding of curative treatment for HIV/AIDS, many new pathological discoveries, expansion, technical advances, and potential drug targets are constructed. After the discovery of novel pathogenesis and therapeutic evolution, HIV/AIDS therapeutic curability may become achievable and a reality.

Conclusion: Transformation from animal model investigation to widespread therapies for larger volume of human population is a necessity in modern medicine. In this infectious treatment scenario, major breakthroughs in medicine and drug development are anticipated.

Background: We diagnosed various cases of rhino-orbital-cerebral- COVID-associated Mucormycosis (ROCM-CAM) during India's second wave of COVID-19. This helped formulate novel suggestions for improving laboratory output, applicable anywhere in the world.

Methods: To diagnose ROCM-CAM by microbiological methods, we used direct microscopy and conventional culture on various clinical samples within the shortest turn-around time.

Design: Prospective single-center observational study.

Participants: Patients with ROCM-CAM.

Results: Of 113 suspected cases of ROCM-CAM during May 2021, direct microscopy and culture could confirm the disease in 87.61% and 44.25% of patients, respectively. The highest pathogen isolation was seen from maxillary bone fragments, FESS-guided biopsy from pterygopalatine fossae, nasal turbinates and nasal mucosal biopsy. Direct microscopy could diagnose the disease in almost 40% of patients within 24 hours and 60% within two days. Conventional cultures yielded Rhizopus spp. (86%) as the commonest fungal pathogen followed by Mucor spp. (12%) within 7 days. Deep tissue biopsies are more useful for rapid diagnosis than superficial specimens. Routine fungal cultures can supplement case detection and help prognosticate survivors.

Conclusion: The management of ROCM is a surgical emergency. The diagnosis of the condition must therefore be prompt and precise. Despite ongoing antifungal therapy, nasal mucosal tissue, FESSguided, and intra-operative tissue biopsies showed the pathogen's highest diagnostic yield. The diagnostic index improved further when multiple (4-5) high-quality specimens were collected. Nasal swabs and crusts, among the most commonly requested specimens worldwide, were found to have an overall low diagnostic potential.

In the German towns of Marburg, Frankfurt, and Belgrade in 1967, this single negativestranded RNA virus was initially discovered. The importation of infected grivet monkeys from Uganda is what caused this virus-related sickness. As a result of the early link between viruses and non-human primates, this virus is frequently referred to as vervet monkey sickness. This virus causes Marburg hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. Human endothelial cells serve as the primary vehicle for replication. According to a 2009 report, the virus was being stored in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Body fluids, unprotected sex, broken or injured skin, and other bodily fluids are the main routes of transmission. After the incubation period, symptoms like chills, headaches, myalgia, and stomach pain start to show up. There is no specific medication for such an infection, only hydration therapy and adequate oxygenation are followed. The following diagnostic techniques can be used to confirm the diagnosis: (i) an antibody-capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); ii) an antigen capture ELISA test; iii) a serum neutralization test; iv) an RT PCR assay; v) electron microscopy; or vi) virus isolation by cell culture. Because MARV is a risk group 4 infection, laboratory staff must take strict precautions (RG-4).

Introduction: Idiopathic CD4+ Lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare entity grouped in non- HIV-related syndromes. ICL is characterized by a marked low CD4 T cell count of <300 cells/mm3 with ambiguous natural history and prognosis. In addition, cryptococcal and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections are reported as known opportunistic infections. Therefore, management turns around vigilant follow-up and treatment of the current clinical scenario of these patients.

Case presentation: Here, a 55-year-old lady was referred with a history of diffuse headache and intermittent fever for two months, projectile vomiting, and altered mental status for five days. Nonpruritic maculopapular rashes and diffuse desquamation of the skin were noted. She had no significant previous medical history. Based on clinical findings and investigations, she was diagnosed with ICL having disseminated cryptococcosis. Unfortunately, the patient did not undergo specific treatment as she was recognized late, and unfortunately, she died.

Conclusion: It is of paramount importance to recognize the clinical entity as early as possible to start appropriate treatment, which may positively impact the outcome. Therefore, the clinician must be aware of disseminated cryptococcosis associated with non-HIV states.