The rise in rates of imprisonment since the late 1970s is one of the most striking features of social policy. The USA and England and Wales have been the “leaders” in these developments. The rate of imprisonment doubled in the UK in the twenty years to 2015. This chapter will begin with a discussion of the historicity of mass incarceration and the penal state. It will examine the expansion of the use of imprisonment in England and Wales over the past thirty years. In contrast to the previous theoretically orientated chapters, this will focus on data such as the rates of imprisonment and the development of policy within this field. The chapter will also provide a comparative analysis that will place the development of the penal state in England and Wales within an international context.
{"title":"Contemporary Narratives of Mass Incarceration","authors":"I. Cummins","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.7","url":null,"abstract":"The rise in rates of imprisonment since the late 1970s is one of the most striking features of social policy. The USA and England and Wales have been the “leaders” in these developments. The rate of imprisonment doubled in the UK in the twenty years to 2015. This chapter will begin with a discussion of the historicity of mass incarceration and the penal state. It will examine the expansion of the use of imprisonment in England and Wales over the past thirty years. In contrast to the previous theoretically orientated chapters, this will focus on data such as the rates of imprisonment and the development of policy within this field. The chapter will also provide a comparative analysis that will place the development of the penal state in England and Wales within an international context.","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126862322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter will examine welfare and penal policy under the Coalition Government. The politics of austerity will be explored arguing that the Coalition used the cover of the financial crisis to undertake a fundamental retrenchment of the welfare state. This chapter will argue that Cameron’s notion of the Big Society should not be dismissed as a political gimmick or rhetoric. It reflects an aspiration for a recasting of the relationship between citizens and the social state. This recasting is presented as a fiscal necessity but is actually driven by a politics that is underpinned by the othering of the poor. Cameron and the Coalition’s claims to social liberalism followed a series of policies that shredded the social state.
{"title":"Austerity and the Big Society","authors":"I. Cummins","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will examine welfare and penal policy under the Coalition Government. The politics of austerity will be explored arguing that the Coalition used the cover of the financial crisis to undertake a fundamental retrenchment of the welfare state. This chapter will argue that Cameron’s notion of the Big Society should not be dismissed as a political gimmick or rhetoric. It reflects an aspiration for a recasting of the relationship between citizens and the social state. This recasting is presented as a fiscal necessity but is actually driven by a politics that is underpinned by the othering of the poor. Cameron and the Coalition’s claims to social liberalism followed a series of policies that shredded the social state.","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131593181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter will examine the ideological underpinnings of what came to be known as Thatcherism before going on to outline the main themes in welfare and penal policy in the period (1979-90). The influence of Thatcherism is fundamental to an understanding of welfare and penal policy in the twenty-five years since her defenestration from Downing Street.
{"title":"Thatcherism and its Legacy","authors":"I. Cummins","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will examine the ideological underpinnings of what came to be known as Thatcherism before going on to outline the main themes in welfare and penal policy in the period (1979-90). The influence of Thatcherism is fundamental to an understanding of welfare and penal policy in the twenty-five years since her defenestration from Downing Street.","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130387189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131643155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-17DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529203899.003.0008
I. Cummins
This final chapter will argue that to tackle the problems of poverty, social inequality and the damage that the penal state has done to individuals and communities, there is a need for a recasting of the notion of citizenship. This chapter is influenced by the work of Somers on notions of citizenship. In her discussion of the abandonment of poor African-Americans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, she argued that this demonstrates that they had been denied the full rights of social inclusion in the political community. It is only by establishing that all individuals should be recognised as citizens of equal moral worth that we can restore meaningful membership in the political community.
{"title":"Conclusion: Citizenship and the Centaur State","authors":"I. Cummins","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529203899.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529203899.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This final chapter will argue that to tackle the problems of poverty, social inequality and the damage that the penal state has done to individuals and communities, there is a need for a recasting of the notion of citizenship. This chapter is influenced by the work of Somers on notions of citizenship. In her discussion of the abandonment of poor African-Americans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, she argued that this demonstrates that they had been denied the full rights of social inclusion in the political community. It is only by establishing that all individuals should be recognised as citizens of equal moral worth that we can restore meaningful membership in the political community.","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115349896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An analysis of the Blairite mantra “tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime” is at the heart of this work. This chapter will consider the development of welfare and penal policy during the Blair and Brown administrations. This is a mixed picture as investment in public services was accompanied by significant increases in the uses of imprisonment. This was partly because of the political fear of being seen as weak on crime – though the Blairite ascendancy meant that there was actually huge scope for manoeuvre – but also it reflected the fundamental communitarianism at the heart of New Labour. These underpinning attitudes created a punitive approach that ran through welfare and penal policy. This chapter will examine the paradox of the Centaur state which leads to great regulation for those at the margins of society
{"title":"The Third Way in Welfare and Penal Policy","authors":"I. Cummins","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.9","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the Blairite mantra “tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime” is at the heart of this work. This chapter will consider the development of welfare and penal policy during the Blair and Brown administrations. This is a mixed picture as investment in public services was accompanied by significant increases in the uses of imprisonment. This was partly because of the political fear of being seen as weak on crime – though the Blairite ascendancy meant that there was actually huge scope for manoeuvre – but also it reflected the fundamental communitarianism at the heart of New Labour. These underpinning attitudes created a punitive approach that ran through welfare and penal policy. This chapter will examine the paradox of the Centaur state which leads to great regulation for those at the margins of society","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120910749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polanyi (1957) described the notion of a self-regulating global system a “stark Utopia.” This chapter uses this as a starting point to examine the broad themes in the development of welfare and penal policy in a period dominated by free market economics Fukuyama (1992) presents the triumph of free market economics as an inevitable conclusion of trends in human history. It is also presented as the final stage development has ceased or is complete. Polanyi’s analysis is presented a counterpoint to this analysis. Polanyi asserts the primacy of politics. Thus, it is impossible to separate economic and political development. Prosperity of the post war period can thus be viewed as a direct result of the advances in politics and civil society that occurred in the period.
{"title":"Welfare and Punishment in a ‘Stark Utopia’ (1979–2015)","authors":"I. Cummins","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.6","url":null,"abstract":"Polanyi (1957) described the notion of a self-regulating global system a “stark Utopia.” This chapter uses this as a starting point to examine the broad themes in the development of welfare and penal policy in a period dominated by free market economics Fukuyama (1992) presents the triumph of free market economics as an inevitable conclusion of trends in human history. It is also presented as the final stage development has ceased or is complete. Polanyi’s analysis is presented a counterpoint to this analysis. Polanyi asserts the primacy of politics. Thus, it is impossible to separate economic and political development. Prosperity of the post war period can thus be viewed as a direct result of the advances in politics and civil society that occurred in the period.","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126504788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124637284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter will explore four developments within the CJS system that occurred, from the 1990s onwards, under Conservative and New Labour administrations - Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP), Joint Enterprise and the whole life tariff. The chapter begins with a discussion of the influence of Left Realism on New Labour and how New Public Management led to significant changes across the CJS.It begins with a discussion the reform of the Mental Health Act (MHA) and the notion of Dangerous Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD). Left Realism emerged within criminology a decade before the election of New Labour. However, it is possible to see its impact on some key notions of New Labour policy. Left realist were ultimately critical of the way that the New Labour approached questions of community and crime.
{"title":"New Labour, New Realism?","authors":"I. Cummins","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will explore four developments within the CJS system that occurred, from the 1990s onwards, under Conservative and New Labour administrations - Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP), Joint Enterprise and the whole life tariff. The chapter begins with a discussion of the influence of Left Realism on New Labour and how New Public Management led to significant changes across the CJS.It begins with a discussion the reform of the Mental Health Act (MHA) and the notion of Dangerous Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD). Left Realism emerged within criminology a decade before the election of New Labour. However, it is possible to see its impact on some key notions of New Labour policy. Left realist were ultimately critical of the way that the New Labour approached questions of community and crime.","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126917352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1g13jv9.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136892,"journal":{"name":"Welfare and Punishment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123107683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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