Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of global disability, yet systematic evaluations of quality of care disparities across regions are sparse. Leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, this study quantified the quality of care for MDD from 1990 to 2021 and examined socio-demographic inequities by age and sex.
Methods: Data on MDD were extracted from the GBD 2021 study for the globe, 5 socio-demographic index (SDI) regions and 21 GBD regions. The quality of care index (QCI) is a composite, dimensionless index scaling from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating better quality of care. The age-standardized QCI was calculated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method and further stratified by sex, age, and region. The gender disparity ratio (GDR) was used to characterize the sex disparities. The temporal trend of QCI and GDR by sex and age across SDI regions was further calculated.
Results: Globally, the QCI of MDD increased from 56.26 (1990) to 62.95 (2021), with low SDI regions consistently exhibiting the highest QCI (71.90 in 1990; 71.19 in 2021) and high SDI regions the lowest (40.28 to 51.55). Sex disparities widened as female QCI rose by 14.0% (vs. 7.6% in males) and GDR increased from 1.02 to 1.08. The highest GDR (1.27) persisted in Oceania, while Tropical Latin America had the lowest (0.94 in 2021). Age-specific QCI peaked in adolescents (10-14 years) and declined with age, with notable improvements post-2019. Older adults (> 80 years) in high SDI regions saw higher QCI versus low-middle SDI regions. Trend analysis revealed that high and high-middle SDI regions maintained a lower QCI of MDD than the global average level but narrower sex gaps (GDR 1.04 in 2021) compared to low SDI regions (GDR 1.15).
Conclusions: While global quality of care for MDD improved, socioeconomic development inversely correlated with QCI, potentially reflecting systemic under-reporting in low-resource settings and overburdened systems in high-income regions. Persistent gender and age disparities necessitate targeted and equal policies, including sex-sensitive care models and geriatric mental health integration.
{"title":"Global and regional quality of care index in major depressive disorder: the global burden of disease study 2021.","authors":"Chenyue Xu, Longzhu Zhu, Jianbo Lai, Zeyu Luo, Jiayao Ying, Shaohua Hu, Peige Song, Jianzhong Yang","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02775-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02775-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of global disability, yet systematic evaluations of quality of care disparities across regions are sparse. Leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, this study quantified the quality of care for MDD from 1990 to 2021 and examined socio-demographic inequities by age and sex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data on MDD were extracted from the GBD 2021 study for the globe, 5 socio-demographic index (SDI) regions and 21 GBD regions. The quality of care index (QCI) is a composite, dimensionless index scaling from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating better quality of care. The age-standardized QCI was calculated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method and further stratified by sex, age, and region. The gender disparity ratio (GDR) was used to characterize the sex disparities. The temporal trend of QCI and GDR by sex and age across SDI regions was further calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Globally, the QCI of MDD increased from 56.26 (1990) to 62.95 (2021), with low SDI regions consistently exhibiting the highest QCI (71.90 in 1990; 71.19 in 2021) and high SDI regions the lowest (40.28 to 51.55). Sex disparities widened as female QCI rose by 14.0% (vs. 7.6% in males) and GDR increased from 1.02 to 1.08. The highest GDR (1.27) persisted in Oceania, while Tropical Latin America had the lowest (0.94 in 2021). Age-specific QCI peaked in adolescents (10-14 years) and declined with age, with notable improvements post-2019. Older adults (> 80 years) in high SDI regions saw higher QCI versus low-middle SDI regions. Trend analysis revealed that high and high-middle SDI regions maintained a lower QCI of MDD than the global average level but narrower sex gaps (GDR 1.04 in 2021) compared to low SDI regions (GDR 1.15).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While global quality of care for MDD improved, socioeconomic development inversely correlated with QCI, potentially reflecting systemic under-reporting in low-resource settings and overburdened systems in high-income regions. Persistent gender and age disparities necessitate targeted and equal policies, including sex-sensitive care models and geriatric mental health integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-07DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02772-8
Shin Bin Tan
<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to worsen mental health outcomes, particularly among minority youths. However, few studies have examined whether neighborhood composition-specifically greater co-ethnic density, which has been linked to better mental health in other contexts-might buffer against these negative effects. Furthermore, existing studies linking neighborhood ethnic composition to health tend to be based in the U.S., where racial/ethnic clustering is intrinsically intertwined with racial discrimination, making it hard to unpack the impact of neighborhood composition on mental health. This study examines how neighborhood composition, as estimated by a spatial measure of neighborhood-scale residential segregation, relates to mental health outcomes of youths of different ethnicities before and during the COVID19 pandemic, in Singapore, a multi-ethnic city-state with a large Chinese majority and long-standing policies to ensure sociospatial ethnic mix within neighborhoods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four waves of survey responses of over 3000 youths were collected between 2019 and 2022, and joined to estimates of their neighborhood characteristics, include residential ethnic and socioeconomic segregation, built density and average housing prices. First, multi-level models were fitted, where individual observations were nested within individual participants. Random intercepts were fitted for each participant to account for unobserved individual-specific effects, while three-way interactions between the fixed effects of individual's ethnicity, neighborhood-level co-ethnic density/residential segregation estimates and survey wave were included as a test of whether the observed associations varied by ethnicity and time. The second approach modelled 'typical' mental health trajectories across the survey waves using latent class growth analysis. Multinomial logistic regression predicting latent class membership with covariates were then fitted to analyse whether and how youths' ethnic identities and residential co-ethnic density/ segregation exposure related to different mental health trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ethnic minority youths living in areas with lower levels of ethnic residential segregation, which in Singapore is characterised by greater co-ethnic density, had better mental health outcomes over the course of the pandemic, compared to peers living in more homogenously Chinese neighborhoods. Results from the multi-level models however suggest this 'protective' relationship of experiencing greater co-ethnic density dissipated during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Living in areas with higher co-ethnic density for minority groups, and a lower spatial concentration of residents of majority ethnicity, might be protective of minority youths' mental health. However, this protective effect of greater residential ethnic mix might be conting
{"title":"Supporting minority youths' mental health during COVID-19: the role of neighborhood composition.","authors":"Shin Bin Tan","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02772-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02772-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to worsen mental health outcomes, particularly among minority youths. However, few studies have examined whether neighborhood composition-specifically greater co-ethnic density, which has been linked to better mental health in other contexts-might buffer against these negative effects. Furthermore, existing studies linking neighborhood ethnic composition to health tend to be based in the U.S., where racial/ethnic clustering is intrinsically intertwined with racial discrimination, making it hard to unpack the impact of neighborhood composition on mental health. This study examines how neighborhood composition, as estimated by a spatial measure of neighborhood-scale residential segregation, relates to mental health outcomes of youths of different ethnicities before and during the COVID19 pandemic, in Singapore, a multi-ethnic city-state with a large Chinese majority and long-standing policies to ensure sociospatial ethnic mix within neighborhoods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four waves of survey responses of over 3000 youths were collected between 2019 and 2022, and joined to estimates of their neighborhood characteristics, include residential ethnic and socioeconomic segregation, built density and average housing prices. First, multi-level models were fitted, where individual observations were nested within individual participants. Random intercepts were fitted for each participant to account for unobserved individual-specific effects, while three-way interactions between the fixed effects of individual's ethnicity, neighborhood-level co-ethnic density/residential segregation estimates and survey wave were included as a test of whether the observed associations varied by ethnicity and time. The second approach modelled 'typical' mental health trajectories across the survey waves using latent class growth analysis. Multinomial logistic regression predicting latent class membership with covariates were then fitted to analyse whether and how youths' ethnic identities and residential co-ethnic density/ segregation exposure related to different mental health trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ethnic minority youths living in areas with lower levels of ethnic residential segregation, which in Singapore is characterised by greater co-ethnic density, had better mental health outcomes over the course of the pandemic, compared to peers living in more homogenously Chinese neighborhoods. Results from the multi-level models however suggest this 'protective' relationship of experiencing greater co-ethnic density dissipated during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Living in areas with higher co-ethnic density for minority groups, and a lower spatial concentration of residents of majority ethnicity, might be protective of minority youths' mental health. However, this protective effect of greater residential ethnic mix might be conting","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02774-6
Kristína Cichová, Andrej Belak
{"title":"Caring, pragmatic and discriminatory: how private paediatric outpatient providers normalise unequal care for Roma-ethnographic findings from affluent Slovakia.","authors":"Kristína Cichová, Andrej Belak","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02774-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02774-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02781-7
Pankras Luoga, Gladys Reuben Mahiti, Tumaini Nyamhanga, Jovinary Adam, Oliva Kapinga, Blandina Herzon, Syabo M Mwaisengela, Patricia A Materu, Chrisogone J German, Grace Edward Mtulo, Douglas George Ndeki, Ntuli A Kapologwe, Eliudi S Eliakimu
Background: Disability is a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, including East African countries (EACs), where its prevalence remains high. Effective planning for inclusive health services requires reliable data on prevalence and distribution of disability. However, EACs lack sufficient empirical data on the issue, hindering social services planning. This study aimed to examine socioeconomic and national disparities in reporting disability among individuals aged 5 to 95 years across five EACs.
Methodology: This study utilised secondary data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), comprising a weighted sample of 216,420 individuals. The five EACs included were Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Malawi, Kenya and Tanzania. The dependent variable was disability status, while independent variables included demographic and socioeconomic factors. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and multivariable modified Poisson regression were employed to assess associations, with p-values < 0.05 indicating a significant factor.
Results: The overall prevalence of reporting disability in the five EACs, however, it varied across countries. was 15.4%. There was variation across countries; the highest prevalence (19.75%) recoded in Kenya and the lowest (9.94%) observed in the DRC. After controlling for other covariates, females (Adjusted prevalence ratio (APR);1.04;95%CI:1.35,1.80), individuals residing in rural areas (APR;1.10;95%CI:1.04,1.16), separated/widowed individuals (APR;1.27,95%CI:1.18,1.36), individuals from the poorest households (APR; APR;1.10; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.16), individuals who are covered by health insurance (APR;1.05;95%CI:1.01,1.09) and the female headed households (APR;1.14;95%CI:1.10,1.19) had higher prevalence ratio of reporting disability compared to their counterparts. Conversely, individuals from the Malawi had (APR;0.05;95%CI:0.40,0.67) lower prevalence ratio of people reporting disability compared to those who were from the DRC. In addition, there was interaction of age and education level in relation to disability. This implies that association between age and disability may be influenced differently depending on education level of an individual.
Conclusion: This study highlighted a significant disability prevalence in EACs. Its associated factors included female gender, poorer economic households, rural areas and separation. There was interaction of age and education level on influencing disability. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and further research into underlying mechanisms to improve support systems for vulnerable populations.
{"title":"Socioeconomic and national disparities in disability distribution among population in five East African countries: insights from the demographic and health surveys.","authors":"Pankras Luoga, Gladys Reuben Mahiti, Tumaini Nyamhanga, Jovinary Adam, Oliva Kapinga, Blandina Herzon, Syabo M Mwaisengela, Patricia A Materu, Chrisogone J German, Grace Edward Mtulo, Douglas George Ndeki, Ntuli A Kapologwe, Eliudi S Eliakimu","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02781-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02781-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Disability is a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, including East African countries (EACs), where its prevalence remains high. Effective planning for inclusive health services requires reliable data on prevalence and distribution of disability. However, EACs lack sufficient empirical data on the issue, hindering social services planning. This study aimed to examine socioeconomic and national disparities in reporting disability among individuals aged 5 to 95 years across five EACs.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This study utilised secondary data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), comprising a weighted sample of 216,420 individuals. The five EACs included were Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Malawi, Kenya and Tanzania. The dependent variable was disability status, while independent variables included demographic and socioeconomic factors. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and multivariable modified Poisson regression were employed to assess associations, with p-values < 0.05 indicating a significant factor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of reporting disability in the five EACs, however, it varied across countries. was 15.4%. There was variation across countries; the highest prevalence (19.75%) recoded in Kenya and the lowest (9.94%) observed in the DRC. After controlling for other covariates, females (Adjusted prevalence ratio (APR);1.04;95%CI:1.35,1.80), individuals residing in rural areas (APR;1.10;95%CI:1.04,1.16), separated/widowed individuals (APR;1.27,95%CI:1.18,1.36), individuals from the poorest households (APR; APR;1.10; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.16), individuals who are covered by health insurance (APR;1.05;95%CI:1.01,1.09) and the female headed households (APR;1.14;95%CI:1.10,1.19) had higher prevalence ratio of reporting disability compared to their counterparts. Conversely, individuals from the Malawi had (APR;0.05;95%CI:0.40,0.67) lower prevalence ratio of people reporting disability compared to those who were from the DRC. In addition, there was interaction of age and education level in relation to disability. This implies that association between age and disability may be influenced differently depending on education level of an individual.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlighted a significant disability prevalence in EACs. Its associated factors included female gender, poorer economic households, rural areas and separation. There was interaction of age and education level on influencing disability. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions and further research into underlying mechanisms to improve support systems for vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02777-3
Alexandra Stewart, Ami Bitschy, Katherine Kortes-Miller, Kristina Smith, Zahra Premji, Alexandra Grillo, Kelli Stajduhar
{"title":"Exploring the factors that prevent or facilitate palliative care at 'home' for adults experiencing structural vulnerability: a scoping review.","authors":"Alexandra Stewart, Ami Bitschy, Katherine Kortes-Miller, Kristina Smith, Zahra Premji, Alexandra Grillo, Kelli Stajduhar","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02777-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02777-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02771-9
Tingting Qiu, Leiyu Shi, Wei Zhou, Jinsong Deng, Gang Sun
{"title":"From individual burden to social risk pooling: drivers of the declining out-of-pocket health expenditure share in China (2009-2024).","authors":"Tingting Qiu, Leiyu Shi, Wei Zhou, Jinsong Deng, Gang Sun","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02771-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12939-026-02771-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":"25 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12879468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02768-4
Badraldeen Alnoor, Papreen Nahar, Osama Abu Zied, James Fairhead
{"title":"Environmental and structural risk factors for mycetoma in the White Nile State, Sudan: an ethnographic study.","authors":"Badraldeen Alnoor, Papreen Nahar, Osama Abu Zied, James Fairhead","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02768-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02768-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146118881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02770-w
Liana J Petruzzi, Akhil Mandalapu, Bruce Mang, Eric Quan, Imelda Vetter, Joshua Collier, Ricardo Garay, Rishit Yokananth, Carmen R Valdez, Rebecca Cook, Tim Mercer
{"title":"How is academic medicine engaging with community health workers in the United States?: a systematic review.","authors":"Liana J Petruzzi, Akhil Mandalapu, Bruce Mang, Eric Quan, Imelda Vetter, Joshua Collier, Ricardo Garay, Rishit Yokananth, Carmen R Valdez, Rebecca Cook, Tim Mercer","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02770-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02770-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146118917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02758-6
Malak Abu Hashish, Sophie Bronstein, Jiancheng Ye
{"title":"Returning value to communities from the All of Us Research Program through the lens of social determinants of health and ethical, legal, and social implications.","authors":"Malak Abu Hashish, Sophie Bronstein, Jiancheng Ye","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02758-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02758-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1186/s12939-026-02769-3
Ville Päivärinne, Jatta Salmela, Jouni Lahti, Olli Pietiläinen, Anni Karjala, Anne Kouvonen, Ossi Rahkonen, Tea Lallukka
{"title":"Life-course socioeconomic circumstances and changes in leisure-time physical activity among young and early midlife employees.","authors":"Ville Päivärinne, Jatta Salmela, Jouni Lahti, Olli Pietiläinen, Anni Karjala, Anne Kouvonen, Ossi Rahkonen, Tea Lallukka","doi":"10.1186/s12939-026-02769-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-026-02769-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13745,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146092809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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