International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health最新文献

Purpose

Childhood lead exposure is linked to poorer neurobehavioral function in adolescence, but the relationship between lead and adolescent sleep health remains inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate concurrent and longitudinal associations between lead exposure and multiple sleep health domains in adolescents.

Methods

A total of 972 adolescents from China Jintan Child Cohort were included in analyses. The Blood lead levels (BLLs) were assessed in two Waves, at ages 3–5 years (mean 6.50 ± 2.76 μg/dL) and 11–13 years (mean 3.12 ± 1.17 μg/dL). Sleep problems at age 11–13 were parent-reported via the Child Sleep Health Questionnaire (CSHQ) and self-reported by adolescents using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

Results

Both early and later BLLs were associated positively with parental reported sleep problems, including sleep onset delay, night waking, short duration, parasomnias, and disordered breathing. Sex-stratified analyzes showed that most adjusted associations between two-Wave BLLs and sleep outcomes (CSHQ and PSQI) remained statistically significant in males, with a minor increase in the magnitude of these associations. The association between Wave II BLLs and shorter self-reported sleep duration was only statistically significant in female adolescents. Compared to children with consistently low BLLs at both ages, those with persistently high BLLs at both ages had significantly shorter parental-reported sleep duration and worse sleep onset delay.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that both early and later childhood lead exposures link to more adolescent sleep problems, with recent BLLs showing stronger associations with poor adolescent sleep health reported by their parents.

Objective

A recent update of the French cohort of uranium miners added seven years of follow-up data. We use these new data to look for new possible radon-related increased risks and refine the estimation of the potential association between cumulative radon exposure and four cancer sites: lung cancer, kidney cancer, brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancer and leukemia (excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which is not radiation-induced).

Methods

Several parametric survival models are proposed, fitted and compared under the Bayesian paradigm, to perform new and original exposure-risk analyses. In line with recent UNSCEAR recommendations, we consider time-related effect modifiers and exposure rate as potential effect modifying factors. We use Bayesian model selection criteria to identify radon-related increased hazard rates.

Results

Under the assumption of a linear exposure-risk relationship, we found a substantial evidence for a strictly positive effect of cumulative radon exposure on the hazard rate of death by lung cancer among French uranium miners. Given the current available data under the assumptions of a linear or log-linear exposure-risk relationship, it is not possible to conclude in favour of the absence or the existence of a strictly positive effect of chronic exposure to radon on the hazard rate of death by kidney cancer. Regarding death by brain and CNS cancer, there is a substantial evidence for the absence of radon-related effect. Finally, under the assumption of a log-linear exposure-risk relationship, a small positive radon-related effect appears when looking at the risk of death by leukemia (excluding CLL).

Conclusion

This study investigates the existence of radon-related increased risk of death by lung cancer, kidney cancer, brain and CNS cancer and leukemia under a Bayesian framework and assumptions of linear and log-linear exposure-risk relationships. If there is no doubt in the interpretation of the results for lung cancer and brain and CNS cancer, the conclusion is less clear-cut in the case of kidney cancer and leukemia (excluding CLL). A future update of the French cohort, increasing the follow-up time for miners, may help to reach a clearer conclusion for these two cancer sites.

Purpose: Presenteeism, the phenomenon of employees working despite illness, is a significant issue globally, impacting individual well-being and organizational efficiency. This study examines presenteeism among Swiss employees, exploring its occurrence, primary factors, reasons, and impact on employees' health.

Methods: This study used cross-sectional data from 1,521 employees in different sectors in Switzerland. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear models for influencing factors and detrimental effects, such as burnout symptoms, job satisfaction, general health, and quality of life, were calculated for data analysis. Presenteeism was measured using the Hägerbäumer multi-item scale, ranging from 1 = "Never in case of illness" - 5 = "Very often in case of illness."

Results: The employees reported that in case of illness, they rarely worked in the last 12 months M = 2.04 (SD = 1.00). A positive approach to presenteeism in the team was associated with less presenteeism (β = -0.07) and problematic leadership culture in dealing with presenteeism with increased presenteeism (β = 0.10). In addition to well-known factors, presenteeism was significant for burnout symptoms (β = 1.49), general health status (β = -1.5), and quality of life (β = -0.01).

Conclusion: The study offers insights into the phenomenon of presenteeism among Swiss employees in various sectors by applying a multi-item scale for presenteeism. The findings indicate that a positive team dynamic and organizational culture may significantly reduce presenteeism. Presenteeism behavior is a significant factor of adverse outcomes. This highlights the importance of acknowledging presenteeism in the context of occupational health.

Purpose: Occupational asthma is commonly observed in bakers and confectioners. Endogenous and exogenous risk factors contribute to bakers' asthma. A heightened awareness of this and early diagnosis can be helpful in terms of prevention. The aim of the study was to identify a temporal relationship between the years of training, as well as possible technical, procedural, and individual risk factors for the development of flour-exposure related atopic symptoms such as rhinitis, cough, and rash in young professionals.

Methods: 127 bakers and confectioner trainees were observed over a one-year period. Two questionnaires served as test instruments. It was investigated whether the rates of atopic symptoms change over the course of a school year and which conditions in the workplace could be responsible for this. Descriptive statistics were used to answer the research questions concerning flour exposure and symptom rates. The Pearson-Chi-Square test was used for testing statistical differences between different groups (e.g. year of training, working conditions).

Results: An increase in rates of self-reported rhinitis, coughing, and rashes throughout the duration of traineeship was shown (e.g. rhinitis of bakers at work: 0% in the first year of training, 20% in the second and 33% in the third year of training). The installation of vapour extraction systems and low-dust transfer of baking agents led to fewer symptoms in the workplace (30% of participants with rhinitis symptoms worked with no installed vapour extraction systems). A medical history of atopy was positively correlated with the occurrence of symptoms.

Conclusion: To prevent the development of asthma in bakers, methods to improve occupational health and safety should be developed. Creating low dust working conditions e.g., due to the use of vapour extraction systems should be considered.

Objective: This population-based study explored emergency room visits (ERVs) from all-causes, circulatory and respiratory diseases among different occupational groups in Taiwan associated with ambient average temperature.

Method: Daily area-age-sex specific ERVs records were obtained from the Taiwan's Ministry of Health and Welfare from 2009 to 2018. Distributed lag-nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to estimate the exposure-response relationships between daily average temperature and ERVs for all-causes, circulatory and respiratory diseases by occupational groups. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the overall cumulative relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results: The exposure-response curves showed ERVs of all-cause and respiratory diseases increased with rising temperature across all occupational groups. These effects were consistently stronger among younger (20-64 years old) and outdoor workers. In contrast, ERVs risk from circulatory diseases increased significantly during cold snaps, with a substantially higher risk for female workers. Interestingly, female workers, regardless of indoor or outdoor work, consistently showed a higher risk of respiratory ERVs during hot weather compared to males. Younger workers (20-64 years old) exhibited a higher risk of ERVs, likely due to job profiles with greater exposure to extreme temperatures. Notably, the highest risk of all-causes ERVs was observed in outdoor male laborers (union members), followed by farmers and private employees, with the lowest risk among indoor workers. Conversely, female indoor workers and female farmers faced the highest risk of respiratory ERVs. Again, female farmers with consistent outdoor exposure had the highest risk of circulatory ERVs during cold conditions.

Conclusion: Our findings highlighted the complexity of temperature-related health risks associated with different occupational contexts. The population-level insights into vulnerable occupational groups could provide valuable comprehension for policymakers and healthcare practitioners.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine longitudinal associations of workplace effort and reward with changes in cognitive function among United States workers.

Methods: Data from the national, population-based Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with a 9-year follow-up were used. Validated workplace effort and reward scales were measured at baseline, and cognitive outcomes (including composite cognition, episodic memory, and executive functioning) were measured with the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT) at baseline and follow-up. Multivariable linear regression analyses based on generalized estimating equations (GEE) examined the longitudinal associations under study.

Results: Among this worker sample of 1,399, after accounting for demographics, socioeconomics, lifestyle behaviors, health conditions, and job control, high reward at baseline was associated with increased composite cognition (regression coefficient: 0.118 [95% CI: 0.049, 0.187]), episodic memory (0.106 [0.024, 0.188]), and executive functioning (0.123 [0.055, 0.191]) during follow-up. The joint exposure of 'high effort and high reward' was also associated with increased composite cognition (0.130 [0.030, 0.231]), episodic memory (0.131 [0.012, 0.250]), and executive functioning (0.117 [0.017, 0.216]), while the combination of 'low effort and high reward' was associated with increased composite cognition (0.106 [0.009, 0.204]) and executive functioning (0.139 [0.042, 0.235]).

Conclusion: Findings suggest that workplace high reward is related to improved cognitive scores among United States workers. Future research should investigate larger cohorts over longer timespans and expand into disease outcomes such as dementia. If these findings emerge as causal, relevant workplace rewards to promote worker cognitive health should be considered.

Purpose: Permanent night workers conceivably show better adaptation of circadian rhythms to night work than shift workers and therefore better possibilities of obtaining sufficient sleep of good quality after night shifts. We investigated the effect of night shifts including number of consecutive shifts on sleep among self-selected permanent night workers, and studied if the effect of night shifts differed between morning and evening types and compared with 3-shift workers.

Methods: The study population included 90 permanent night workers followed for 14 days (warehouse workers, 1228 observation days, 80% males). For comparison, we included 70 3-shift workers followed for 26 days (police officers, 1774 observation days, 100% men). Total sleep time (TST), primary sleep duration (PSD), and sleep efficiency were assessed by actigraphy. Measures of sleep quality and diurnal type were self-reported.

Results: Among permanent night workers, TST, PSD, difficulties falling asleep, disturbed sleep, and the number of awakenings decreased after night shifts compared with days without night work. Sleep efficiency, difficulties awakening, and non-refreshing sleep increased. More consecutive night shifts were associated with shorter TST and PSD. Sleep outcomes did not differ by diurnal type. Permanent night workers had fewer awakenings after night shifts than 3-shift workers, but no other differences were observed.

Conclusion: This study does not provide evidence that supports recommendation of permanent night work to reduce adverse effects of night shifts on sleep. A limited number of consecutive night shifts is recommended to reduce accumulation of sleep debt.

Purpose: The effect of heat waves on mortality is well known, but current evidence on morbidity is limited. Establishing the consequences of these events in terms of morbidity is important to ensure communities and health systems can adapt to them.

Methods: We thus collected data on total daily emergency hospital admissions, admissions to critical care units, emergency department admissions, and emergency admissions for specific diagnoses to Hospital Universitario de Son Espases from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2021. A heat wave was defined as a period of ≥ 2 days with a maximum temperature ≥ 35 °C, including a 7 day lag effect (inclusive). We used a quasi-Poisson generalized linear model to estimate relative risks (RRs; 95%CI) for heat wave-related hospital admissions.

Results: Results showed statistically significant increases in total emergency admissions (RR 1.06; 95%CI 1 - 1.12), emergency department admissions (RR 1.12; 95%CI 1.07 - 1.18), and admissions for ischemic stroke (RR 1.26; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.54), acute kidney injury (RR 1.67; 95%CI 1.16 - 2.35), and heat stroke (RR 18.73, 95%CI 6.48 - 45.83) during heat waves.

Conclusion: Heat waves increase hospitalization risk, primarily for thromboembolic and renal diseases and heat strokes.

Objective: To investigate the effect of urinary PAHs on MAFLD.

Methods: The study included 3,136 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2009 and 2016. Among them, 1,056 participants were diagnosed with MAFLD and were designated as the case group. The analysis of the relationship between monohydroxy metabolites of seven PAHs in urine and MAFLD was carried out using logistic regression and Bayesian kernel regression (BKMR) models.

Results: In single-pollutant models, the concentration of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNAP) was positively correlated with MAFLD (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.18, 1.84), whereas 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFLU) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) demonstrated a negative correlation with MAFLD (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.48 0.73; OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.55, 0.89). Conversely, in multi-pollutant models, 2-OHNAP, 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFLU), 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (2&3-OHPHE) displayed positive correlations with MAFLD (OR = 6.17, 95% CI 3.15, 12.07; OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.37, 4.89). However, 3-OHFLU and 1-OHPYR continued to exhibit negative correlations with MAFLD (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.05, 0.15; OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.43, 0.88). Notably, the BKMR analysis mixtures approach did not indicate a significant joint effect of multiple PAHs on MAFLD, but identified interactions between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU, 1-OHPYR and 2-OHFLU, and 1-OHPYR and 3-OHFLU.

Conclusion: No significant association was found between mixed PAHs exposure and the risk of MAFLD. However, interactions were observed between 3-OHFLU and 2-OHFLU. Both 2-OHFLU and 2&3-OHPHE exposure are significant risk factors for MAFLD, whereas 3-OHFLU is a key protective factor for the disease.

Objective: The current study aimed to explore the relationships between urinary metals and vital capacity index (VCI) in 380 children and adolescents in Northeast China using a variety of statistical methods.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 380 children and adolescents in Liaoning Province, China. To assess the relationships between urinary metals and VCI, Elastic-net (ENET) regression, multivariate linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS), bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile-based g computation (qgcomp) were adopted.

Results: The ENET model selected magnesium (Mg), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) as crucial elements. In multiple linear regression, we observed urinary Pb, Mn was negatively correlated with VCI individually in both total study population and adolescents (all p values < 0.05) in the adjustment model. The WQS indices were negatively related with VCI in total study population (β=-3.19, 95%CI: -6.07, -0.30) and adolescents (β=-3.46, 95%CI: -6.58, -0.35). The highest weight in total study population was Pb (38.80%), in adolescents was Mn (35.10%). In the qgcomp, Pb (31.90%), Mn (27.20%) were the major negative contributors to the association in the total population (β=-3.51, 95%CI: -6.29, -0.74). As (42.50%), Mn (39.90%) were the main negative contributors (β=-3.95, 95% CI: -6.68, -1.22) among adolescents. The results of BKMR were basically consistent with WQS and qgcomp analyses.

Conclusions: Our results indicated that Pb and Mn were priority toxic materials on VCI. The cumulative effect of metals was negatively related to VCI, and this relationship was more pronounced in adolescents.