Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230829
A. Cellatoglu, A. Yasli, K. Balasubramanian
Utilization of renewable energy resources is gaining momentum in several countries. Establishment of distributed renewable energy plants would cover the regional needs of the country besides sharing the power distribution with other parts of the country. For implementing this establishment, the country is proposed to be divided into several power regions named as cells or nodes and one or more renewable energy plants could be installed in each node. The power network connects all these power plants and maintains the distribution of power for the whole country. Pumping of external power might be needed to nodes facing deficiency in power. If power nodes generate excess power than meeting their demands then the additional power generated could be transported to the other nodes in the network. A financial analysis is made for a sample node and its resource units as to assess their financial involvement in initial investment and maintenance and the profits realizable in long run. This would present the information about the success of the establishment of distributed renewable energy plants in the power network.
{"title":"Analysis of modular renewable energy plants functioning in electrical power network","authors":"A. Cellatoglu, A. Yasli, K. Balasubramanian","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230829","url":null,"abstract":"Utilization of renewable energy resources is gaining momentum in several countries. Establishment of distributed renewable energy plants would cover the regional needs of the country besides sharing the power distribution with other parts of the country. For implementing this establishment, the country is proposed to be divided into several power regions named as cells or nodes and one or more renewable energy plants could be installed in each node. The power network connects all these power plants and maintains the distribution of power for the whole country. Pumping of external power might be needed to nodes facing deficiency in power. If power nodes generate excess power than meeting their demands then the additional power generated could be transported to the other nodes in the network. A financial analysis is made for a sample node and its resource units as to assess their financial involvement in initial investment and maintenance and the profits realizable in long run. This would present the information about the success of the establishment of distributed renewable energy plants in the power network.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131358440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230859
Syed Qaseem Ali, S. Maqbool, T. Ahamed, N. Malik
Demand Response (DR) has gained importance in the recent years. The prime objective of DR is to reduce the maximum demand. There are various DR schemes. This study focuses on price based DR schemes in which consumer is motivated to change his load demand pattern by pricing based incentives. The paper presents an algorithm to solve the load scheduling problem under variable pricing scheme. To this end the paper formulates the load scheduling problem as a singe stage decision making problem and solves it using Pursuit Algorithm, which maintains an agreeable balance between exploration and exploitation. An algorithm to generate realistic loads is also presented. Simulation experiments were conducted considering different types of loads and pricing.
{"title":"Pursuit Algorithm for optimized load scheduling","authors":"Syed Qaseem Ali, S. Maqbool, T. Ahamed, N. Malik","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230859","url":null,"abstract":"Demand Response (DR) has gained importance in the recent years. The prime objective of DR is to reduce the maximum demand. There are various DR schemes. This study focuses on price based DR schemes in which consumer is motivated to change his load demand pattern by pricing based incentives. The paper presents an algorithm to solve the load scheduling problem under variable pricing scheme. To this end the paper formulates the load scheduling problem as a singe stage decision making problem and solves it using Pursuit Algorithm, which maintains an agreeable balance between exploration and exploitation. An algorithm to generate realistic loads is also presented. Simulation experiments were conducted considering different types of loads and pricing.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129197803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230845
A. Yusuf, A. Amoo, U. Aliyu, M. W. Mustafa, A. Zin
A lot of things determine the life expectancy of a transformer such as overheating due to triplen harmonics, unbalanced loading, vibro-acoustic noise and so on. For this reason, this paper presents the investigation carried out on the magnetostrictive sound of Bauchi, 30/40 MVA, 132/33 KV substation transformer. Readings were taken using standard audio recording instrument for various loading and voltage conditions in the mornings, afternoons and nights for six days and the offline assessment was carried out using digital spectrum analyzer. However, no access could be gained to the variation of certain important parameters, like changing of core dimensions, loosing or tightening of core and so on, for the substation transformer in-situ in the substation hence separate laboratory test transformers were used in the assessment of the effect of core damping pressure, construction looseness and transformer saturation on the vibro-acoustic noise. Conclusively, increasing the operation voltage of transformer tends to produce more magnetostriction effect while loosening core lamination increases the energy losses.
{"title":"Magnetostriction assessment of power transformer (a case study of 30/40MVA, 132/33 kV transformer at Bauchi substation)","authors":"A. Yusuf, A. Amoo, U. Aliyu, M. W. Mustafa, A. Zin","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230845","url":null,"abstract":"A lot of things determine the life expectancy of a transformer such as overheating due to triplen harmonics, unbalanced loading, vibro-acoustic noise and so on. For this reason, this paper presents the investigation carried out on the magnetostrictive sound of Bauchi, 30/40 MVA, 132/33 KV substation transformer. Readings were taken using standard audio recording instrument for various loading and voltage conditions in the mornings, afternoons and nights for six days and the offline assessment was carried out using digital spectrum analyzer. However, no access could be gained to the variation of certain important parameters, like changing of core dimensions, loosing or tightening of core and so on, for the substation transformer in-situ in the substation hence separate laboratory test transformers were used in the assessment of the effect of core damping pressure, construction looseness and transformer saturation on the vibro-acoustic noise. Conclusively, increasing the operation voltage of transformer tends to produce more magnetostriction effect while loosening core lamination increases the energy losses.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"293 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116208974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230886
N. Hasan, M. Y. Hassan, M. Majid, H. A. Rahman
This paper presents the mathematical modeling of Compressed Air Energy Storage, (CAES) in obtaining mechanical power generated from expander. Mechanical power is injected to a generator to generate electricity that will stabilize 2MW active power fluctuated caused by intermittent behavior of wind speed. The control system in maintaining dc-link voltage at constant value and control system in supplying generated power from CAES is also discussed here. The goals in using CAES are to smooth out the fluctuated power and increased low power integrated into the grid. This system is analyzed using SimPowerSystem of MATLAB/simulink. Results show that the jCAES is able to not only mitigate generated power but it also can promise constant power generated to grid even at low wind speed.
{"title":"Mathematical model of Compressed Air Energy Storage in smoothing 2MW wind turbine","authors":"N. Hasan, M. Y. Hassan, M. Majid, H. A. Rahman","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230886","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the mathematical modeling of Compressed Air Energy Storage, (CAES) in obtaining mechanical power generated from expander. Mechanical power is injected to a generator to generate electricity that will stabilize 2MW active power fluctuated caused by intermittent behavior of wind speed. The control system in maintaining dc-link voltage at constant value and control system in supplying generated power from CAES is also discussed here. The goals in using CAES are to smooth out the fluctuated power and increased low power integrated into the grid. This system is analyzed using SimPowerSystem of MATLAB/simulink. Results show that the jCAES is able to not only mitigate generated power but it also can promise constant power generated to grid even at low wind speed.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134313295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230844
Wen-Shan Tan, Mohammad Yusri Hassan, M. Majid
Distributed generation has been becoming more well-known in the power sector due to its ability in power loss reduction, low investment cost, increase reliability, and most significantly, to exploit renewable-energy resources. The optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation are necessary for maximizing the distributed generation potential benefits in a power system. In this paper, a novel multi population-based genetic algorithm is proposed for optimal location and sizing of distributed generation in a radial distribution system. The objective is to minimize the total real power losses in the system and improve voltage stability within the voltage constrains. Both the optimal size and location are obtained as outputs from the genetic algorithm toolbox. An analysis is carried out on 30 bus systems and compare with the analytical method and standard genetic algorithm to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Results show that the proposed method is more efficient in power losses reduction compared to analytical method, also faster in convergence than standard genetic algorithm.
{"title":"Multi population genetic algorithm for allocation and sizing of distributed generation","authors":"Wen-Shan Tan, Mohammad Yusri Hassan, M. Majid","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230844","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed generation has been becoming more well-known in the power sector due to its ability in power loss reduction, low investment cost, increase reliability, and most significantly, to exploit renewable-energy resources. The optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation are necessary for maximizing the distributed generation potential benefits in a power system. In this paper, a novel multi population-based genetic algorithm is proposed for optimal location and sizing of distributed generation in a radial distribution system. The objective is to minimize the total real power losses in the system and improve voltage stability within the voltage constrains. Both the optimal size and location are obtained as outputs from the genetic algorithm toolbox. An analysis is carried out on 30 bus systems and compare with the analytical method and standard genetic algorithm to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Results show that the proposed method is more efficient in power losses reduction compared to analytical method, also faster in convergence than standard genetic algorithm.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132902933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230893
F. Althowibi, M. Mustafa
Preventing voltage collapse occurrences in power systems are a challenging task worldwide. An adequate reactive power supply along with voltage limit violation may lead to blackout. The ability to sense such dynamic change and accurately determine voltage stability indications allows system control to take the necessary action to prevent such incidents. This paper presents efficient indices to calculate voltage stability analysis and predict system voltage collapse. Voltage stability margins can be calculated indicating how far the power system is from its severely loading condition. The proposed method was demonstrated on the 5-bus and IEEE 180-bus systems and compared with existing methods to show its validation and efficiency.
{"title":"Power system network sensitivity to Voltage collapse","authors":"F. Althowibi, M. Mustafa","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230893","url":null,"abstract":"Preventing voltage collapse occurrences in power systems are a challenging task worldwide. An adequate reactive power supply along with voltage limit violation may lead to blackout. The ability to sense such dynamic change and accurately determine voltage stability indications allows system control to take the necessary action to prevent such incidents. This paper presents efficient indices to calculate voltage stability analysis and predict system voltage collapse. Voltage stability margins can be calculated indicating how far the power system is from its severely loading condition. The proposed method was demonstrated on the 5-bus and IEEE 180-bus systems and compared with existing methods to show its validation and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116347423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230858
H. Zayandehroodi, A. Mohamed, H. Shareef, M. Mohammadjafari, M. Farhoodnea
Power distribution systems are conventionally designed as radial systems fed from a main source. However, when a distributed generation (DG) unit is connected to the system, the network is no longer radial. The presence of DG may affect existing protective relaying, especially overcurrent relays although DG has significant economic and environmental benefits. This paper proposed a novel protection strategy for coordinating the protection relays in power distribution system with high penetration of DG units. The proposed strategy coordinates the open/close states of the overcurrent relays by using the backtracking algorithm to determine the downstream and upstream paths leading to DG units. Initially, the faulty line is identified and the main protection algorithm determines the open/close states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. In addition, a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme in case of malfunction relays. Several case studies are considered to verify the accuracy of the proposed protection coordination method. The results verified that the proposed protection strategy is able to accurately coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units.
{"title":"A novel protection coordination strategy using back tracking algorithm for distribution systems with high penetration of DG","authors":"H. Zayandehroodi, A. Mohamed, H. Shareef, M. Mohammadjafari, M. Farhoodnea","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230858","url":null,"abstract":"Power distribution systems are conventionally designed as radial systems fed from a main source. However, when a distributed generation (DG) unit is connected to the system, the network is no longer radial. The presence of DG may affect existing protective relaying, especially overcurrent relays although DG has significant economic and environmental benefits. This paper proposed a novel protection strategy for coordinating the protection relays in power distribution system with high penetration of DG units. The proposed strategy coordinates the open/close states of the overcurrent relays by using the backtracking algorithm to determine the downstream and upstream paths leading to DG units. Initially, the faulty line is identified and the main protection algorithm determines the open/close states of relays so as to isolate the faulty line. In addition, a backup protection algorithm is considered to complete the protection coordination scheme in case of malfunction relays. Several case studies are considered to verify the accuracy of the proposed protection coordination method. The results verified that the proposed protection strategy is able to accurately coordinate the relays in a power distribution system with DG units.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117067954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230916
S. Hasan, S. Taib, R. Chan, R. M. Siti
An investigation of magnetizing current waveforms of single phase power transformer due to DC bias injection through simulation and experimental study is present in this paper. A method base on MATLAB simulation that is capable of predicting of magnetizing current without and with DC bias is used. The experimental study is done by the DC bias current injected simultaneously with AC source to primary winding of transformer and the secondary side is open circuit. The results show that the waveforms distorted when the DC bias exist. The pulsated waveforms are pushed to half cycle in which the bias current is in the same direction as magnetizing current (unsymmetrical pulsated) and even harmonics are significant. The simulated waveforms have good agreement with the measured one.
{"title":"Effect of DC bias on magnetization current waveforms of single phase power transformer","authors":"S. Hasan, S. Taib, R. Chan, R. M. Siti","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230916","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of magnetizing current waveforms of single phase power transformer due to DC bias injection through simulation and experimental study is present in this paper. A method base on MATLAB simulation that is capable of predicting of magnetizing current without and with DC bias is used. The experimental study is done by the DC bias current injected simultaneously with AC source to primary winding of transformer and the secondary side is open circuit. The results show that the waveforms distorted when the DC bias exist. The pulsated waveforms are pushed to half cycle in which the bias current is in the same direction as magnetizing current (unsymmetrical pulsated) and even harmonics are significant. The simulated waveforms have good agreement with the measured one.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123271696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230889
A. R. Jordehi, J. Jasni
This paper discusses thoroughly about different methods for solution of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) optimization problem in power systems. First, it explains the requirements of an ideal solution for FACTS optimization problem, then classifies the methods used by researchers in four main groups as classical methods, technical methods, heuristics and mixed methods, and discusses thoroughly about characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each group of methods. Finally, some tips are offered for future research on this area.
{"title":"Approaches for FACTS optimization problem in power systems","authors":"A. R. Jordehi, J. Jasni","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230889","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses thoroughly about different methods for solution of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) optimization problem in power systems. First, it explains the requirements of an ideal solution for FACTS optimization problem, then classifies the methods used by researchers in four main groups as classical methods, technical methods, heuristics and mixed methods, and discusses thoroughly about characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of each group of methods. Finally, some tips are offered for future research on this area.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127564840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-06-06DOI: 10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230881
H. Razip, F. Khairudin, M. N. Harun
Failure of vacuum metal clad switchgears often results in major load loss and long restoration time. Failure analysis is conducted with the aim to prevent future recurrence, thus an improved life of the equipment. This paper presents two failure cases of vacuum metal clad switchgears which had suffered from flashover. Both switchgears were connected to a local transformer and had exhibited similar post-fault damage characteristics. Evaluations techniques used to assist the analysis process include visual examination, photo documentation, tear down examination, electrical data analysis and computer simulation. The significant effect caused by the use of under sized cable is discussed. In the first case, a fault had occurred downstream of the switchgear. The cable had melted, causing significant damage inside the switchgear. From calculation, it was deduced that the minimum cable size needed to cater the fault current was 135 mm2. In this case, it was found that the existing cable was grossly under sized. For the second case, the minimum cable size calculated was 74 mm2. A computer simulation was carried out, in order to further verify the short circuit capacity and corresponding melting temperature of the 70 mm2 cable. From the simulation, it was found that the maximum permissible current before melting was 6.3 kA. The actual fault current of 8.8 kA had far exceeded this value. As a result of under sizing, both the cables could have melted and vapourised during fault current flow and subsequently caused explosion inside the switchgear.
{"title":"The impact of under sized cable on MV vacuum metal clad switchgear during fault","authors":"H. Razip, F. Khairudin, M. N. Harun","doi":"10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230881","url":null,"abstract":"Failure of vacuum metal clad switchgears often results in major load loss and long restoration time. Failure analysis is conducted with the aim to prevent future recurrence, thus an improved life of the equipment. This paper presents two failure cases of vacuum metal clad switchgears which had suffered from flashover. Both switchgears were connected to a local transformer and had exhibited similar post-fault damage characteristics. Evaluations techniques used to assist the analysis process include visual examination, photo documentation, tear down examination, electrical data analysis and computer simulation. The significant effect caused by the use of under sized cable is discussed. In the first case, a fault had occurred downstream of the switchgear. The cable had melted, causing significant damage inside the switchgear. From calculation, it was deduced that the minimum cable size needed to cater the fault current was 135 mm2. In this case, it was found that the existing cable was grossly under sized. For the second case, the minimum cable size calculated was 74 mm2. A computer simulation was carried out, in order to further verify the short circuit capacity and corresponding melting temperature of the 70 mm2 cable. From the simulation, it was found that the maximum permissible current before melting was 6.3 kA. The actual fault current of 8.8 kA had far exceeded this value. As a result of under sizing, both the cables could have melted and vapourised during fault current flow and subsequently caused explosion inside the switchgear.","PeriodicalId":138236,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Malaysia","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114409959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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