Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0002
G. W. Stone, Alexander H. Morrison II
As Morrison and Stone began excavating at St. John’s in 1972, they encountered structures constructed or repaired with hole-set posts. Like a fence with wooden posts, these were buildings whose walls were attached to posts whose feet were set in post holes and held in place by having dirt compacted around the post feet as the post holes were back filled. At St. John’s, they discovered that the most accurate way to dimension an earthfast building was not from archaeological drawings, but directly from the dirt. At van Sweringen’s coffee house, through tedious experiments, they learned the best way to dimension hole-set timbers. Their refined excavating techniques allowed them to diagnose the phase two van Sweringen kitchen as a side-wall reared structure and the print shop as a bent-reared structure. Morrison and Stone’s research benefited from collaboration with architectural historian Cary Carson, historian Lois Carr, and housewright John O’Rourke--O’Rourke’s construction of a seventeenth-century plantation exhibit served, in part, as experimental archaeology. The 1970s was an exciting period of archaeological discovery throughout the Chesapeake. In 1981, under the leadership of Cary Carson, these discoveries were published as “Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies.”
1972年，当莫里森和斯通开始在圣约翰教堂进行挖掘时，他们遇到了用孔桩建造或修复的建筑物。就像用木桩围成的栅栏一样，这些建筑的墙壁与柱子相连，柱子的脚放在柱子洞里，当柱子洞被填满时，柱子脚周围的泥土被压实，从而固定住柱子。在圣约翰大学，他们发现测定土建建筑尺寸的最准确方法不是根据考古图纸，而是直接根据泥土。在van Sweringen的咖啡馆里，通过冗长乏味的实验，他们学会了确定孔洞木材尺寸的最佳方法。他们精细的挖掘技术使他们能够诊断出van Sweringen厨房的第二阶段是侧墙式结构，而打印车间是弯曲式结构。Morrison和Stone的研究得益于与建筑历史学家Cary Carson、历史学家Lois Carr和房屋建筑师John O 'Rourke的合作——O 'Rourke建造的17世纪种植园展览在一定程度上起到了实验考古学的作用。20世纪70年代是切萨皮克地区考古发现的一个激动人心的时期。1981年，在卡里·卡森(Cary Carson)的领导下，这些发现被出版为《美国南部殖民地的非永久性建筑》。
{"title":"From Humus Mold to Stout Building","authors":"G. W. Stone, Alexander H. Morrison II","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"As Morrison and Stone began excavating at St. John’s in 1972, they encountered structures constructed or repaired with hole-set posts. Like a fence with wooden posts, these were buildings whose walls were attached to posts whose feet were set in post holes and held in place by having dirt compacted around the post feet as the post holes were back filled. At St. John’s, they discovered that the most accurate way to dimension an earthfast building was not from archaeological drawings, but directly from the dirt. At van Sweringen’s coffee house, through tedious experiments, they learned the best way to dimension hole-set timbers. Their refined excavating techniques allowed them to diagnose the phase two van Sweringen kitchen as a side-wall reared structure and the print shop as a bent-reared structure. Morrison and Stone’s research benefited from collaboration with architectural historian Cary Carson, historian Lois Carr, and housewright John O’Rourke--O’Rourke’s construction of a seventeenth-century plantation exhibit served, in part, as experimental archaeology. The 1970s was an exciting period of archaeological discovery throughout the Chesapeake. In 1981, under the leadership of Cary Carson, these discoveries were published as “Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies.”","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114411031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter revisits conclusions offered from Miller’s 1974 article titled “A Tenant Farmer’s Tableware.” Miller’s research examines the archaeological assemblage from the Tabbs Purchase site (also called the Tolle-Tabbs site), with a particular eye toward late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century tablewares used by the site’s residents. A closer study of the documentary sources affords a fuller view of who lived at the site, which in turn allows for new information to be gained by studying the recovered artifacts. This chapter also updates interpretations based on what has been learned about ceramic manufacture and distribution in the more than 40 years since the original article’s publication. The result demonstrates archaeology’s ability to identify postcolonial consumption patterns through the close study of ceramic tablewares.
{"title":"A Second Look at the Nineteenth-Century Ceramics from Tabbs Purchase and the Tenants Who Used Them","authors":"G. L. Miller","doi":"10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter revisits conclusions offered from Miller’s 1974 article titled “A Tenant Farmer’s Tableware.” Miller’s research examines the archaeological assemblage from the Tabbs Purchase site (also called the Tolle-Tabbs site), with a particular eye toward late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century tablewares used by the site’s residents. A closer study of the documentary sources affords a fuller view of who lived at the site, which in turn allows for new information to be gained by studying the recovered artifacts. This chapter also updates interpretations based on what has been learned about ceramic manufacture and distribution in the more than 40 years since the original article’s publication. The result demonstrates archaeology’s ability to identify postcolonial consumption patterns through the close study of ceramic tablewares.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"86 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129903319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1969–1971, archaeologists and a historian collaborated to interpret the ca.1720–1745 dwelling site of a prominent St. Mary’s County tobacco planter, Captain John Hicks. Hicks was a ship captain from Whitehaven, England, who married a local woman and settled on the St. Mary’s Townlands. Shortly before 1749, Hicks constructed a new dwelling and his old dwelling was moved to become an outbuilding. In the process of clearing the old site for agriculture, Hicks’s slaves buried thousands of artifacts in the old cellar and in pits. Archaeologists Glenn Little and Stephen Israel sorted the artifacts by function. Minimal vessel estimates were made for ceramics and glass. Historian Lois Carr used land records and probate inventories to model the social structure of the St. Mary’s City Townlands and St. Mary’s County. While Captain Hicks ranked among the top ten-percent of the County’s tobacco producers and lived quite comfortably, his standard of living was modest compared to William Deacon, Esquire, Customs Collector for the North Potomac, the Townlands’ grandee. While Dr. Carr was able to reconstruct much of Captain Hicks’s career, she could learn little about his 19 slaves other than their names and ages.
1969年至1971年，考古学家和一位历史学家合作，对圣玛丽县著名烟草种植者约翰·希克斯船长(Captain John Hicks)大约1720年至1745年的住所进行了解释。希克斯是来自英国怀特黑文的一名船长，他娶了一位当地妇女，并在圣玛丽镇定居下来。1749年之前不久，希克斯建造了一座新住宅，他的旧住宅被搬到了外屋。在清理旧址用于农业的过程中，希克斯的奴隶在旧地窖和坑里埋了数千件文物。考古学家格伦·利特尔和斯蒂芬·伊斯雷尔根据功能对这些文物进行了分类。对陶瓷和玻璃进行了最小的容器估计。历史学家路易斯·卡尔使用土地记录和遗嘱清单来模拟圣玛丽市和圣玛丽县的社会结构。虽然希克斯船长在县里的烟草生产商中排名前10%，生活得相当舒适，但他的生活水平与威廉·迪肯、《时尚先生》、北波托马克的海关收税、汤兰的贵族相比，还是比较普通的。虽然卡尔博士能够重建希克斯船长的大部分职业生涯，但除了他们的名字和年龄之外，她对他的19名奴隶知之甚少。
{"title":"The Captain John Hicks House Site and the Eighteenth-Century Townlands Community","authors":"G. W. Stone, Stephen S. Israel","doi":"10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.18","url":null,"abstract":"In 1969–1971, archaeologists and a historian collaborated to interpret the ca.1720–1745 dwelling site of a prominent St. Mary’s County tobacco planter, Captain John Hicks. Hicks was a ship captain from Whitehaven, England, who married a local woman and settled on the St. Mary’s Townlands. Shortly before 1749, Hicks constructed a new dwelling and his old dwelling was moved to become an outbuilding. In the process of clearing the old site for agriculture, Hicks’s slaves buried thousands of artifacts in the old cellar and in pits. Archaeologists Glenn Little and Stephen Israel sorted the artifacts by function. Minimal vessel estimates were made for ceramics and glass. Historian Lois Carr used land records and probate inventories to model the social structure of the St. Mary’s City Townlands and St. Mary’s County. While Captain Hicks ranked among the top ten-percent of the County’s tobacco producers and lived quite comfortably, his standard of living was modest compared to William Deacon, Esquire, Customs Collector for the North Potomac, the Townlands’ grandee. While Dr. Carr was able to reconstruct much of Captain Hicks’s career, she could learn little about his 19 slaves other than their names and ages.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132787903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ceramics are ubiquitous on colonial archaeological sites because pottery is fragile but its fragments are durable. This chapter reviews fifty years of sustained study of seventeenth-century archaeologically recovered ceramic artifacts. The effects of outside political and economic events can change the distribution and availability of some ceramics which have either been in long use in other cultural settings or cease to be available within a colonial English setting, such as the passage and enforcement of the Navigation Acts. New ware types described from the excavations in St. Mary’s City are enumerated and discussed. A number of exotic pottery types are described and placed in economic context. A strong emphasis on the vessel level of analysis is stressed and insights from vessel utilization are explored and explicated.
{"title":"Ceramic Studies at Maryland’s First Capital","authors":"S. Hurry","doi":"10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.11","url":null,"abstract":"Ceramics are ubiquitous on colonial archaeological sites because pottery is fragile but its fragments are durable. This chapter reviews fifty years of sustained study of seventeenth-century archaeologically recovered ceramic artifacts. The effects of outside political and economic events can change the distribution and availability of some ceramics which have either been in long use in other cultural settings or cease to be available within a colonial English setting, such as the passage and enforcement of the Navigation Acts. New ware types described from the excavations in St. Mary’s City are enumerated and discussed. A number of exotic pottery types are described and placed in economic context. A strong emphasis on the vessel level of analysis is stressed and insights from vessel utilization are explored and explicated.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126009966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0016
H. M. Miller, Travis G. Parno
This chapter examines the history of commemorative efforts designed to celebrate St. Mary’s City’s history as the founding site of Maryland. Following the move of the colony’s capital from St. Mary’s City to what would become Annapolis at the end of the seventeenth century, St. Mary’s City was converted from an urban settlement into an agricultural landscape populated by white farming families and their enslaved African and African American laborers. This transformation preserved the city as an archaeological site, but much of its early history was forgotten as it became buried beneath plowed soils. Beginning from the perspective that all types of commemoration, including archaeological study, are forms of memory work, this chapter traces the use of legislation, monuments, events, and historical archaeological study to resurrect Maryland’s early history and more firmly cement St. Mary’s City in the minds of the general public.
{"title":"Preserving the Cultural Memory of a Place","authors":"H. M. Miller, Travis G. Parno","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the history of commemorative efforts designed to celebrate St. Mary’s City’s history as the founding site of Maryland. Following the move of the colony’s capital from St. Mary’s City to what would become Annapolis at the end of the seventeenth century, St. Mary’s City was converted from an urban settlement into an agricultural landscape populated by white farming families and their enslaved African and African American laborers. This transformation preserved the city as an archaeological site, but much of its early history was forgotten as it became buried beneath plowed soils. Beginning from the perspective that all types of commemoration, including archaeological study, are forms of memory work, this chapter traces the use of legislation, monuments, events, and historical archaeological study to resurrect Maryland’s early history and more firmly cement St. Mary’s City in the minds of the general public.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129349602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0007
R. Mitchell, H. M. Miller, G. W. Stone
The first seventeenth-century site excavated by Historic St. Mary’s City was St. John’s Plantation, established in 1638. In this chapter, evidence of the four structures uncovered at the site is presented. These include a well-built hall-and-parlor home based upon East Anglian architecture, and three subsequent earthfast buildings. One was a store converted into a servant’s quarter and then a kitchen, another was built as a merchant’s storehouse which became a lodging, and the third was a poultry house constructed in a Dutch style. Analysis of animal bones from the site is also presented. Bones from the first decades of occupation are compared with those from later decades, revealing a dramatic shift in the diet of the inhabitants over time. Although domestic cattle and swine were significant throughout, wild species especially deer and fish had a prominent place in the early diet. By the late 1600s, domestic meats, especially beef, predominated. This provided the first detailed archaeological insights about the diet from the seventeenth-century Chesapeake.
{"title":"St. John’s Freehold","authors":"R. Mitchell, H. M. Miller, G. W. Stone","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The first seventeenth-century site excavated by Historic St. Mary’s City was St. John’s Plantation, established in 1638. In this chapter, evidence of the four structures uncovered at the site is presented. These include a well-built hall-and-parlor home based upon East Anglian architecture, and three subsequent earthfast buildings. One was a store converted into a servant’s quarter and then a kitchen, another was built as a merchant’s storehouse which became a lodging, and the third was a poultry house constructed in a Dutch style. Analysis of animal bones from the site is also presented. Bones from the first decades of occupation are compared with those from later decades, revealing a dramatic shift in the diet of the inhabitants over time. Although domestic cattle and swine were significant throughout, wild species especially deer and fish had a prominent place in the early diet. By the late 1600s, domestic meats, especially beef, predominated. This provided the first detailed archaeological insights about the diet from the seventeenth-century Chesapeake.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"74 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130433894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following the abandonment of the first capital of Maryland, St. Mary’s City became home to multiple plantations throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By 1840, almost the entire original city was owned by Dr. James Mackall Brome, as were upward of 60 enslaved African Americans. Examining archaeological survey, excavations, and historical documents demonstrates that both Brome and the African Americans who lived at St. Mary’s City negotiated mobility and access throughout enslavement, the Civil War, and Emancipation across and beyond the plantation landscapes.
{"title":"The Archaeology of African American Mobility in Slavery and Freedom in Nineteenth-Century St. Mary’s City","authors":"Terry P. Brock","doi":"10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.20","url":null,"abstract":"Following the abandonment of the first capital of Maryland, St. Mary’s City became home to multiple plantations throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. By 1840, almost the entire original city was owned by Dr. James Mackall Brome, as were upward of 60 enslaved African Americans. Examining archaeological survey, excavations, and historical documents demonstrates that both Brome and the African Americans who lived at St. Mary’s City negotiated mobility and access throughout enslavement, the Civil War, and Emancipation across and beyond the plantation landscapes.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"77 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133203716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0009
Wesley R. Willoughby
This chapter examines changes reflected in the landscape and artifact composition of the Calvert House Site associated with its transformation from elite manor house to public inn and first official statehouse of the colony. Thirty-plus years of archaeology on the site have revealed a dynamic landscape that was altered repeatedly to suit the changing needs, circumstances, aspirations, and perceptions of the site’s occupants and patrons. Artifacts recovered also reveal changes in use of the site related to its transformation to public space and provide insight into its significance as a political and community social center during the seventeenth century. Theories of structuration and performance are drawn upon to examine how aspects of the built environment and material culture helped mediate public interactions on the site, facilitating the negotiation and establishment of both political order and community in early Maryland.
{"title":"Community, Identity, and Public Spaces","authors":"Wesley R. Willoughby","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines changes reflected in the landscape and artifact composition of the Calvert House Site associated with its transformation from elite manor house to public inn and first official statehouse of the colony. Thirty-plus years of archaeology on the site have revealed a dynamic landscape that was altered repeatedly to suit the changing needs, circumstances, aspirations, and perceptions of the site’s occupants and patrons. Artifacts recovered also reveal changes in use of the site related to its transformation to public space and provide insight into its significance as a political and community social center during the seventeenth century. Theories of structuration and performance are drawn upon to examine how aspects of the built environment and material culture helped mediate public interactions on the site, facilitating the negotiation and establishment of both political order and community in early Maryland.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133790647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0015
M. Sivilich, Travis G. Parno, R. Mitchell, Donald L. Winter
St. Mary’s Female Seminary (today, St. Mary’s College of Maryland) was founded in 1840 as a monument to Maryland’s first capital of St. Mary’s City. Although the early years of the seminary were marked with financial struggles and administrative challenges, the institution survived, transforming from a small women’s secondary school into a four-year, co-ed college. As part of plans to improve existing infrastructure on the property, St. Mary’s College of Maryland recruited archaeologists from Historic St. Mary’s City to conduct excavations on the areas scheduled to be impacted. A mere four excavation units yielded more than 20,000 artifacts dating to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter reviews the history of the school and analyzes the artifacts recovered from the 1997 excavations, in concert with the institution’s documentary record, to explore life at the seminary at the turn of the century. This discussion balances evidence of student life, including artifacts related to personal adornment, hygiene, and recreation, against measures taken by the institution to keep costs down while improving aging infrastructure.
圣玛丽女子神学院(今天的马里兰州圣玛丽学院)成立于1840年，是马里兰州第一个首都圣玛丽市的纪念碑。虽然早期的神学院面临着财政困难和管理挑战，但该机构幸存下来，从一所小型女子中学转变为一所四年制男女同校的大学。作为改善该地区现有基础设施计划的一部分，马里兰圣玛丽学院(St. Mary’s College of Maryland)从历史悠久的圣玛丽市(St. Mary’s City)招募了考古学家，对计划受到影响的地区进行挖掘。仅仅四个挖掘单位就发现了2万多件文物，这些文物可以追溯到19世纪末和20世纪初。本章回顾了学校的历史，分析了1997年发掘的文物，并结合该机构的文献记录，探索了世纪之交神学院的生活。这个讨论平衡了学生生活的证据，包括与个人装饰、卫生和娱乐有关的人工制品，以及学校为降低成本和改善老化的基础设施而采取的措施。
{"title":"“Establish on that sacred spot a female seminary”","authors":"M. Sivilich, Travis G. Parno, R. Mitchell, Donald L. Winter","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"St. Mary’s Female Seminary (today, St. Mary’s College of Maryland) was founded in 1840 as a monument to Maryland’s first capital of St. Mary’s City. Although the early years of the seminary were marked with financial struggles and administrative challenges, the institution survived, transforming from a small women’s secondary school into a four-year, co-ed college. As part of plans to improve existing infrastructure on the property, St. Mary’s College of Maryland recruited archaeologists from Historic St. Mary’s City to conduct excavations on the areas scheduled to be impacted. A mere four excavation units yielded more than 20,000 artifacts dating to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter reviews the history of the school and analyzes the artifacts recovered from the 1997 excavations, in concert with the institution’s documentary record, to explore life at the seminary at the turn of the century. This discussion balances evidence of student life, including artifacts related to personal adornment, hygiene, and recreation, against measures taken by the institution to keep costs down while improving aging infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125507852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0003
S. Hurry, R. Keeler
This chapter explores the use of soil chemistry in distributional analyses to explore human behavior through non-artifactual manifestations of occupation. Using a standard agricultural assessment, soil phosphate (PO4), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) are mapped to decipher how a landscape was used through time. Both concentrations and absence of these key soil elements are indicative of different types of human intervention. Analysis of soil elements within cultural point-type deposits can also be explored using the standard agricultural assessment. The use of this type of sampling in historical archaeology was pioneered at St. Mary’s City. In addition to the utility of soil chemical analysis, the approach’s drawbacks and challenges are reviewed.
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