Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0008
Charles H. Fithian
In 1645, the English Civil Wars arrived in the Chesapeake colonies of North America. The Maryland colony became a militarized and contested landscape for over a decade, and the conflict altered the trajectory of the colony’s political, social, and cultural development for the remainder of the seventeenth-century. In excavations at St. Mary’s City, Maryland, a fortification dating to this period was discovered and partially excavated. Archaeological investigations revealed complex and well-preserved archaeological deposits and recovered a large and diverse collection of artifacts. This chapter examines the fort’s materiality as expressed through its military architecture and military material culture assemblage. These topics are discussed through the lenses of English colonization, seventeenth-century military technology and practice, and the processes of Chesapeake cultural development and adaptation. That Chesapeake military developments were more dynamic and adaptive than previously thought are demonstrated.
{"title":"“Master Pope’s Fort”","authors":"Charles H. Fithian","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In 1645, the English Civil Wars arrived in the Chesapeake colonies of North America. The Maryland colony became a militarized and contested landscape for over a decade, and the conflict altered the trajectory of the colony’s political, social, and cultural development for the remainder of the seventeenth-century. In excavations at St. Mary’s City, Maryland, a fortification dating to this period was discovered and partially excavated. Archaeological investigations revealed complex and well-preserved archaeological deposits and recovered a large and diverse collection of artifacts. This chapter examines the fort’s materiality as expressed through its military architecture and military material culture assemblage. These topics are discussed through the lenses of English colonization, seventeenth-century military technology and practice, and the processes of Chesapeake cultural development and adaptation. That Chesapeake military developments were more dynamic and adaptive than previously thought are demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131866622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although long recognized as Maryland’s first capital, the site of St. Mary’s City also holds a wealth of archaeological evidence spanning over 10,000 years of Native American life. This long record is summarized with attention focused upon the settlement called Yaocomico that was inhabited in the early seventeenth century. It was at Yaocomico that the newly arrived English colonists first came into sustained encounter with Native people. In a remarkable situation, it was negotiated that half the town was given to the settlers while the Yaocomico continued residing in the other half until the corn harvest. From this peaceful beginning, the interaction between Maryland Indians and the English is briefly traced over the next 70 years. Attention is given to the material evidence of this interaction, especially Native-made tobacco pipes that are found in quantities on English sites from ca. 1640 until about 1675. Finally, recent work on Maryland Indian sites from the late seventeenth and turn of the eighteenth century is noted.
{"title":"The Archaeology of Maryland Indians at St. Mary’s City and the Interactions of Cultures","authors":"H. M. Miller, S. Hurry","doi":"10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/J.CTV1K76HM5.12","url":null,"abstract":"Although long recognized as Maryland’s first capital, the site of St. Mary’s City also holds a wealth of archaeological evidence spanning over 10,000 years of Native American life. This long record is summarized with attention focused upon the settlement called Yaocomico that was inhabited in the early seventeenth century. It was at Yaocomico that the newly arrived English colonists first came into sustained encounter with Native people. In a remarkable situation, it was negotiated that half the town was given to the settlers while the Yaocomico continued residing in the other half until the corn harvest. From this peaceful beginning, the interaction between Maryland Indians and the English is briefly traced over the next 70 years. Attention is given to the material evidence of this interaction, especially Native-made tobacco pipes that are found in quantities on English sites from ca. 1640 until about 1675. Finally, recent work on Maryland Indian sites from the late seventeenth and turn of the eighteenth century is noted.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126975148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0011
Karin S. Bruwelheide, H. M. Miller, D. Owsley, T. Riordan
Three unidentified lead coffins were discovered at Historic St. Mary’s City during a remote sensing and archaeological excavation of a 1660s brick chapel. Their investigation led to a re-examination of two additional lead coffins from a nearby brick vault constructed in 1694 and believed to house the bodies of Maryland’s first royal governor and his wife. These five rare coffins and their contents, examined by an interdisciplinary team including nuclear physicists, engineers, a pollen specialist, geologist, archaeologists, and forensic anthropologists, provide information on seventeenth-century identities, colonial life, and behaviours lost over time. Previously unknown aspects of diet, health, and childcare are revealed through skeletal and chemical analyses. The information from these high-status individuals serves as a contrast and comparison to other, less affluent individuals buried at St. Mary’s and throughout the Chesapeake region.
{"title":"The Lead Coffins of St. Mary’s","authors":"Karin S. Bruwelheide, H. M. Miller, D. Owsley, T. Riordan","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Three unidentified lead coffins were discovered at Historic St. Mary’s City during a remote sensing and archaeological excavation of a 1660s brick chapel. Their investigation led to a re-examination of two additional lead coffins from a nearby brick vault constructed in 1694 and believed to house the bodies of Maryland’s first royal governor and his wife. These five rare coffins and their contents, examined by an interdisciplinary team including nuclear physicists, engineers, a pollen specialist, geologist, archaeologists, and forensic anthropologists, provide information on seventeenth-century identities, colonial life, and behaviours lost over time. Previously unknown aspects of diet, health, and childcare are revealed through skeletal and chemical analyses. The information from these high-status individuals serves as a contrast and comparison to other, less affluent individuals buried at St. Mary’s and throughout the Chesapeake region.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132471566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0004
R. Mitchell, H. M. Miller
Finding archaeological sites of the enslaved and impoverished can be difficult due to their destitution and limited material possessions. This chapter compares two widely used methods of archaeological survey in the discovery and identification of domestic sites of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century enslaved African Americans at St. Mary’s City. The findings indicate that controlled surface collection is a more effective methodology than shovel test pit excavation for locating archaeological sites with low artifact densities. Using an area targeted for construction, our research concludes that the site was the home of enslaved laborers on the plantation of John Mackall and James Broom between ca. 1780 and 1840. Ceramics, glass, and architectural materials are analyzed and the insights they provide about enslaved life at St. Mary’s City are reported. An unusual palisade fence enclosure that surrounded the log quarters of the residents is also discussed.
{"title":"Finding Ephemeral Homes of the Enslaved","authors":"R. Mitchell, H. M. Miller","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Finding archaeological sites of the enslaved and impoverished can be difficult due to their destitution and limited material possessions. This chapter compares two widely used methods of archaeological survey in the discovery and identification of domestic sites of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century enslaved African Americans at St. Mary’s City. The findings indicate that controlled surface collection is a more effective methodology than shovel test pit excavation for locating archaeological sites with low artifact densities. Using an area targeted for construction, our research concludes that the site was the home of enslaved laborers on the plantation of John Mackall and James Broom between ca. 1780 and 1840. Ceramics, glass, and architectural materials are analyzed and the insights they provide about enslaved life at St. Mary’s City are reported. An unusual palisade fence enclosure that surrounded the log quarters of the residents is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"124 44","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120825792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0010
Travis G. Parno, T. Riordan
For colonists living on the seventeenth-century frontier, drinking, gaming, and other forms of entertainment often went hand-in-hand. Games involving dice, cards, tables, and gaming pieces could be found at most ordinaries. Outdoor entertainment, such as horse racing, bowling, and animal blood sport, were also popular attractions. This chapter surveys the documentary and archaeological evidence for seventeenth-century gaming in St. Mary’s City with a focus on the site’s proliferation of ordinaries. Of particularly emphasis is an oval-shaped animal baiting ring discovered at the Leonard Calvert House site, a property that was home to Maryland’s first governor and later served as the colony’s first statehouse and largest ordinary.
{"title":"“The most bewitching Game”","authors":"Travis G. Parno, T. Riordan","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"For colonists living on the seventeenth-century frontier, drinking, gaming, and other forms of entertainment often went hand-in-hand. Games involving dice, cards, tables, and gaming pieces could be found at most ordinaries. Outdoor entertainment, such as horse racing, bowling, and animal blood sport, were also popular attractions. This chapter surveys the documentary and archaeological evidence for seventeenth-century gaming in St. Mary’s City with a focus on the site’s proliferation of ordinaries. Of particularly emphasis is an oval-shaped animal baiting ring discovered at the Leonard Calvert House site, a property that was home to Maryland’s first governor and later served as the colony’s first statehouse and largest ordinary.","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"503 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123504190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of Figures","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1k76hm5.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1k76hm5.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123917304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of Tables","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1k76hm5.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1k76hm5.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":138315,"journal":{"name":"Unearthing St. Mary's City","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122642321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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