Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.57
Argjentë Qerimi, M. Aliu, B. Krasniqi
This article empirically examined how Kosovan SMEs finance their working capital and their investments through their growth life cycle. Using the financial growth cycle paradigm to test the financial growth cycle based on a sample of 100 Kosovan SMEs’ reporting data since their inception of business. Findings show that Kosovan SMEs use various sources to finance their working capital and investments throughout their life cycle. To finance their working capital needs, during the first two years of operation, Kosovan SMEs rely more on insider capital sources such as personal savings, financing offered from 3F connection - friends, family, fools, retained earnings, and also trade credit takes a significant place. Over time, as businesses evolve through age, the proportion of retained earnings and business debt financing in total capital injection volume increases significantly. As firms grow older, financing from trade credit marks a decline, so the SMEs replace it with using more overdraft. During the first years of operation, to finance their investments, Kosovan SMEs rely primarily on owner’s personal savings, financing from 3F connection - friends, family, and fools, retained earnings, but as the company grows older and becomes more extensive, they rely mainly on two sources: retained earnings and bank loans. In general, concerning debt, Kosovan SMEs use more trade credit and overdraft to finance their working capital and bank loans to finance their investments. Funding from 3F is mainly used during the initial phase of operation. However, the most used resource by Kosovan SMEs in all stages of operation remains retained earnings, while external equity raised from angels and venture capitalists and other alternative financing are almost inexistent.
{"title":"Financial Life Cycle of Kosovo SMEs: Results of an Enterprise Survey","authors":"Argjentë Qerimi, M. Aliu, B. Krasniqi","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.57","url":null,"abstract":"This article empirically examined how Kosovan SMEs finance their working capital and their investments through their growth life cycle. Using the financial growth cycle paradigm to test the financial growth cycle based on a sample of 100 Kosovan SMEs’ reporting data since their inception of business. Findings show that Kosovan SMEs use various sources to finance their working capital and investments throughout their life cycle. To finance their working capital needs, during the first two years of operation, Kosovan SMEs rely more on insider capital sources such as personal savings, financing offered from 3F connection - friends, family, fools, retained earnings, and also trade credit takes a significant place. Over time, as businesses evolve through age, the proportion of retained earnings and business debt financing in total capital injection volume increases significantly. As firms grow older, financing from trade credit marks a decline, so the SMEs replace it with using more overdraft. During the first years of operation, to finance their investments, Kosovan SMEs rely primarily on owner’s personal savings, financing from 3F connection - friends, family, and fools, retained earnings, but as the company grows older and becomes more extensive, they rely mainly on two sources: retained earnings and bank loans. In general, concerning debt, Kosovan SMEs use more trade credit and overdraft to finance their working capital and bank loans to finance their investments. Funding from 3F is mainly used during the initial phase of operation. However, the most used resource by Kosovan SMEs in all stages of operation remains retained earnings, while external equity raised from angels and venture capitalists and other alternative financing are almost inexistent.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117156326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.13
Rui Dias, Paulo Alexandre, Paula Heliodoro, Hortense Santos, A. R. Farinha, Márcia R. C. Santos
This paper aims to examine whether the oil price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia has increased integration between the Crude Oil WTI Spot oil index and the G7 stock markets, namely France (CAC 40), Germany (DAX 30), USA (DOW JONES), UK (FTSE 100), Italy (FTSE MID), Japan (Nikkei 225), Canada (S&P TSX), from January 2018 to January 2021. The results show that in the period before the oil price war, the G7 stock markets and the WTI index had 29 integrations (out of 56 possible). The WTI index is integrated with the UK stock markets (FTSE 100), and Japan (NIKKEI 225), and is integrated into the Japanese market. In the period of the oil price war, the G7’s stock markets and the Crude Oil WTI Spot index had 43 integrations (out of 56 possible), namely the WTI, Dow Jones, and Nikkei 225 indexes, with all their peers (7 out of 7 possible). When comparing the period before and during the 2020 oil crash, we found that integrations increased significantly from 29 to 43 (out of 56 possible); we also found that the Crude Oil WTI Spot index is no longer a safe haven for portfolio diversification in G7 stock markets. These findings validate our research issue, i.e., the oil price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia had increased integrations, and this evidence could question portfolio diversification.
{"title":"The 2020 Oil Price War Has Increased Integration Between G7 Stock Markets and Crude Oil WTI","authors":"Rui Dias, Paulo Alexandre, Paula Heliodoro, Hortense Santos, A. R. Farinha, Márcia R. C. Santos","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.13","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to examine whether the oil price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia has increased integration between the Crude Oil WTI Spot oil index and the G7 stock markets, namely France (CAC 40), Germany (DAX 30), USA (DOW JONES), UK (FTSE 100), Italy (FTSE MID), Japan (Nikkei 225), Canada (S&P TSX), from January 2018 to January 2021. The results show that in the period before the oil price war, the G7 stock markets and the WTI index had 29 integrations (out of 56 possible). The WTI index is integrated with the UK stock markets (FTSE 100), and Japan (NIKKEI 225), and is integrated into the Japanese market. In the period of the oil price war, the G7’s stock markets and the Crude Oil WTI Spot index had 43 integrations (out of 56 possible), namely the WTI, Dow Jones, and Nikkei 225 indexes, with all their peers (7 out of 7 possible). When comparing the period before and during the 2020 oil crash, we found that integrations increased significantly from 29 to 43 (out of 56 possible); we also found that the Crude Oil WTI Spot index is no longer a safe haven for portfolio diversification in G7 stock markets. These findings validate our research issue, i.e., the oil price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia had increased integrations, and this evidence could question portfolio diversification.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123569374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.121
Tomáš Pechočiak, D. Országhová, Norbert Kecskés, J. Drábeková
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption of education systems, from elementary and secondary schools to colleges and universities. This situation also affects the education conditions at the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Teaching process has been transferred from full-time to distance learning in virtual space. The main goal of the paper was to analyze how students of economics study programs mastered mathematical topics in conditions of distance learning. Correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test were used to identify relations and significance of differences between points obtained in preliminary written assignments as well as the overall study results. In both research groups, taught in Slovak and English, results showed strong correlations between the number of points in exam test and the total number of points. In the English taught group the second strong correlation was confirmed between the total number of points and the points sum for all preliminary assignments
{"title":"Evaluation of Distance Education in Mathematics at the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra","authors":"Tomáš Pechočiak, D. Országhová, Norbert Kecskés, J. Drábeková","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.121","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption of education systems, from elementary and secondary schools to colleges and universities. This situation also affects the education conditions at the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Teaching process has been transferred from full-time to distance learning in virtual space. The main goal of the paper was to analyze how students of economics study programs mastered mathematical topics in conditions of distance learning. Correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test were used to identify relations and significance of differences between points obtained in preliminary written assignments as well as the overall study results. In both research groups, taught in Slovak and English, results showed strong correlations between the number of points in exam test and the total number of points. In the English taught group the second strong correlation was confirmed between the total number of points and the points sum for all preliminary assignments","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129927858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.47
Alban Korbi, Blisard Zani
Foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances entering an economy often play a very important role in the development and growth of economies year after year. Especially for economies with similar typologies and characteristics like that of Albania, both of these elements promote economic development and serve as financial incentives. This paper aims to assess the contribution of remittances and foreign direct investment in the Albanian economy in the last three decades, through a multifactorial econometric model. The model uses three endogenous variables, the value of remittances, the value of a foreign direct investment and the value of gross domestic product for the time series 1992 - 2019. As it results from the analysis of the econometric model, both remittances and foreign direct investment payments have a positive impact on economic growth and the value of gross domestic product. It is also evident that remittances are the ones that affect the gross domestic product more compared to foreign direct investment.
{"title":"Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or Remittances? Which Contributes the Most to the Albanian Economy?","authors":"Alban Korbi, Blisard Zani","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.47","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittances entering an economy often play a very important role in the development and growth of economies year after year. Especially for economies with similar typologies and characteristics like that of Albania, both of these elements promote economic development and serve as financial incentives. This paper aims to assess the contribution of remittances and foreign direct investment in the Albanian economy in the last three decades, through a multifactorial econometric model. The model uses three endogenous variables, the value of remittances, the value of a foreign direct investment and the value of gross domestic product for the time series 1992 - 2019. As it results from the analysis of the econometric model, both remittances and foreign direct investment payments have a positive impact on economic growth and the value of gross domestic product. It is also evident that remittances are the ones that affect the gross domestic product more compared to foreign direct investment.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129848759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.147
S. Marković, Jelena Dorčić, Dora Rašan, Bruna Bucić, M. Blažič
The importance of aesthetic in fine dining restaurants has been recognized as an important factor in creating a perfect service and a memorable experience. The purpose of this study is to investigate guests’ importance of certain aspects of aesthetic experience in fine dining restaurants in Croatia. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data and determine the importance of different aesthetic components in fine dining restaurants. An independent sample t-test was performed to assess the perceived differences between those who have been in fine dining restaurants and those who have not been yet but have the intention to visit them in the future. The results of the study could serve as a guide for restaurant managers to improve the components of the aesthetic experience and enhance the overall guest experience and business performance in fine dining restaurants.
{"title":"The Importance of Aesthetic Experience in Fine Dining Restaurants","authors":"S. Marković, Jelena Dorčić, Dora Rašan, Bruna Bucić, M. Blažič","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.147","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of aesthetic in fine dining restaurants has been recognized as an important factor in creating a perfect service and a memorable experience. The purpose of this study is to investigate guests’ importance of certain aspects of aesthetic experience in fine dining restaurants in Croatia. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data and determine the importance of different aesthetic components in fine dining restaurants. An independent sample t-test was performed to assess the perceived differences between those who have been in fine dining restaurants and those who have not been yet but have the intention to visit them in the future. The results of the study could serve as a guide for restaurant managers to improve the components of the aesthetic experience and enhance the overall guest experience and business performance in fine dining restaurants.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121656835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.129
Vladimír Matušek, D. Országhová, M. Farkašová, Radomíra Hornyák Gregáňová
The global pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease significantly affected higher education in 2020 and resulted in the transition from full-time to distance learning. The question here is the effectiveness of the implementation of new methods of online teaching and learning in relation to the quality of students’ knowledge. The main goal is to analyze the mathematical knowledge and skills of students and compare the study results in Mathematics in the academic years 2018-2020 in the context of full-time teaching versus online teaching. The paper also points at the possibilities of teaching and studying mathematics using various tools and methods of digital education, e.g. LMS MOODLE, MS TEAMS and MS FORMS. The research sample consisted of students of the Faculty of Engineering and research data were retrieved from prelim tests, exam tests and final grades in mathematics exams and then were analyzed by selected methods of quantitative and qualitative research.
2019冠状病毒病引起的全球大流行严重影响了2020年的高等教育，导致全日制教育向远程教育过渡。这里的问题是与学生知识质量相关的在线教学新方法的实施效果。主要目的是分析学生的数学知识和技能，并比较2018-2020学年数学在全日制教学和在线教学背景下的学习结果。本文还指出了使用各种数字教育工具和方法进行数学教学和学习的可能性，例如LMS MOODLE, MS TEAMS和MS FORMS。研究样本由工程学院的学生组成，研究数据来自初试、考试和数学考试的期末成绩，然后采用定量和定性研究的方法进行分析。
{"title":"Digital Methods of Education and the Level of Students’ Knowledge in Mathematics","authors":"Vladimír Matušek, D. Országhová, M. Farkašová, Radomíra Hornyák Gregáňová","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.129","url":null,"abstract":"The global pandemic caused by the COVID-19 disease significantly affected higher education in 2020 and resulted in the transition from full-time to distance learning. The question here is the effectiveness of the implementation of new methods of online teaching and learning in relation to the quality of students’ knowledge. The main goal is to analyze the mathematical knowledge and skills of students and compare the study results in Mathematics in the academic years 2018-2020 in the context of full-time teaching versus online teaching. The paper also points at the possibilities of teaching and studying mathematics using various tools and methods of digital education, e.g. LMS MOODLE, MS TEAMS and MS FORMS. The research sample consisted of students of the Faculty of Engineering and research data were retrieved from prelim tests, exam tests and final grades in mathematics exams and then were analyzed by selected methods of quantitative and qualitative research.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129365029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.27
R. Dias, Paula Heliodoro, Hortense Santos, A. R. Farinha, Márcia R. C. Santos, Paulo Alexandre
This paper aims to test efficiency, in its weak form, in the capital markets of the Netherlands (AEX), Belgium (BEL 20), France (CAC 40), Ireland (ISEQ 20), Norway (OSEBX), Portugal (PSI 20), in the period from April 4, 2019 to April 1, 2021. The sample was partitioned into two subperiods, the first and second wave of the global pandemic: April 4, 2019 to April 30, 2020; May 4, 2020 to April 1, 2021. To carry out this analysis, different approaches were undertaken to analyze whether: (i) Euronext’s stock markets have more significant long memories in the first or second wave of the global pandemic? The results show the presence of sharp long memories during the first wave of the global pandemic, particularly in the stock indices OSEBX (0.67), PSI 20 (0.67), AEX (0.66), BEL 20 (0.64), CAC 40 (0.62), ISEQ 20 (0.61), which implies that the yields are autocorrelated in time and, there is a reversal of the average, in all indexes. Regarding the second wave of the global pandemic, we found that most Euronext stock markets don’t reject the random walk hypothesis, with the exception of the Norwegian (0.56) and Portugal (0.55) stock markets. These findings show that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic was accentuated during the first wave, but from May 2020 the markets adjusted and showed balance. The authors believe that the results achieved will be a benefit to international investors seeking efficient diversification into their portfolios.
{"title":"Long-range Dependencies of Euronext Capital Markets: A Dynamic Detrended Analysis","authors":"R. Dias, Paula Heliodoro, Hortense Santos, A. R. Farinha, Márcia R. C. Santos, Paulo Alexandre","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.27","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to test efficiency, in its weak form, in the capital markets of the Netherlands (AEX), Belgium (BEL 20), France (CAC 40), Ireland (ISEQ 20), Norway (OSEBX), Portugal (PSI 20), in the period from April 4, 2019 to April 1, 2021. The sample was partitioned into two subperiods, the first and second wave of the global pandemic: April 4, 2019 to April 30, 2020; May 4, 2020 to April 1, 2021. To carry out this analysis, different approaches were undertaken to analyze whether: (i) Euronext’s stock markets have more significant long memories in the first or second wave of the global pandemic? The results show the presence of sharp long memories during the first wave of the global pandemic, particularly in the stock indices OSEBX (0.67), PSI 20 (0.67), AEX (0.66), BEL 20 (0.64), CAC 40 (0.62), ISEQ 20 (0.61), which implies that the yields are autocorrelated in time and, there is a reversal of the average, in all indexes. Regarding the second wave of the global pandemic, we found that most Euronext stock markets don’t reject the random walk hypothesis, with the exception of the Norwegian (0.56) and Portugal (0.55) stock markets. These findings show that the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic was accentuated during the first wave, but from May 2020 the markets adjusted and showed balance. The authors believe that the results achieved will be a benefit to international investors seeking efficient diversification into their portfolios.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126229216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.137
Zuzana Kozubíková, Aleš Kozubík
Financial literacy becomes one of the key competencies for life in modern society, and its importance grew significantly in the last decade. The study aims to determine how well newly coming university management students understand basic consumer financial concepts. The research is based on primary data by questionnaires and a sample of 342 students from the target population within Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The questionnaire contained in its first part some questions covering the individual personal socio-economic characteristics. In the second part, the respondents solved thirteen problems submitted as multiple-choice questions that tested their knowledge about personal finance. Authors examine the relationships among the personality characteristics of the students and their financial literacy. This leads to several remarkable findings. Due to the specialization of the study, the difference between the genders is blurred. As a significant source of the differences in financial literacy, the authors detect the previous education of the respondents and the forms of education in financial literacy.
{"title":"Level of Knowledge in Personal Finance by University Freshmen Management Students","authors":"Zuzana Kozubíková, Aleš Kozubík","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.137","url":null,"abstract":"Financial literacy becomes one of the key competencies for life in modern society, and its importance grew significantly in the last decade. The study aims to determine how well newly coming university management students understand basic consumer financial concepts. The research is based on primary data by questionnaires and a sample of 342 students from the target population within Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The questionnaire contained in its first part some questions covering the individual personal socio-economic characteristics. In the second part, the respondents solved thirteen problems submitted as multiple-choice questions that tested their knowledge about personal finance. Authors examine the relationships among the personality characteristics of the students and their financial literacy. This leads to several remarkable findings. Due to the specialization of the study, the difference between the genders is blurred. As a significant source of the differences in financial literacy, the authors detect the previous education of the respondents and the forms of education in financial literacy.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123785049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.1
Mária Bábosik
The purpose of this paper is to present the response of the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to the COVID-19 pandemic from its outbreak in January 2020 to May 2021. It focuses on the assistance they provided to their member countries during the health and economic crisis, the changes in their internal operations in the emergency situation and their vision of the post-pandemic future and future plans. The paper uses an analytical approach based on secondary research. Data is from open access sources through the Web. Findings show that MDBs reacted quickly, adapted and intensified their funding activity, adjusted their internal operation due to the pandemic and they are seeking to “build back better” in the future. It can be concluded, that the pandemic response of the MDBs has strengthened their role in the global development arena.
{"title":"The Response of the Multilateral Development Banks to the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Mária Bábosik","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.1","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present the response of the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to the COVID-19 pandemic from its outbreak in January 2020 to May 2021. It focuses on the assistance they provided to their member countries during the health and economic crisis, the changes in their internal operations in the emergency situation and their vision of the post-pandemic future and future plans. The paper uses an analytical approach based on secondary research. Data is from open access sources through the Web. Findings show that MDBs reacted quickly, adapted and intensified their funding activity, adjusted their internal operation due to the pandemic and they are seeking to “build back better” in the future. It can be concluded, that the pandemic response of the MDBs has strengthened their role in the global development arena.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128567881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.39
Ľubica Hurbánková
The paper aims to analyse the regions of Slovakia based on the number of working citizens of the European Union. The contribution method is used to find out in which region the number of working foreigners increased the most, and in which the least. Suslov´s coefficient of similarity of structures is used to analyse changes in the structure of the analysed indicator. From the results of the realized analysis we found out that the number of working foreigners in Slovakia increased the most in the year 2014 compared to 2013, by 63.40%. Bratislava Region (16.92%), Žilina Region (11.37%) and Prešov Region (9.63%) contributed the most to this increase, while Košice Region (0.91%) and Trenčín Region (1.07%) contributed the least. In the year 2019 compared to 2018 was recorded an increase of only 6.10%. Suslov’s coefficient of similarity of structures acquires the value 0.0230, which means a high degree of similarity of structures of the number of working foreigners in the years 2013 and 2019.
{"title":"Analysis of the Number of European Union Citizens Working in the Regions of Slovakia in the Period 2013-2019","authors":"Ľubica Hurbánková","doi":"10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31410/eraz.s.p.2021.39","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to analyse the regions of Slovakia based on the number of working citizens of the European Union. The contribution method is used to find out in which region the number of working foreigners increased the most, and in which the least. Suslov´s coefficient of similarity of structures is used to analyse changes in the structure of the analysed indicator. From the results of the realized analysis we found out that the number of working foreigners in Slovakia increased the most in the year 2014 compared to 2013, by 63.40%. Bratislava Region (16.92%), Žilina Region (11.37%) and Prešov Region (9.63%) contributed the most to this increase, while Košice Region (0.91%) and Trenčín Region (1.07%) contributed the least. In the year 2019 compared to 2018 was recorded an increase of only 6.10%. Suslov’s coefficient of similarity of structures acquires the value 0.0230, which means a high degree of similarity of structures of the number of working foreigners in the years 2013 and 2019.","PeriodicalId":138378,"journal":{"name":"7th ERAZ Selected Papers (part of ERAZ conference collection)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130033772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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