International Journal of Behavioral Development最新文献_第9页

Parental warmth moderates the relation between children’s lying and theory-of-mind 父母温暖调节儿童说谎与心理理论的关系

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-05-21 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231175835

X. Ding, Cleo Tay, Shu Juan Goh, R. Hong

Lying is a prevalent and normative behavior in young children. Conceptually, it is strongly linked with children’s theory-of-mind development. However, empirical studies show that the link between children’s lying and theory-of-mind is heterogeneous. This study examined whether parental control and parental warmth moderate the link between children’s lying and theory-of-mind understanding. Three- to six-year-old Singaporean children (N = 116, Mage = 59 months, 59 male, 81.0% Chinese) participated in the temptation resistance paradigm, in which they were asked to guess the identity of a toy but instructed not to peek at it when left alone. Parental control and parental warmth were assessed via a parent–child interactive game. Results showed that the relation between children’s maintenance of their initial lie and general theory-of-mind understanding was moderated by parental warmth. Specifically, there was a negative relation between children’s lying and theory-of-mind for dyads with high parental warmth, but a positive relation between children’s lying and theory-of-mind for dyads with low parental warmth. Overall, the findings suggest that children’s lying behavior is the outcome of a complex interaction between cognitive and social factors.

撒谎在幼儿中是一种普遍而规范的行为。从概念上讲，它与儿童的心理发展理论紧密相连。然而，实证研究表明，儿童撒谎与心理理论之间的联系是异质的。这项研究考察了父母的控制和父母的温暖是否调节了孩子撒谎和心理理解理论之间的联系。三至六岁新加坡儿童（N = 116，法师 = 59 月，59名男性，81.0%的中国人）参与了抵制诱惑的范式，在该范式中，他们被要求猜测玩具的身份，但被要求在独处时不要偷看。通过亲子互动游戏评估父母的控制力和父母的温暖程度。结果表明，父母的温暖调节了儿童对最初谎言的维持与心理理解的一般理论之间的关系。具体而言，父母温暖度高的二人组儿童的说谎与心理理论之间存在负相关，而父母温暖度低的二人组合儿童的说谎与其心理理论之间呈正相关。总体而言，研究结果表明，儿童的撒谎行为是认知因素和社会因素之间复杂互动的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Self-regulation and academic achievement among Singaporean young children: A cross-cultural comparison in a multicultural Asian society 新加坡幼儿的自我调节与学业成就:多元文化亚洲社会的跨文化比较

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231170442

Luxi Chen, W. J. Yeung

Cultural contexts influence the development of self-regulation. However, cross-cultural variations and consistencies in different aspects of self-regulation and their academic outcomes within the Asian context are less clear. This study investigated (1) the extent to which the development of hot and cool Executive Function (EF) might differ among children from different cultural backgrounds in a multicultural Asian society, and (2) whether and how the predictive power of hot and cool EF on academic skills might vary across subcultures within the nation. Longitudinal data were collected over two waves from a national probability sample of 2,527 young children in Singapore, consisting of ethnic Chinese, Malays, and Indians. Working memory (WM), Delay of Gratification (DoG), and parent-reported self-control were measured during their preschool years (3–6 years of age) in Wave 1. Reading and mathematical skills were assessed approximately 2 years later in Wave 2. Results demonstrated that ethnic Chinese children typically delayed gratification at age 4, whereas Malay and Indian children only started to delay gratification at age 6. Chinese children also outperformed their Malay and Indian counterparts in WM tasks and standardized achievement tests in reading and mathematics. Parent-reported child self-control did not differ by ethnicity. Across subcultures in Singapore, WM was a robust predictor of reading and mathematical skills and explained the longitudinal relations of DoG to academic skills. Our findings suggest that the developmental gaps in EF during early childhood can contribute to later gaps in academic achievement among ethnic groups. Nurturing self-regulation during the preschool years is essential for promoting children’s school readiness.

文化背景影响自我调节的发展。然而，在亚洲背景下，自我调节的不同方面及其学术成果的跨文化差异和一致性尚不清楚。本研究调查了（1）在多元文化的亚洲社会中，来自不同文化背景的儿童的冷热执行功能（EF）的发展可能在多大程度上存在差异，以及（2）冷热执行功能对学术技能的预测力是否以及如何因国内亚文化而异。纵向数据是从新加坡2527名儿童的全国概率样本中收集的，这些儿童包括华裔、马来人和印度人。工作记忆（WM）、感恩延迟（DoG）和父母报告的自我控制在学龄前进行了测量（3-6 年龄）。大约2年后，在第二波中对阅读和数学技能进行了评估。结果表明，华裔儿童通常在4岁时延迟满足，而马来和印度儿童在6岁时才开始延迟满足。中国儿童在WM任务和阅读和数学标准化成绩测试中的表现也优于马来和印度儿童。父母报告的儿童自我控制能力没有种族差异。在新加坡的亚文化中，WM是阅读和数学技能的有力预测因子，并解释了DoG与学术技能的纵向关系。我们的研究结果表明，儿童早期EF的发展差距可能会导致后来种族群体之间学业成绩的差距。在学前阶段培养自我调节能力对于提高儿童的入学准备能力至关重要。

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引用次数: 1

Exploring effects of multi-level factors on transitions of risk-taking behaviors among middle-to-late adolescents. 探讨多层次因素对中晚期青少年冒险行为转变的影响。

IF 2.4 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-12 DOI: 10.1177/01650254221148117

Yan Guo, Yinmei Yang, Lynette Deveaux, Veronica Dinaj-Koci, Elizabeth Schieber, Carly Herbert, JungAe Lee, Bo Wang

Adolescents experiment with risk behaviors, including delinquency, substance use, and sexual activity. Multi-level social factors, such as having high-risk peers, neighborhood risks, and parental monitoring, influence adolescents' behaviors. We modeled transition patterns in Bahamian adolescents' risk behaviors across three high school years and examined the effects of multi-level factors. We collected data from 2,564 Bahamian adolescents in Grade 10 and follow-ups through Grade 12. We used latent transition model to identify adolescents' risk statuses. Further analyses used multinomial logistic regression to explore the effects of multi-level factors on assignment to those latent statuses and transitions. We identified four distinct statuses: "low risk" (47.9% of the sample at baseline), "alcohol use" (36.8%), "alcohol use and sexual activity" (5.5%), and "high risk" (9.8%). Males were more likely to be in higher-risk statuses at baseline and to transition from a lower-risk status in Grade 10 to a higher-risk status in Grade 11. Social risk factors were significantly associated with higher-risk statuses at baseline. Neighborhood risk and peer risk involvement continued to affect transitions from lower to higher risk; parental monitoring did not have a significant effect in later years. Our findings have important implications for developing targeted and developmentally appropriate interventions to prevent and reduce risk behaviors among middle-to-late adolescents.

青少年尝试危险行为，包括犯罪、药物使用和性活动。多层次的社会因素，如有高风险的同龄人、社区风险和父母的监督，会影响青少年的行为。我们模拟了巴哈马青少年在三个高中时期的风险行为的转变模式，并检验了多层次因素的影响。我们收集了2564名10年级巴哈马青少年的数据，并对其进行了12年级的随访。我们使用潜在过渡模型来识别青少年的风险状态。进一步的分析使用多项逻辑回归来探索多层次因素对这些潜在状态和转变的分配的影响。我们确定了四种不同的状态：“低风险”（基线时占样本的47.9%）、“饮酒”（36.8%）、“酒精使用和性活动”（5.5%）和“高风险”（9.8%）。男性更有可能在基线时处于高风险状态，并从10级的低风险状态过渡到11级的高风险状态。社会风险因素与基线时较高的风险状态显著相关。邻里风险和同伴风险参与继续影响从低风险到高风险的转变；在以后的几年里，父母的监督并没有产生显著的效果。我们的研究结果对制定有针对性的、适合发展的干预措施，预防和减少中晚期青少年的风险行为具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Timing is everything: Developmental changes in the associations between intergroup contact and bias. 时机决定一切：群体间接触和偏见之间关系的发展变化。

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1177/01650254221146409

Christine E Merrilees, Laura K Taylor, Madeline Klotz, Marcie C Goeke-Morey, Peter Shirlow, E Mark Cummings

Identifying developmental patterns in intergroup contact and its relation with bias is crucial for improving prevention strategies around intergroup relations. This study applied time-varying effects modeling (TVEM) to examine age-based changes in relations between contact and bias in a divided community that included 667 youth (M age = 15.74, SD = 1.97) from Belfast, Northern Ireland, a conflict-affected setting. The results suggest no change in the relation between contact frequency and bias; however, the relation between contact quality and bias increases from ages 10-14 and then levels off. Differences between Catholics, the historic minority group, and Protestants, the historic majority group, also emerged. The article concludes with implications for future research and interventions for youth growing up amid conflict.

识别群体间接触的发展模式及其与偏见的关系，对于改善群体间关系的预防策略至关重要。这项研究应用时变效应模型（TVEM）来检验一个分裂社区中接触和偏见之间关系的基于年龄的变化，该社区包括667名来自北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特（一个受冲突影响的环境）的青年（M年龄=15.74，SD=1.97）。结果表明，接触频率与偏置之间的关系没有变化；然而，接触质量和偏见之间的关系从10-14岁开始增加，然后趋于平稳。历史上的少数群体天主教徒和历史上的多数群体新教徒之间的差异也出现了。文章最后对未来在冲突中成长的青年的研究和干预措施提出了启示。

引用次数: 0

Latent growth curve analyses of emotional awareness and emotion regulation in early and middle adolescence 青少年早期和中期情绪意识与情绪调节的潜在生长曲线分析

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231168695

J. Rueth, Denny Kerkhoff, A. Lohaus

The importance of emotional awareness (EA) and emotion regulation (ER) for children’s and adolescents’ development has been suggested in numerous studies, but longitudinal trajectories of these aspects of emotional competence have rarely been examined. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate developmental trends of EA and ER in early and middle adolescence over a 1-year period. Longitudinal increases of different aspects of EA (emotion differentiation, bodily unawareness, attention to others’, and analyses of own emotions) and dysfunctional ER, and decreases of functional ER were expected. Furthermore, it was explored whether these trajectories as well as their initial levels were associated with gender and age. Three-wave longitudinal self-report data of N = 1,225 German adolescents (aged 10–15 years at initial assessment, 54% female) who had completed the Emotion Awareness Questionnaire and the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire were analyzed. After establishing at least partial scalar measurement invariance for the longitudinal models, the second-order Latent Growth Curve Models (LGCMs) were computed. Regarding EA, increases of emotion differentiation and bodily unawareness, as well as adolescents’ attention to others’ emotions, but also a decrease of their willingness to analyze own emotions were found. For ER, results suggested stability of dysfunctional and decreases of functional strategies. Conditional LGCMs (including gender, age, and the interaction between both) indicated that the increase of emotion differentiation and the decrease in the use of selected functional ER strategies were more pronounced for younger participants. Gender differences were found only for baseline but not for developmental trends, and no significant interaction with age was found. Overall, this study illustrates the developmental trajectories of EA and ER over the course of 1 year and emphasizes that adolescents have difficulties in applying functional ER strategies with increasing age, despite improvements in EA.

情绪意识(EA)和情绪调节(ER)对儿童和青少年发展的重要性已经在许多研究中提出，但这些方面的情绪能力的纵向轨迹很少被检查。因此，本研究的主要目的是调查青少年早期和中期EA和ER在1年内的发展趋势。情绪分化、身体无意识、对他人的关注和对自身情绪的分析等不同方面的情绪反应和功能失调性内质反应纵向增加，功能性内质反应纵向减少。此外，研究人员还探讨了这些轨迹及其初始水平是否与性别和年龄有关。对完成《情绪意识问卷》和《情绪调节问卷》的1225名德国青少年(初测年龄10-15岁，女性占54%)的三波纵向自我报告资料进行分析。在建立纵向模型至少部分标量测量不变性后，计算二阶潜在生长曲线模型(LGCMs)。在EA方面，青少年的情绪分化和身体无意识有所增加，对他人情绪的关注有所增加，但分析自己情绪的意愿有所下降。对于内窥镜，结果显示功能失调的稳定性和功能策略的降低。条件lgcm(包括性别、年龄和两者之间的相互作用)表明，年轻参与者的情绪分化增加和选择功能性ER策略的使用减少更为明显。性别差异只存在于基线，而不存在于发展趋势，并且与年龄没有显著的相互作用。总体而言，本研究阐明了EA和ER在1年内的发展轨迹，并强调尽管EA有所改善，但随着年龄的增长，青少年在应用功能性ER策略方面存在困难。

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引用次数: 1

Profiles of participant roles in offline bullying and cyberbullying and normative beliefs among Korean adolescents 韩国青少年线下欺凌和网络欺凌参与者角色简介及规范信念

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231168701

Mijung Seo

This study identified patterns of bullying roles in offline and cyber contexts among Korean adolescents and investigated their relationships with normative beliefs about offline bullying and cyberbullying. Four distinct latent classes of participant roles in offline bullying and cyberbullying emerged through a person-centered latent profile analysis: (a) low involvement (54%), (b) bully/victim-nondefenders (9.9%), (c) defenders (17%), and (d) offline bully-cyber outsiders (19.1%). Adolescents in the defenders class reported the highest levels of defending behavior both online and offline compared with adolescents in the other classes, while adolescents in the bully/victim-nondefenders class reported the highest levels in all roles except for the defending role (i.e., bully, follower, outsider, and victim roles). The overall pattern of the results was similar for the bully/victim-nondefenders and the offline bully-cyber outsiders class, though these two classes have marked differences in cyberbullying scores. The results indicated unique differences regarding antecedents (normative beliefs about offline bullying and cyberbullying) tied to patterns of roles in offline bullying and cyberbullying. The findings suggest that preventive interventions against bullying are possible by changing personal beliefs about offline bullying and cyberbullying.

本研究确定了韩国青少年在线下和网络环境中的欺凌角色模式，并调查了他们与线下欺凌和网络欺凌规范信念的关系。通过以人为中心的潜在特征分析，线下欺凌和网络欺凌中参与者角色的四个不同的潜在类别出现了：（a）低参与度（54%），（b）欺凌者/受害者非防御者（9.9%），（c）防御者（17%），（d）线下欺凌网络局外人（19.1%）。与其他班级的青少年相比，捍卫者班的青少年在网上和线下的防御行为水平最高，而欺凌者/受害者非捍卫者班的少年在除防御角色（即欺凌者、追随者、局外人和受害者角色）之外的所有角色中的防御行为都最高。欺凌者/受害者非防御者和线下欺凌者网络局外人课程的总体结果相似，尽管这两个课程在网络欺凌得分上存在显著差异。研究结果表明，在与线下欺凌和网络欺凌中的角色模式相关的前因（关于线下欺凌的规范信念）方面存在独特差异。研究结果表明，通过改变个人对线下欺凌和网络欺凌的看法，可以对欺凌进行预防性干预。

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引用次数: 0

Testing of the Facial Expression Coding System (FACES) for middle school–aged special education students and development of a training protocol 中学生面部表情编码系统（FACES）的测试和培训方案的制定

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-04-20 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231167313

E. Flynn, Marisa Motiff, M. Mueller, K. Morris

Emotion regulation is a key developmental skillset, but many existing measures rely on self-report or laboratory-based measurement approaches. This study aimed to develop a training and implementation protocol for the widely used Facial Expression Coding System (FACES) to be used in real-world settings with pre-recorded video data. A revised coding system with supplemental guidelines and training procedures was developed to use FACES with video data recorded in special education classrooms. This system resulted in adequate interrater reliability as well as reduced training time for coders. Specific training methods included close study of code definitions, coding of practice video, quantitative analysis of observation data to generate interrater agreement and kappa statistics, review of comparison charts to identify discrepancies between coder and training observations using the Noldus Observer XT software, and post-observation discussions. The revised FACES protocol and new training method presented here offer a more robust, efficient, and versatile tool that can be applied to systematic behavior observations conducted of students in real-world classroom settings.

情绪调节是一项关键的发展技能，但许多现有的测量方法依赖于自我报告或基于实验室的测量方法。本研究旨在通过预先录制的视频数据，为广泛使用的面部表情编码系统(FACES)开发一种训练和实施协议。制定了一套带有补充指南和培训程序的修订编码系统，以便在特殊教育教室中使用人脸识别和录制的视频数据。该系统提高了译码器的可靠性，减少了编码员的培训时间。具体的训练方法包括仔细研究代码定义、对实践视频进行编码、对观测数据进行定量分析以生成解码器协议和kappa统计、使用Noldus Observer XT软件审查比较图表以识别编码器和训练观测之间的差异，以及观察后讨论。本文提出的修订后的FACES协议和新的训练方法提供了一种更强大、更有效和更通用的工具，可以应用于对现实世界课堂环境中学生进行的系统行为观察。

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引用次数: 0

The structure of mental well-being and its relationship with generativity in middle adulthood and the beginning of late adulthood 成年中期和成年后期的心理健康结构及其与生成性的关系

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-04-05 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231165837

Emmi Reinilä, Tiia Kekäläinen, Milla Saajanaho, Katja Kokko

Previous studies have linked higher generativity with better mental well-being. However, most of these studies investigated the predictive role of generativity in well-being, while the converse relation, that is, how mental well-being contributes to generativity, has been ignored. This study first investigated the structure and stability of multidimensional mental well-being, that is, emotional (including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive and negative mood), psychological, and social well-being and the absence of depressive feelings, from age 42 to 61. Second, longitudinal associations between mental well-being and generativity were examined. The data (n = 301) utilized in this study were drawn from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development and were collected using self-report questionnaires and psychological interviews at the ages of 42, 50, and 61. Using structural equation modeling, the multidimensional structure of mental well-being showed partial strong factorial invariance and high stability from age 42 to 61. The associations between mental well-being (both the multidimensional factor and the single indicators) and generativity were tested using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Stable, trait-like associations were found between multidimensional, emotional, and psychological well-being and generativity. The longitudinal results showed that social well-being at age 42 predicted generativity at age 50. To conclude, multidimensional mental well-being seemed to remain stable from middle adulthood to the beginning of late adulthood. Furthermore, mental well-being and generativity may be linked at both the between- and within-person levels. In particular, social well-being appeared to be a resource through which individuals could increase their generativity.

先前的研究已经将更高的世代性与更好的心理健康联系起来。然而，这些研究大多调查了生成性对幸福感的预测作用，而相反的关系，即心理幸福感如何促进生成性，却被忽视了。本研究首先调查了42岁至61岁的多维心理幸福感的结构和稳定性，即情绪（包括幸福感、生活满意度、积极和消极情绪）、心理和社会幸福感以及没有抑郁情绪。其次，研究了心理健康与代际之间的纵向关联。数据（n = 301）来自Jyväskylä性格和社会发展纵向研究，并在42岁、50岁和61岁时使用自我报告问卷和心理访谈进行收集。使用结构方程模型，从42岁到61岁，心理健康的多维结构表现出部分强析因不变性和高度稳定性。使用随机截距交叉滞后面板模型测试了心理健康（多维因素和单一指标）与生成性之间的关联。在多维、情感和心理幸福感与世代性之间发现了稳定的、类似特质的关联。纵向结果显示，42岁时的社会幸福感可以预测50岁时的生育能力。总之，从成年中期到成年晚期，多维心理健康似乎保持稳定。此外，心理健康和生育能力可能在人与人之间和人与人内部层面都有联系。特别是，社会福利似乎是一种资源，个人可以通过它来增加他们的生育能力。

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引用次数: 1

Promoting adolescent adjustment by intervening in ethnic-racial identity development: Opportunities for developmental prevention science and considerations for a global theory of change 通过干预民族-种族认同的发展促进青少年的适应：发展预防科学的机会和全球变革理论的考虑

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231162614

A. Umaña‐Taylor

Identity formation is a fundamental developmental process that has significant consequences for youth adjustment during adolescence and beyond. This article presents evidence indicating that ethnic-racial identity, specifically, is an important developmental competency on which prevention science should focus in the interest of promoting positive youth development. Findings from the initial efficacy testing of the Identity Project, an ethnic-racial identity prevention program grounded in developmental theory, are presented and discussed. Moreover, preliminary evidence of the intervention’s potential when implemented by teachers is introduced, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data from a recent study. Taking a broader perspective, future directions for research are presented with a specific focus on considering how experiences of ethnoracial marginalization and racialized othering in countries across the globe may make this work relevant to contexts outside the United States. Finally, the possibility of a global theory of change is introduced, and the potential benefits of implementing programs such as the Identity Project in other countries are discussed.

身份形成是一个基本的发展过程，对青少年时期及以后的适应具有重要影响。这篇文章提供的证据表明，特别是种族认同是一种重要的发展能力，预防科学应该关注这一能力，以促进青年的积极发展。介绍并讨论了基于发展理论的民族-种族身份预防计划“身份项目”的初步疗效测试结果。此外，根据最近一项研究的定量和定性数据，介绍了教师实施干预的潜力的初步证据。从更广泛的角度来看，提出了未来的研究方向，特别侧重于考虑全球各国的种族-种族边缘化和其他种族化的经历如何使这项工作与美国以外的环境相关。最后，介绍了全球变革理论的可能性，并讨论了在其他国家实施身份项目等项目的潜在好处。

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引用次数: 2

Too easy, too hard, or just right: Lifespan age differences and gender effects on task difficulty choices 太容易、太难或恰到好处：寿命年龄差异和性别对任务难度选择的影响

IF 3.7 2区心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1177/01650254231160126

Sabine Schaefer, M. Riediger, Shu-Chen Li, U. Lindenberger

In everyday life, individuals often need to make choices about the difficulty level of tasks they wish to perform. Here, we investigate age- and gender-related differences in the monitoring of discrepancies between the difficulty of a given task and one’s own performance level, and in the likelihood to select task difficulties that match one’s performance level. Male and female children, teenagers, younger adults, and older adults (total N = 160) were asked to play a modified version of the BINGO game. Task difficulty was operationalized as the number of cards played simultaneously. We expected that (a) discrepancies between individuals’ self-selected difficulty levels and their objectively assessed maximum manageable task difficulty (MMTD) would be lowest in early adulthood; (b) children and teenagers, on average, would select relatively difficult task difficulties; and (c) males would overestimate their performance levels, on average, to a greater extent than females. As predicted, younger adults selected task difficulties closest to their MMTD. All other age groups, including older adults, chose task difficulties above their MMTD. The expected gender differences were restricted to children, with boys showing more pronounced performance overestimations than girls. Children and teenagers fluctuated more in their difficulty choices than adults, and many of them, especially boys, occasionally chose difficulty levels far beyond their performance capabilities. We conclude that task-difficulty choices are an interesting topic for lifespan studies. Future research should systematically vary the physical risk involved in a task, and also include the presence of peers.

在日常生活中，个人通常需要对他们想要执行的任务的难度做出选择。在这里，我们调查了与年龄和性别相关的差异，监测给定任务的难度与自己的表现水平之间的差异，以及选择与自己的成绩水平匹配的任务难度的可能性。男性和女性儿童、青少年、年轻人和老年人（总N = 160）被要求玩BINGO游戏的修改版本。任务难度是指同时打出的牌的数量。我们预计（a）个体自主选择的难度水平和客观评估的最大可管理任务难度（MMTD）之间的差异在成年早期最低；（b）平均而言，儿童和青少年会选择相对困难的任务；（c）平均而言，男性会比女性更大程度地高估自己的表现水平。正如预测的那样，年轻人选择的任务难度最接近他们的MMTD。所有其他年龄组，包括老年人，都选择了高于MMTD的任务困难。预期的性别差异仅限于儿童，男孩表现出比女孩更明显的表现高估。与成年人相比，儿童和青少年在难度选择上的波动更大，他们中的许多人，尤其是男孩，偶尔会选择远远超出他们表现能力的难度水平。我们得出的结论是，任务难度的选择是寿命研究中一个有趣的话题。未来的研究应该系统地改变任务中涉及的身体风险，还包括同伴的存在。

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引用次数: 0