authorities, the annexation of Crimea by Russia, separatists’ actions in the south and east of the country, military action in Donbass, establishing usurpatory The People’s Republic of Doneck and The People’s Republic of Lughansk, unofficial “hybrid” war against Russia, double earlier elections-presidential and parliamentary, two times lower value of hryvna, sharp decrease in the standard of life of the society, shrinking of national economy by 20%, the threat of bankruptcythis is the year of upheaval, the year of trials the year of radical changes in Ukraine. However, what is more important is how much we, the citizens of Ukraine, have changed. The explicit answer for this question can be given by sociological research, which in an unbiased way shows where the most significant changes of the public opinion took place and can be the basis for the forecast in which direction the state will head.
{"title":"Year That Changed Ukraine","authors":"I. Bekeshkina","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0013","url":null,"abstract":"authorities, the annexation of Crimea by Russia, separatists’ actions in the south and east of the country, military action in Donbass, establishing usurpatory The People’s Republic of Doneck and The People’s Republic of Lughansk, unofficial “hybrid” war against Russia, double earlier elections-presidential and parliamentary, two times lower value of hryvna, sharp decrease in the standard of life of the society, shrinking of national economy by 20%, the threat of bankruptcythis is the year of upheaval, the year of trials the year of radical changes in Ukraine. However, what is more important is how much we, the citizens of Ukraine, have changed. The explicit answer for this question can be given by sociological research, which in an unbiased way shows where the most significant changes of the public opinion took place and can be the basis for the forecast in which direction the state will head.","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"85 381 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129812938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
state sovereignty of USSR” by the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Socialistic Soviet Republic on the 16th July 1990, Ukraine has been following the path leading towards independence. The document transformed Ukraine into a subject of international law. Although, during the referendum held on the 17th March 1991, initiated by the head of the Soviet state Mikhail Gorbachev, over 70% of Ukrainian citizens voted in favour of the existence of the Soviet Union, there was no will to defend the collapsing empire amongst Ukrainian elites, including the communist ones1. The percentage of the supporters of the USSR was anyway much higher than in other republics2. The project of The Union of Sovereign Soviet States put forward in Kiev in June 1991 provoked mass demonstrations of people who supported the full independence of Ukraine. The project of The Union of Sover-
{"title":"Russia – Ukraine. 25 Years Between “Limited Cooperation and Limited Confrontation”","authors":"Eugeniusz Mironowicz","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0010","url":null,"abstract":"state sovereignty of USSR” by the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Socialistic Soviet Republic on the 16th July 1990, Ukraine has been following the path leading towards independence. The document transformed Ukraine into a subject of international law. Although, during the referendum held on the 17th March 1991, initiated by the head of the Soviet state Mikhail Gorbachev, over 70% of Ukrainian citizens voted in favour of the existence of the Soviet Union, there was no will to defend the collapsing empire amongst Ukrainian elites, including the communist ones1. The percentage of the supporters of the USSR was anyway much higher than in other republics2. The project of The Union of Sovereign Soviet States put forward in Kiev in June 1991 provoked mass demonstrations of people who supported the full independence of Ukraine. The project of The Union of Sover-","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115688399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Soviet nationalities policy, aiming to shape one “Soviet nation”, had weakened to great extent the sense of national identity and of cultural and religious distinctiveness of both the Ukrainians and representatives of national minorities. As A. Fedorenko points out, “The Soviet Union established a solid structure, allowing it to conduct the efficient policy and creating its own version of national identity by the complex network of schools of all levels and the system of mass media”. The Soviet regime encouraged creating the imperial identity amongst the majority of the Ukrainians, and “for a significant group of average citizens of this mighty power enjoying the international prestige, identifying with it was something ordinary and obvious, especially while presented in the circumstances of ambitious, yet as it turned out, utopian perspectives, unimaginable social and cultural achievements”1.
{"title":"Ethnic Structure of Contemporary Ukraine","authors":"Andrzej Jakubowski","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"The Soviet nationalities policy, aiming to shape one “Soviet nation”, had weakened to great extent the sense of national identity and of cultural and religious distinctiveness of both the Ukrainians and representatives of national minorities. As A. Fedorenko points out, “The Soviet Union established a solid structure, allowing it to conduct the efficient policy and creating its own version of national identity by the complex network of schools of all levels and the system of mass media”. The Soviet regime encouraged creating the imperial identity amongst the majority of the Ukrainians, and “for a significant group of average citizens of this mighty power enjoying the international prestige, identifying with it was something ordinary and obvious, especially while presented in the circumstances of ambitious, yet as it turned out, utopian perspectives, unimaginable social and cultural achievements”1.","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115255517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
of human consciousness in search for geopolitical and cultural diversity of neighbouring nations of the continent. The history of this term, as well as its historical and political circumstances, is widely known1. It has at its foundation the intention to distinct some states and nations of Europe, which for centuries had been under the political, cultural influence of East and West, North and South, which led to forming a specific national consciousness, social and economic structures in this area. The process of modernization (the 19th and 20th cen-
{"title":"Poland and Ukraine in East-Central Europe: View from Ukraine","authors":"L. Zashkilnyak","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0012","url":null,"abstract":"of human consciousness in search for geopolitical and cultural diversity of neighbouring nations of the continent. The history of this term, as well as its historical and political circumstances, is widely known1. It has at its foundation the intention to distinct some states and nations of Europe, which for centuries had been under the political, cultural influence of East and West, North and South, which led to forming a specific national consciousness, social and economic structures in this area. The process of modernization (the 19th and 20th cen-","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124205703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to present the current chances of Ukraine for joining the Euro – Atlantic structures, more precisely the NATO. What factors used to and still influence this integration? Is it possible to happen soon? It is also worth paying attention on how much effort has been involved in this integration since Ukraine regained its independence after the collapse of the USSR. In 1991 Ukraine had become a legitimate subject of the whole system of international affairs. The new state had to set its own political course, which would not be in contradiction to the concept of the national security of Ukraine and at the same time would be in tune with the fixed system of relationship on the international scene, and would favor the stabilization of the European security. In this context, the most important relations for Ukraine were the ones with the neighboring countries, members of NATO and the European Union, as well as, the members of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), led by Russia1.
{"title":"The Difficult and Long Way of Ukraine to NATO","authors":"M. Maciag","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to present the current chances of Ukraine for joining the Euro – Atlantic structures, more precisely the NATO. What factors used to and still influence this integration? Is it possible to happen soon? It is also worth paying attention on how much effort has been involved in this integration since Ukraine regained its independence after the collapse of the USSR. In 1991 Ukraine had become a legitimate subject of the whole system of international affairs. The new state had to set its own political course, which would not be in contradiction to the concept of the national security of Ukraine and at the same time would be in tune with the fixed system of relationship on the international scene, and would favor the stabilization of the European security. In this context, the most important relations for Ukraine were the ones with the neighboring countries, members of NATO and the European Union, as well as, the members of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), led by Russia1.","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116888493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
and diplomats has been occupied by Ukraine. It was then, which came as a surprise for the western diplomats and intelligence services, that the authorities of Ukraine had refused to sign the agreement on the accession with the EU at the EU summit in Vilnius. A couple of months later, Moscow began to strengthen its influence in Ukraine using power. One may inquire how did it happen that the negotiators from Brussels assumed that Russia would stay passive when the EU would start to move Ukraine, the state on the Russian border, towards the western zone? One may ask what was Maidan with its casualties for, since currently Ukraine is in the state of chaos, with hostile military forces on its territory, has lost Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as its fleet, has no authority over two provinces, Lughansk and Donetsk, and the power in Kiev is held by the oligarchs? Did the EU diplomats want this? How is it possible that someone has robbed the Ukrainians of the revolution they made in Maidan? As far as I am concerned, to comprehend the problem with Ukraine first of all one should define what the crisis in Ukraine is about. Then, one can search for the Ukraine – Dependence Instead of Neutrality* CONFRONTATION AND COOPERATION
{"title":"Ukraine – Dependence Instead of Neutrality","authors":"J. Parys","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0011","url":null,"abstract":"and diplomats has been occupied by Ukraine. It was then, which came as a surprise for the western diplomats and intelligence services, that the authorities of Ukraine had refused to sign the agreement on the accession with the EU at the EU summit in Vilnius. A couple of months later, Moscow began to strengthen its influence in Ukraine using power. One may inquire how did it happen that the negotiators from Brussels assumed that Russia would stay passive when the EU would start to move Ukraine, the state on the Russian border, towards the western zone? One may ask what was Maidan with its casualties for, since currently Ukraine is in the state of chaos, with hostile military forces on its territory, has lost Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as its fleet, has no authority over two provinces, Lughansk and Donetsk, and the power in Kiev is held by the oligarchs? Did the EU diplomats want this? How is it possible that someone has robbed the Ukrainians of the revolution they made in Maidan? As far as I am concerned, to comprehend the problem with Ukraine first of all one should define what the crisis in Ukraine is about. Then, one can search for the Ukraine – Dependence Instead of Neutrality* CONFRONTATION AND COOPERATION","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124409160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Poland towards the German leadership in the European Union","authors":"Przemyslaw Zurawski vel Grajewski","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121425047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A draft for the theory of affiliation with Middle Europe as an example","authors":"K. Szczerski","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125508076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Poles towards the Germans – German responsibility for war crimes","authors":"B. Nitschke","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129746040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Warsaw Uprising as presented in chosen German newspapers","authors":"Piotr Łysakowski","doi":"10.1515/conc-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/conc-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":139060,"journal":{"name":"Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130038124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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