International Journal of Energy Research最新文献

This investigation explores the general characteristics, including the structural, electronic, mechanical, optical, thermal, and phonon properties of Cs₃OX (X = Cl, Br, or I) antiperovskite, incorporating the density functional theory (DFT). The motive behind this study is to comprehensively understand the behaviors of Cs₃OX (X = Cl, Br, or I) and to identify suitable applications according to its properties. Additionally, these compounds are lead-free and nontoxic compounds, which are not harmful to the environment. This study finds that Cs₃OCl, Cs₃OBr, and Cs₃OI have bandgap values of 0.159, 0.278, and 0.205 eV by using the generalized gradient approximation-Perdew– Berke–Ernzerhof (GGA-PBE) functional, as well as 1.719, 1.814, and 1.516 eV by using the hybrid-HSE06 functional, respectively. The band gaps have significantly influenced the optical and mechanical properties of the compounds. In the visible range, the highest peaks of α lie between 0.5 × 10⁴ and 1 × 10⁴ 1/cm for all three compounds, which is appropriate for a solar cell absorber. Besides, Cs₃OI shows the largest elastic modulus of 21.21 GPa, which also has the highest bulk and shear modulus. The thermodynamic properties of Cs₃OX (X = Cl, Br, or I) have been affected by the changes in halogens such as with increasing halogen size enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity have increased, whereas free energy and Debye temperature have decreased. Halogen size also affected the structural properties including the bond length and volume. A positive phonon frequency has been observed in Cs₃OI while investigating the phonon characteristics, which indicates its dynamic stability, but Cs₃OCl and Cs₃OBr have shown a negative phonon frequency which denotes the dynamic instability. Considering its exceptional features, Cs₃OX (where X = Cl, Br, or I) has the potential to be utilized in a wide range of applications, encompassing solar cell absorbers, optoelectronics, LED, and more.

In this study, the thermohydraulic performance of rectangular-winglet vortex generators (VGs) with different hole configurations (a central hole, dual-edge holes, a leading-edge hole, and a trailing-edge hole) was numerically investigated. In addition, airflows through solar air heater ducts enhanced with these VGs were simulated using the realizable k-epsilon model with a wall function at Reynolds numbers (Re) from 3000 to 20,000 and a Prandtl number (Pr) of 7.070. A constant blockage ratio, defined as the ratio of the VG surface area to the cross-sectional area of the airflow duct, was maintained. Overall, the results showed that the VG with a trailing-edge hole achieved the highest thermal enhancement factor (TEF), ranging from 1.394 to 1.600. The central-hole VG exhibited slightly lower TEF, between 1.424 and 1.578. In contrast, the dual-edge-hole and leading-edge-hole VGs produced lower TEFs, ranging from 1.301 to 1.541 and 1.282 to 1.567, respectively. Several temperature distribution plots, velocity plots, and pathline plots were utilized to investigate the cause of the performance differences. These visualizations ultimately revealed that the observed variations in thermohydraulic performance were attributed to distinct flow structures induced by the different hole configurations and Re values. In light of these findings, it can be concluded that the trailing-edge-hole VG is the most preferred option, while the central-hole VG serves as a viable alternative, offering nearly equivalent performance. In contrast, the leading-edge-hole and dual-edge-hole VGs are less efficient and not recommended.

This research aims to explore the relationship between ecological footprint (EF), forest area (FA), renewable energy (RE), energy use (EU), economic growth (EG), and information communication and technology (ICT). This research utilized a panel data series comprising 27 European countries from 2000 to 2022. A variety of epistemic and normative causal stances and econometric methodologies have been explored in this research work, concerning the sustainable development goals (SDGs)-2030, in pursuit of an EF solution. The initial check of the data led to the analytical process being directed toward econometric techniques to determine the long- and short-run impacts of variables on the EF. The results of the pooled mean group–autoregressive distributed lag (PMG–ARDL) confirmed a positive long-term and short-term relationship between EF and EU. At the same time, a positive and significant relationship between EG and EF is also observed in the short term. RE confirms its negative impact on the EF in both the short and long run. Additionally, EG is expected to join RE in the long run to improve the environment of European countries. The FA is negatively significant, and information and communication technology are positively significant in the long run, showing insignificance toward EF in the short run. The generalized method of moments (GMM) technique has been employed to estimate the elasticity between variables. The Dumitrescu–Hurlin (DH) panel causality test was employed to pattern the directional relationship of variables. The EF, FA, RE, and EU are bidirectionally related, while a unidirectional relationship has been observed between the EF, EG, and information and communication technology. This research highlights the EF’s relevance across sectoral and sociopolitical entities by analyzing the work for 27 EU countries. The eco-friendly policies, natural systems of countries, and adopted solution methods to achieve the SDG help European countries to step forward toward a sustainable environment.

Electricity storage is considered as a key component for future grid with high renewables penetration. In the present study, trends in sizing for a hydrogen electricity storage system coupled to a 1 GW offshore wind farm are highlighted. A ‘system approach’ was conducted in order to analyse several scenarios of storage capacity, technologies and even equipment nominal powers. Real wind measurement and national electricity productions and consumptions were used as input data. The impact of wind farm capacity factor, hydrogen storage technology and inter-annual resource variations on the storage system sizing is assessed. A first estimation of the cost of electricity generated by a full offshore facility is performed together with possible added flexibility to the network. Geological storage is identified as the cheapest for all storage capacities and the least impacted by inter-annual variations.

A thermographic phosphor is a phosphor that exhibits different luminescence responses depending on temperature, with demonstrated capabilities for surface temperature measurements from room temperature upto 1600°C. This remarkable temperature range makes it a key technology for noninvasive surface temperature measurement in energy systems, such as thermoelectric generators (TEGs), combustion systems or engines. The durability of the coating is particularly crucial for accurate temperature measurement in energy systems where intense thermal and mechanical loads occur. In this study, the reliability of thermographic phosphor coatings was evaluated based on thermal degradation and mechanical coating failure, with experimental validations conducted upto 300°C using BAM:EuMn phosphors and ZYP-BNSL ceramic binders. This study analyzed the thermal degradation trends of specimens under different conditions to find favorable specimen preparation conditions that eliminate uncertainties in the temperature measurement process, and quantitatively assessed the mechanical bonding and reliability of the coatings using a novel, self-developed rolling wear testing apparatus. Through systematic analysis of coating failure mechanisms, the research established the relationship between powder-to-binder ratio and failure modes, enabling the determination of optimal coating conditions. These findings are expected to enhance the reliability of thermographic phosphor-based temperature measurements in various high-temperature energy applications, contributing to improved thermal system design and performance evaluation.

To investigate the influence of fractures on the hydraulic fracturing extraction of shale gas, this study conducted a fluid–solid coupling analysis of shale with preexisting fractures. Initially, the mineral composition and the distribution of microfractures and pores in the shale were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and argon ion scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, uniaxial compression tests were performed to obtain the fundamental mechanical parameters of the shale. Further, fluid–solid coupling analysis of the shale with preexisting fractures was carried out using the RFPA2D-Flow software. The results indicate that the Niutitang Formation shale is characterized by a high proportion of brittle minerals, with well-developed microfractures and pores. Under low permeability pressures (4 MPa and 8 MPa), the internal structure of the shale remains stable, with its mechanical properties and fracture damage primarily influenced by the presence of fractures. The energy-stress level curve during shale fracture damage shows a gradual increase. In contrast, under high permeability pressures (12 MPa), the softening effect of water becomes more pronounced, causing severe damage to the internal structure of the shale. Here, permeability pressure emerges as the dominant factor affecting the mechanical properties and fracture damage of the shale. The energy-stress level curve in this case exhibits a gradual increase followed by a sharp rise. Further coupling analysis of the shale deformation and damage process based on fractal and damage theories reveals that a higher fractal dimension corresponds to greater fracture damage and more complex destruction of the shale.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) utilizing fuel cells (FCs), batteries, and supercapacitors (SCs) necessitate sophisticated energy management systems (EMSs) to optimize hydrogen utilization and improve efficiency. Conventional techniques, including proportional–integral (PI) control, state machine control strategy (SMCS), and the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), have difficulties in sustaining optimal performance under dynamic loads because of their fixed or slowly adjusting parameters. This work introduces an improved energy consumption control system (ECMS) coupled with the red-tailed hawk (RTH) optimization method for real-time and adaptive power control. The RTH algorithm dynamically modifies the ECMS equivalency factor to enhance the equilibrium between the hydrogen economy and the battery state of charge (SOC). Simulation outcomes under the FTP-75 driving cycle indicate that the proposed ECMS-RTH decreases hydrogen consumption by 61.6% and enhances total system efficiency by 21.47% relative to traditional ECMS, while ensuring the battery SOC remains within safe parameters. The method surpasses contemporary metaheuristic techniques, including bald eagle search (BES), white shark optimizer (WSO), manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO), and cuckoo search (CS). The findings validate the efficacy of the ECMS-RTH technique as an adaptive real-time energy management framework for HEV applications. Future endeavors will encompass hardware-in-the-loop validation and scalability studies of many microgrids.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are inherently constrained by limited battery resources, making the design of energy-efficient communication protocols critical for extending network lifetime. Cluster-based routing, enhanced through optimization algorithms, has emerged as a promising solution to balance energy consumption and improve scalability. This paper proposes an advanced energy-efficient routing protocol (RP) for WSNs, integrating a mobile sink (MS) and a hybrid grey wolf optimization–particle swarm optimization (GWO–PSO) framework to optimize cluster head (CH) and relay node (RN) selection. Unlike traditional scalar fitness approaches, the proposed protocol employs a Pareto-based multiobjective evaluation strategy, enabling simultaneous optimization of residual energy, sink proximity, and local node density. This enables adaptive CH and RN selection with diverse tradeoffs as the sink moves. The MS traverses a predefined trajectory, effectively mitigating energy holes and reducing communication overhead. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MS-GWO–PSO protocol extends network lifetime by up to 50%, increases throughput by 60%, and reduces per-round energy consumption by 40% compared to the static sink-based two-tier hybrid swarm intelligence (THSI)-RP. Additionally, MS-GWO–PSO minimizes redundant transmissions and distributes the load uniformly across the network, achieving a robust balance between energy conservation and data delivery efficiency.

Water shortage is one of the biggest defiances in the world. Desalination becomes an essential strategy to secure fresh water. Reverse osmosis (RO) prevails the desalination market worldwide in terms of installed numbers and revenue. The fossil fuel-powered desalination process has harmful environmental impacts and is expensive. Renewable and abundant energy sources are an auspicious substitutional for powering the RO process. This review focuses on the RO process, its classifications, challenges (including membrane fouling and large-scale issues), integration of RO with other desalination processes, and integration with energy recovery devices (ERDs). Hybridization of RO with various renewable energy sources (RESs), focusing on solar, wind, and ocean energy, is also demonstrated, and a cost comparison between the different systems is presented. Environmental impacts and assessment of different RO systems, as well as the design of renewable power systems to operate seawater RO (SWRO) desalination systems using hybrid optimization model for electrical renewable (HOMER) software, were discussed.

Advanced electronic technology significantly relies on the superior heat-conducting materials to efficiently manage the heat generated by circuit assemblies. Effective thermal management is essential to ensure the reliability, efficiency, and durability of electronic devices. The thermal conductivity (TC) of polymers can be improved by initiating several nanofillers and constructing a three-dimensional (3D) conductive path for phonon transfer. In this review, we discussed the synthesis of boron nitride (BN), the thermal characteristics of BN, and BN filler in polymer matrix for enhanced TC. It is summarized that the TC of the polymer composites could be enhanced in case when matrix is added with BN nanosheets (BNNSs) through bidirectional freezing, hot pressing, roll cutting, and making the 3D structure of reinforcement, making it suitable for the applications of electronic packaging. Also, hybrid fillers such as short carbon fiber, BN nanotubes (BNNTs), and nanosheets may construct a highly conductive path for phonon transfer. In addition, we highlighted the challenges and provided the prospects of BN nanostructures in various applications of thermal management to enhance the functional capability of equipment and electronic gadgets.