International journal of exercise science最新文献

ACL injuries often occur when athletes perform cognitive tasks while performing a landing/cutting movement. This study investigated the effects of secondary cognitive tasks on hip and knee biomechanics during single limb landing. Sixteen recreational athletes (10 females and 6 males, age: 21.6 ± 2.5 years, mass: 65.2 ± 8.9 kg, height 1.66 ± 0.07 m) performed landings on their dominant limb as a single task and while simultaneously performing secondary cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic) provided through audio and visual means. Hip and knee joint angles and moments were calculated in all three planes of motion and analysed using statistical parametric mapping repeated-measures ANOVA. Hip adduction angle was significantly greater in audio and visual secondary task conditions compared to the single task condition during 88% to 100% of the landing period. Hip internal rotation was significantly greater in the visual secondary task condition compared to the single task condition during 68% to 92% of the landing period. There were no significant differences between task conditions for hip moments, knee moments or knee angles in all three planes of motion. These findings suggest secondary cognitive tasks, whether visual or audio, affect hip kinematics which may reflect reduced dynamic stability at the hip, contributing important further knowledge on the effect of secondary cognitive tasks during landing biomechanics.

Accurate determination of metabolic thresholds is essential for designing effective endurance training. This study aimed to apply a multi-visit Step-Ramp-Step (SRS) protocol to identify aerobic (VT1) and anaerobic (VT2/RCP) thresholds in trained endurance runners, with a particular focus on delineating the isocapnic buffering region-the ventilatory phase between VT1 and VT2 where carbon dioxide (PetCO₂) remains stable despite rising ventilation. Twelve trained male runners (mean age: 27.1 ± 1.9 years; VO₂max: 60.5 ± 2.1 ml·kg^-1·min^-1) completed the SRS protocol across separate lab visits. Each session included a 4-minute moderate-intensity phase, a progressive ramp to volitional exhaustion, and a 4-minute heavy-intensity step following a 30-minute recovery. Breath-by-breath gas exchange data (VO₂, VCO₂, VE, RER, PetO₂, PetCO₂) were analyzed using 20-second smoothing. Results showed that VT1 and RCP occurred at 73.2 ± 4.1% and 89.6 ± 3.8% of VO₂max, respectively. The isocapnic buffering zone spanned ~16.4% of the VO₂max range. Unlike previous SRS studies focused on cycling, this study uniquely applies the protocol to running and specifically quantifies the buffering region. These findings support the use of SRS running protocols for efficient, individualized assessment of metabolic transitions in endurance athletes.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a significant contributor to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The effectiveness of time-efficient high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in reducing VAT has not been reviewed. A systematic search conducted on PubMed, Embase, and SPORTDiscus up to April 2025 for randomized controlled trials that compared HIIT with non-exercise control and quantified VAT using imaging identified five trials (n = 138) that met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using a nine-item modified PEDro scale. Four trials reported significant reductions in VAT after 8-12 weeks of thrice-weekly cycling HIIT sessions. Furthermore, all five HIIT interventions showed significant reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin compared to the control groups. Overall, supervised HIIT appears effective, resulting in clinically significant reductions in VAT and glycemic control. Nonetheless, these conclusions are limited by small sample sizes, protocol heterogeneity, and short follow-up durations. Larger trials that standardize interval structures, evaluate unsupervised adherence, and investigate mechanistic mediators are necessary to confirm the sustainability of outcomes and inform clinical applications of HIIT for patients with T2D.

Personalized fitness training is designed to improve physical health and fitness, but may also promote mental health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are positive psychological outcomes for clients participating in a community-based personalized fitness program led by undergraduate Exercise Science students. A total of 44 participants completed a battery of psychological scales both before and after participation in a 12-week university-sponsored personalized fitness training program. Psychological measures included the Exercise Attitudes Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale for Exercise, Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Health Status Questionnaire, and Visual Analog Scale for quality of life. In addition to expected gains in various biometric indicators of physical fitness, we observed significant improvements in clients' attitudes toward exercise, mental well-being, perceived health, and quality of life. Effect sizes were generally in the small to medium range (0.19 to 0.58) across 15 psychological measures. Results provide convincing evidence of the mental health benefits associated with participation in personalized fitness training. Our university-sponsored fitness training program can serve as a model program for both engaging undergraduate students in authentic fitness training experiences and promoting community health and wellness.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is second in occurrence among neurodegenerative disorders after Alzheimer's disease and significantly impacts gait and mobility. This research tested the effect of the NewGait rehabilitative device in PD impaired individuals. Twenty individuals with PD participated in this study. Walking gait for three conditions were analyzed: Normal, wearing NewGait and Post-NewGait. Standard spatial and temporal analysis measures as well as nonlinear measures from recurrence quantification were compared to determine any effects of the device on walking gait. NewGait was perceived to be both comfortable to wear as well as resulted in increased ease of movement. Step width was increased while wearing NewGait while step length was unchanged. No differences were found in temporal measures: cadence, stride time and double support time. Wearing NewGait resulted in a slight, but not significant decrease in walking velocity compared to Normal. Post-NewGait gait velocity was increased compared to wearing NewGait. Based only on these standard linear spatiotemporal measures, NewGait is somewhat intrusive for gait Parkinsonian individuals, resulting in a less effective gait. The recurrence-based analysis however, found that compared to Normal, Determinism and Laminarity was increased while wearing NewGait and Post-NewGait. Entropy was also increased while wearing NewGait and there was a tendency towards increased Entropy while walking after wearing NewGait. These results suggest NewGait allows for greater predictability and complexity of the gait pattern with increased dynamic stability than walking without NewGait. Therefore, there is potential for longer-term beneficial effects of NewGait in rehabilitation of Parkinsonian gait.

Sedentary behaviors contribute to law enforcement officer fitness declines over a career. An officer's motivation (desire to exercise) and self-efficacy (belief in ability to exercise) could affect whether they exercise and predict resulting fitness. Data from 60 officers (48 men, 12 women) were analyzed. Motivation (amotivation, external, introjected, identified, integrated, and intrinsic regulation) was measured via the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. A 6-item questionnaire assessed coping (confidence in exercising under challenging conditions) and scheduling (confidence in scheduling exercise) self-efficacy. General fitness variables included sit-and-reach, grip strength, 60-s push-ups, 60-s sit-ups, and step test recovery heart rate. Job-specific fitness variables included 99-yard obstacle course, body drag, 6-foot chain link fence and solid wall climbs, and 500-yard run. Stepwise regression, controlling for sex, derived relationships between motivation and self-efficacy, with general and job-specific fitness (p<0.05). Grip strength was predicted by introjected, identified, and integrated motivation (~71% explained variance). Push-ups were predicted by integrated motivation and coping self-efficacy (~43% explained variance). The obstacle course, fence and solid wall climbs, were predicted by coping self-efficacy (~24-47% explained variance). Internal motivation and coping self-efficacy predicted certain general and job-specific fitness metrics. Grip strength, an indicator of muscular strength, was predicted by introjected (internal rewards), identified (exercise is valued), and integrated (exercise integrated within beliefs) regulation. Integrated regulation and coping self-efficacy, or confidence to overcome barriers to exercise, predicted push-ups as a muscular endurance metric. Coping self-efficacy could also contribute to the exercise needed to maintain job-specific fitness relative to obstacle courses and obstacle clearance.

For advancement of public health through exercise, exercise intensity and enjoyment are important. We aimed at testing whether self-selected exercise intensity was higher during treadmill exercise than during indoor cycling. Secondly, the enjoyment associated with the two activities was evaluated. Thirdly, in a person-centered analysis, taking into account the participants' preference for mode of activity, we assessed whether preference for one of the activity modes was accompanied by greater intensity. Healthy adults (n=21) participated in the repeated measures crossover-designed study. They performed 16-min bouts of treadmill exercise and indoor cycling at self-selected intensity. Heart rate was recorded to determine the intensity. Enjoyment associated with the exercise activity was determined by a questionnaire. Intensity in terms of heart rate as percent of maximal heart rate was not different between treadmill exercise and indoor cycling (p=0.148). Enjoyment, on the other hand, was 4.4±7.6 units greater for treadmill exercise than for indoor cycling (p=0.012). Seventeen of the participants had a preferred mode of activity, when asked before any testing. The person-centered analysis, which took into account the participants' preference for the mode of activity, showed that intensity was 4±7 percentage points higher (p=0.029) during the preferred mode of activity as compared to the other activity. In summary, the study showed that the self-selected intensity was not different between treadmill exercise and indoor cycling, while the enjoyment was found to be greater during treadmill exercise. A person-centered analysis showed that intensity was higher during the preferred mode of activity than during the other activity.

The study aimed to compare the effect of three precooling techniques (internal, external, and combined) on the time to reach exhaustion in active men. Eight active men (23 ± 2 yrs; 178 ± 6 cm; 73 ± 11 kg) participated] in 4 exhaustive test sessions with a minimum power output of 40Wmax. Sessions included consumption of 7.5 grams of ice water with a temperature of -1 degree per kilogram of body weight, cold towels (4-6°C) used to cool the skin surface], a combination of ice water consumption and a towel cooling, and a control session in which subjects cycled to reach exhaustion without any cooling techniques. Data was analyzed using a mixed-method (treatment time) repeated-measures ANOVA was with significance accepted at p<0.05. The skin surface temperature in the combined session and towel session was significantly lower than the ice session (p<0.001). The central temperature in the combined and ice slurry sessions was significantly lower at the beginning and end of the activity compared to the towel session (p<0.01). Exhaustion time and distance traveled in the combined session were significantly longer compared to the ice slurry and control sessions (p<0.01). In the towel session, exhaustion time was significantly greater] than the control session (p <0.04). The rate of sweating in the ice slurry session was significantly lower than the control session (p <0.01). The perception of pressure in the combined session was significantly lower than the ice slurry and control sessions (p<0.05). The results indicate that a combination of two techniques (internal and external cooling) can have a greater effect on measures of endurance performance.

The object was to assess the effects of adding exercise to a 36-hour fast on the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1. The study was a randomized crossover design with counterbalanced conditions in community members living near a single academic institution. Participants included twenty healthy adults (11 male). The intervention consisted of two 36-h water-only fasts, one of which was initiated with a bout of treadmill exercise. Venous blood was taken at baseline, 12-h, 24-h, and 36-h of fasting. Area under the curve and timepoint analyses were computed. The area under the curve for MCP-1 was 210.4 ± 61.4 pg/ml higher in the fasting combined with exercise condition compared to fasting alone (F = 4.69, p = 0.04). No difference between conditions was observed in areas under the curve for IL-6 (F = 0.02, p = 0.88) or TNF-α (F = 3.74, p = 0.06). MCP-1 concentrations decreased over the course of both conditions (F=19.77, p < 0.01) with much of the reduction taking place between hours 12 and 24 (F=19.77, p < 0.01). Concentrations of IL-6 remained unchanged (F = 0.85, p = 0.48) while TNF-α increased (F=8.60, p < 0.05) in both conditions. A single fast has a mixed impact on the cytokines MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6. MCP-1 decreases, while TNF-α fluctuates in a diurnal pattern, and IL-6 experiences no change during a water-only fast. Adding exercise to the beginning of a fast diminishes the decline in MCP-1 but has no impact on TNF-α or IL-6.

Fitness and rehabilitation professionals commonly use yoga training for improving balance, flexibility, and mental health in populations of all ages. However, little is known about how chair yoga, a specific form of yoga, would impact physical and mental health in older adults. The purpose of this case series was to explore the feasibility and benefits of an 8-week chair yoga class for older adults in an independent living facility. Four participants (ages 77-92 years) performed chair yoga interventions once a week for 8 weeks. Interventions included, but were not limited to, 10 minutes of warm-up including breathwork and range of motion, 10-15 minutes of peak movements including forward folds, bicycles, bird dog, squats, and boat pose, and 5-10 minutes of cool down including backbends, camel, seated cross, gentle spinal flexion and extension, and breathwork. Participants were tested prior to the start and re-tested at the end of 8 weeks. Outcome measures included the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment and the short form health survey (SF-36). Improvements were made for all participants in the Tinetti and all except one participant improved on one or more of the SF-36 subscales. Chair yoga training was feasible for four older adults with comorbidities and may have additional benefits for functional mobility and strength. Further research studies with larger sample sizes are needed to continue exploring the benefits of this understudied intervention for older adults.