As the PNP upped the ante with official bilingualism, statehood opponents countered with nationalist performances: testifying before Congress in Spanish despite their fluency in English. For many federal lawmakers this gesture conjured images of Québécois nationalism. Departing from the Civic Creed, English language advocates lauded the indivisible link between the English language and statehood. Official bilingualism was not enough. Therefore in 1996 the Rosselló administration launched an initiative promoting a new bilingual citizenry via the school system. Eerily reminiscent of Americanization, this aggressive push favoring English was not designed to appease voters but to influence Congress. This was the PNP’s new nested game. Despite their efforts the PNP lost the 1998 status plebiscite. Unhappy with the statehood party, most of the electorate opted to vote for ‘none of the above.’
{"title":"Creating a Bilingual Citizenry","authors":"A. A. Barreto","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.16","url":null,"abstract":"As the PNP upped the ante with official bilingualism, statehood opponents countered with nationalist performances: testifying before Congress in Spanish despite their fluency in English. For many federal lawmakers this gesture conjured images of Québécois nationalism. Departing from the Civic Creed, English language advocates lauded the indivisible link between the English language and statehood. Official bilingualism was not enough. Therefore in 1996 the Rosselló administration launched an initiative promoting a new bilingual citizenry via the school system. Eerily reminiscent of Americanization, this aggressive push favoring English was not designed to appease voters but to influence Congress. This was the PNP’s new nested game. Despite their efforts the PNP lost the 1998 status plebiscite. Unhappy with the statehood party, most of the electorate opted to vote for ‘none of the above.’","PeriodicalId":142844,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121116958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142844,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130628371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While the PPD methodically debated the pros and cons of official unilingualism their PNP rivals, who won the 1992 elections, restored bilingualism within weeks of taking office. The PNP’s rush became apparent when Gov. Pedro Rosselló announced the promotion of a new status plebiscite. As Congress took up the status question in 1993, PNP delegates flashed the new language law as a clear sign of loyalty to the US. That move failed to sway many federal lawmakers who repeatedly brought up the connection between the Spanish language and Puerto Rican identity, along with the low rates of English-language fluency on the island. At this juncture English-language activists from the US mainland began interjecting themselves in the island’s status debates during the English-only movement, reiterating the tight bonds between American-ness and the de facto US vernacular. Although out of office, Commonwealth supporters won the 1993 status plebiscite.
{"title":"Restoring Official Bilingualism","authors":"A. A. Barreto","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.15","url":null,"abstract":"While the PPD methodically debated the pros and cons of official unilingualism their PNP rivals, who won the 1992 elections, restored bilingualism within weeks of taking office. The PNP’s rush became apparent when Gov. Pedro Rosselló announced the promotion of a new status plebiscite. As Congress took up the status question in 1993, PNP delegates flashed the new language law as a clear sign of loyalty to the US. That move failed to sway many federal lawmakers who repeatedly brought up the connection between the Spanish language and Puerto Rican identity, along with the low rates of English-language fluency on the island. At this juncture English-language activists from the US mainland began interjecting themselves in the island’s status debates during the English-only movement, reiterating the tight bonds between American-ness and the de facto US vernacular. Although out of office, Commonwealth supporters won the 1993 status plebiscite.","PeriodicalId":142844,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131215411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appendix 2","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142844,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122016119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The PPD’s decision to back unilingualism as a step towards sabotaging congressional support for Puerto Rico’s statehood is based on an assumption that the official narrative boasting American identity’s non-ascriptive nature is inaccurate. Scholars studying American national identity generally fall into one of three schools of thought: the civic, the ethnic, and a civic-ethnic hybrid. Arguably Eric Kaufmann provided the most realistic interpretation of this identity. He suggested that American identity consists of a civic wrapping covering over an ethno-cultural core. Such a duality helps to explain fundamentally different approaches by the PNP and PPD. The former appeals to the public-facing civic side while the PPD, through official unilingualism, sought to animate American identity’s ethnic core. While Puerto Ricans downplay their cultural nationalism, many on the mainland, particularly in Congress, see it as a threat. This is precisely what the PPD was banking on in 1991.
{"title":"Congress and Conflicting Notions of American Identity","authors":"A. A. Barreto","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.14","url":null,"abstract":"The PPD’s decision to back unilingualism as a step towards sabotaging congressional support for Puerto Rico’s statehood is based on an assumption that the official narrative boasting American identity’s non-ascriptive nature is inaccurate. Scholars studying American national identity generally fall into one of three schools of thought: the civic, the ethnic, and a civic-ethnic hybrid. Arguably Eric Kaufmann provided the most realistic interpretation of this identity. He suggested that American identity consists of a civic wrapping covering over an ethno-cultural core. Such a duality helps to explain fundamentally different approaches by the PNP and PPD. The former appeals to the public-facing civic side while the PPD, through official unilingualism, sought to animate American identity’s ethnic core. While Puerto Ricans downplay their cultural nationalism, many on the mainland, particularly in Congress, see it as a threat. This is precisely what the PPD was banking on in 1991.","PeriodicalId":142844,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122665930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Members of all three political parties suggested that Governor Hernández-Colón was primarily interested in sending Congress a message—and a cultural one at that. Such an intent, if true, is still inconsistent with classic assumptions of a political party’s rational behavior. But there is an alternative logical explanation, within the rational choice framework, to Downs’s assumption of vote-maximizing behavior. As George Tsebelis contended, a nested game consists of public-facing game masking another game outside the limelight. Under this proposal a decision, even an unpopular one that costs an election, is logical so long as it furthers an actor’s non-electoral goals. In this case the PPD sought to wave the banner of Puerto Rican identity, even in its soft-core cultural form, to thwart their statehood foes in the one body empowered to change the island’s status—the US Congress.
{"title":"Culture, Policy, and Nested Games","authors":"A. A. Barreto","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx1hsm4.13","url":null,"abstract":"Members of all three political parties suggested that Governor Hernández-Colón was primarily interested in sending Congress a message—and a cultural one at that. Such an intent, if true, is still inconsistent with classic assumptions of a political party’s rational behavior. But there is an alternative logical explanation, within the rational choice framework, to Downs’s assumption of vote-maximizing behavior. As George Tsebelis contended, a nested game consists of public-facing game masking another game outside the limelight. Under this proposal a decision, even an unpopular one that costs an election, is logical so long as it furthers an actor’s non-electoral goals. In this case the PPD sought to wave the banner of Puerto Rican identity, even in its soft-core cultural form, to thwart their statehood foes in the one body empowered to change the island’s status—the US Congress.","PeriodicalId":142844,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116270407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Power of English","authors":"Frank van Splunder","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvw04h4h.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04h4h.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142844,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114761167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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