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Using RF Recording Techniques to Resolve Wireless Channel Interference Problems 利用射频记录技术解决无线信道干扰问题
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334557
David Murray
The user environment for wireless devices is complex and includes many sources of interference, from the multitude of devices in the wireless landscape or other non-communications-based RF sources. As the RF power is spread over wider bandwidths to improve range resolution, increase data rates, and decrease probability of detections, RF devices encounter a wider bandwidth of interference. As designers look to create robust solutions that can perform in such environments it becomes more important to create those conditions in the lab, or model those environments.
无线设备的用户环境是复杂的,包含了许多的干扰来源,从众多的设备在无线景观或其他non-communications-based射频源。由于射频功率分布在更宽的带宽上,以提高距离分辨率、提高数据速率和降低检测概率,射频设备会遇到更宽带宽的干扰。当设计师希望创造出能够在这种环境中运行的强大解决方案时,在实验室中创造这些条件或对这些环境进行建模变得更加重要。
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引用次数: 1
Testability modeling usage in design-for-test and product lifecycle cost reduction 可测试性建模在为测试而设计和降低产品生命周期成本中的应用
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334543
J. Valfre
Weapon systems have become increasingly complex and customer funding has become constricted. Customers and contractors are in an environment where the cost of test systems has to be reduced yet still test effectively in order to remain competitive. In an effort to reduce the total development and lifecycle cost, companies are using Design-For-Test (DFT) methodologies to increase Built-In-Test (BIT) coverage and reduce the need for external Special Test Equipment (STE). Using test coverage analysis tools during prime hardware design efforts has benefits including identification of gaps in test capability, increased test coverage, test strategy optimization, increased accessibility, fault isolation and a reduction in overall test cost. This paper will explore the concept of testability modeling and how it can be applied to maximize system test coverage, derive STE and BIT requirements and provide increased circuit accessibility for usage in DFT considerations. Test modeling tools enable designers to formulate test coverage and testability analysis that assists in identification of suggested hardware design improvements in order to gain greater test coverage. The tools facilitate an iterative analysis of designs at multiple assembly levels and at different design maturities and can allow for designers and test engineers to relate functional test coverage, fault coverage and fault isolation to varying test cases such as production acceptance and design verification testing. Output of the testability model can assist in optimization of test strategies as well as provide insight into failure rates and failure modes with the inclusion of reliability data. Used as part of the design iteration, this process can be repeated at different design and verification stages to produce a product which provides circuitry access to test itself, maximize test coverage while minimizing test equipment, and predict failure modes and identify line replaceable units (LRUs). Testability modeling can significantly reduce the cost of test equipment development, lifecycle cost and recurring unit production cost thus making the product more affordable to build, deliver and deploy.
武器系统变得越来越复杂,客户资金也越来越少。客户和承包商所处的环境是,测试系统的成本必须降低,但仍然要有效地进行测试,以保持竞争力。为了减少总体开发和生命周期成本,公司正在使用面向测试的设计(DFT)方法来增加内置测试(BIT)的覆盖率,并减少对外部特殊测试设备(STE)的需求。在主要硬件设计工作中使用测试覆盖率分析工具的好处包括识别测试能力中的差距、增加测试覆盖率、测试策略优化、增加可访问性、故障隔离和降低总体测试成本。本文将探讨可测试性建模的概念,以及如何将其应用于最大化系统测试覆盖率,推导STE和BIT需求,并为DFT考虑中的使用提供增加的电路可访问性。测试建模工具使设计人员能够制定测试覆盖率和可测试性分析,以帮助确定建议的硬件设计改进,从而获得更大的测试覆盖率。这些工具有助于在多个组装级别和不同设计成熟度下对设计进行迭代分析,并允许设计人员和测试工程师将功能测试覆盖、故障覆盖和故障隔离与不同的测试用例(如生产验收和设计验证测试)联系起来。可测试性模型的输出可以帮助优化测试策略,并提供包含可靠性数据的故障率和失效模式的洞察力。作为设计迭代的一部分,该过程可以在不同的设计和验证阶段重复,以生产提供电路访问测试本身的产品,最大限度地提高测试覆盖率,同时最小化测试设备,并预测故障模式和识别线路可更换单元(lru)。可测试性建模可以显著降低测试设备开发成本、生命周期成本和循环单元生产成本,从而使产品的构建、交付和部署更加经济实惠。
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引用次数: 2
Using mobile devices on ATE systems 在ATE系统上使用移动设备
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334536
I. Williams
On large UUTs such as helicopters or jet aircraft, it is often difficult to perform required tests using a static test station located outside the UUT. For example, running a test sequence that requires a technician to follow a set of instructions, such as toggling breakers and switches in an aircraft cockpit, can be challenging and time-consuming. This situation may require the technician to move in and out of the cockpit after each test, or perhaps even require the use of two technicians - one reading off the instructions and the other performing the task. Integrating mobile devices into ATE systems allows the technician to freely move about the UUT, both inside and out, while running the TPS. The mobile device displays the instructions and receives the technician's response while the main ATE console executes the test program and collects the data. Mobile applications for ATE are rapidly moving from a niche market to industry mainstream. However, mobile devices are so ubiquitous in today's technology that targeting all device types from an ATE standpoint can be difficult and costly. Screen size, screen resolution, hardware characteristics, operating systems and even the operating system versions all need to be considered when targeting a mobile device. Tablets, with their 10 inch high-definition (HD) touch screens appear to be best suited for ATE mobile applications but almost any mobile device may be used. Arguably, there are four major tablet platforms available today, each with its own operating system: Apple iOS (iPad), Android, BlackBerry Tablet OS, and Microsoft. Any one of these is suitable for ATE mobile applications but each platform has advantages and disadvantages. This paper discusses the use of mobile devices to extend ATE test applications and what to consider when choosing to develop ATE applications that target mobile devices.
在诸如直升机或喷气式飞机之类的大型自动测试设备上,通常很难使用位于自动测试设备外部的静态测试站来执行所需的测试。例如,运行一个需要技术人员遵循一组指令的测试序列,例如在飞机驾驶舱中切换断路器和开关,可能是具有挑战性和耗时的。这种情况可能需要技术人员在每次测试后进出驾驶舱,或者甚至可能需要使用两名技术人员-一名读取说明,另一名执行任务。将移动设备集成到ATE系统中,技术人员可以在运行TPS时在UUT内外自由移动。移动设备显示指令并接收技术人员的响应,而主ATE控制台执行测试程序并收集数据。ATE的移动应用程序正迅速从利基市场转变为行业主流。然而,移动设备在当今的技术中无处不在,从ATE的角度来看,针对所有类型的设备可能是困难和昂贵的。在瞄准移动设备时,屏幕尺寸、屏幕分辨率、硬件特性、操作系统甚至操作系统版本都需要考虑。拥有10英寸高清(HD)触摸屏的平板电脑似乎最适合ATE移动应用程序,但几乎任何移动设备都可以使用。可以说,目前有四种主要的平板电脑平台,每种平台都有自己的操作系统:苹果iOS (iPad)、安卓、黑莓平板电脑操作系统和微软。其中任何一个都适合ATE移动应用程序,但每个平台都有优点和缺点。本文讨论了使用移动设备来扩展ATE测试应用程序,以及在选择开发针对移动设备的ATE应用程序时需要考虑的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Using a plug-in model to simplify and enhance ATE test software capabilities 使用插件模型来简化和增强ATE测试软件的功能
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334558
Jervin Justin, L. Lindstrom, A. Jain
An ATE software or test executive must perform a variety of tasks in addition to simply sequencing and running functional tests on the device under test (DUT). These tasks include prompting the test operator for a serial number and displaying test results, logging the results of the tests to a report, test system calibration and self-tests, and more. In most test executive software applications, the code responsible for these additional tasks is tightly integrated with the process code that is responsible for executing the actual tests. Because of this integration, it is difficult to modify one set of code without affecting the other. This paper discusses how to decouple the process code from the task code by implementing a plug-in-based architecture for the test software. A plug-in-based architecture offers several benefits. Plug-ins can be used to improve or modify existing behavior, such as results processing, or to add entirely new functionality, such as the ability to interface with web services or implement a power-on self-test sequence in a very modular fashion. These and other benefits will also be discussed in the paper. These topics will be discussed in the general context of automated test software. Finally, this paper will demonstrate an implementation of this plug-in based architecture using a COTS test executive.
ATE软件或测试执行人员除了在被测设备(DUT)上简单地排序和运行功能测试之外,还必须执行各种任务。这些任务包括提示测试操作员输入序列号并显示测试结果,将测试结果记录到报告中,测试系统校准和自检等等。在大多数测试执行软件应用程序中,负责这些附加任务的代码与负责执行实际测试的过程代码紧密集成在一起。由于这种集成,很难在不影响另一组代码的情况下修改一组代码。本文讨论了如何通过为测试软件实现基于插件的体系结构来解耦过程代码和任务代码。基于插件的体系结构提供了几个好处。插件可用于改进或修改现有的行为,例如结果处理,或者添加全新的功能,例如与web服务交互的能力,或者以非常模块化的方式实现上电自检序列。这些和其他好处也将在本文中讨论。这些主题将在自动化测试软件的一般背景下讨论。最后,本文将使用COTS测试执行器演示这个基于插件的体系结构的实现。
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引用次数: 2
Novel diagnostic and prognostic techniques using electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements to detect degradation in electronic equipment 使用电磁干扰(EMI)测量来检测电子设备退化的新型诊断和预测技术
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334563
W. Duff, L. Ungar
Electronic equipment are subject to degradation and failure as a result of aging and corrosion. Diagnosing to the culprit component, however, is usually not obvious. Some strategic and novel electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements can be utilized to detect and diagnose failures or degradations. Measuring and monitoring the EMI characteristics of a Unit Under Test (UUT) indicates that the circuit is experiencing an anomaly. The approach is ubiquitous, but in this paper we will focus our discussion to power supplies. Within a power supply, the Fourier series of a full wave rectifier contains only even harmonics of the input waveform. If one of the diodes is degraded or has failed, the output spectral component at the input signal frequency and the odd harmonics of the input will not be zero. An odd harmonic of the input signal frequency will provide an indication of degradation or failure of one of the diodes in the bridge. We present potential measuring and monitoring equipment that can provide in situ non-intrusive prognostic and diagnostic results in operational circuits. The EMI signatures will help pinpoint the culprit component, and repair decisions can be made before the unit is removed from its environment, resulting in substantial savings in support costs.
由于老化和腐蚀,电子设备容易退化和失效。然而,对罪魁祸首的诊断通常并不明显。一些策略和新的电磁干扰(EMI)测量可以用来检测和诊断故障或退化。测量和监测被测单元(UUT)的电磁干扰特性表明电路正在经历异常。这种方法是普遍存在的,但在本文中,我们将重点讨论电源。在电源中,全波整流器的傅立叶级数只包含输入波形的均匀谐波。如果其中一个二极管退化或失效,则输入信号频率处的输出频谱分量和输入的奇次谐波将不为零。输入信号频率的奇谐波将提供电桥中一个二极管退化或失效的指示。我们提出了潜在的测量和监测设备,可以在运行电路中提供原位非侵入性的预后和诊断结果。电磁干扰信号将有助于查明问题部件,并在设备从环境中移除之前做出维修决策,从而大大节省了支持成本。
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引用次数: 0
Increasing the resolution of a uniform quantizer using a deterministic dithering signal 使用确定性抖动信号增加均匀量化器的分辨率
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334521
Nathan E. West, G. Scheets
Adding a dither signal to a signal to be measured is a known technique for improving the accuracy of a quantizer output. In this paper a measurement called effective bits is used to compare un-dithered signals, stochastically dithered signals, and deterministically dithered signals. A deterministic dither signal is found that adds one effective bit using only two dither points. With this dither signal, the number of effective bits continues to grow logarithmically with the number of dither points added.
在待测信号中加入抖动信号是提高量化器输出精度的一种已知技术。本文采用有效位来比较非抖动信号、随机抖动信号和确定性抖动信号。找到了一种确定性的抖动信号,它只用两个抖动点加一个有效位。有了这个抖动信号,有效位的数量随着抖动点的增加继续呈对数增长。
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引用次数: 2
Prognostics of Power Electronics, methods and validation experiments 电力电子预测,方法和验证实验
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334578
Chetan S. Kulkarni, J. Celaya, G. Biswas, K. Goebel
Failure of electronic devices is a concern for future electric aircrafts that will see an increase of electronics to drive and control safety-critical equipment throughout the aircraft. As a result, investigation of precursors to failure in electronics and prediction of remaining life of electronic components is of key importance. DC-DC power converters are power electronics systems employed typically as sourcing elements for avionics equipment. Current research efforts in prognostics for these power systems focuses on the identification of failure mechanisms and the development of accelerated aging methodologies and systems to accelerate the aging process of test devices, while continuously measuring key electrical and thermal parameters. Preliminary model-based prognostics algorithms have been developed making use of empirical degradation models and physics-inspired degradation model with focus on key components like electrolytic capacitors and power MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistor). This paper presents current results on the development of validation methods for prognostics algorithms of power electrolytic capacitors. Particularly, in the use of accelerated aging systems for algorithm validation. Validation of prognostics algorithms present difficulties in practice due to the lack of run-to-failure experiments in deployed systems. By using accelerated experiments, we circumvent this problem in order to define initial validation activities.
电子设备故障是未来电动飞机的一个问题,在整个飞机上驱动和控制安全关键设备的电子设备将会增加。因此,研究电子元件失效的前兆和预测电子元件的剩余寿命是至关重要的。DC-DC电源转换器是电力电子系统,通常用作航空电子设备的采购元件。目前对这些电力系统的预测研究主要集中在识别故障机制和开发加速老化方法和系统,以加速测试设备的老化过程,同时持续测量关键的电气和热参数。利用经验退化模型和物理退化模型,已经开发了基于模型的初步预测算法,重点关注电解电容器和功率mosfet(金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)等关键部件。本文介绍了电力电解电容器预测算法验证方法发展的最新成果。特别是在使用加速老化系统进行算法验证。由于在部署的系统中缺乏运行到故障的实验,预测算法的验证在实践中存在困难。通过使用加速实验,我们规避了这个问题,以便定义初始验证活动。
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引用次数: 17
Test system consolidation 测试系统整合
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334551
J. Orlet
Test system consolidation has been going on in the U.S. Department of Defense for quite some time for multiple pieces of support equipment ranging from Automatic Test Stations to Common O-Level Test Sets to Common pieces of Mechanical Support Equipment. With regards to Automatic Test Equipment / Stations, each branch does have a standard family of test equipment. This is a big shift from the days when each weapon system had its own family. As test equipment and instrumentation have become more capable and more flexible, it seems likely that there really should be even fewer types of test systems. Yet each branch of the DoD has its own family of test equipment and they have to constantly work to enforce usage of the standard equipment versus proliferation of new types of test equipment. Still, the same item will have different test equipment for each stage of development and production. Each will have a different test approach, strategy, and implementation. This leads to issues with test repeatability, verticality, and compatibility which drive up life cycle costs and impede system readiness. This paper will describe the efforts to study the problem and provide results of the findings from a system integrator's point of view. In addition to the analysis of the instrumentation typically found in a test system, the paper will discuss some of the features of system architectures that can enable consolidation such as translation tools. It will also discuss some of the impediments to test system consolidation such as legacy system emulation and compatibility. Finally, it will discuss the some of the system requirements that have typically driven systems to different solutions and provide recommendations to test equipment standardization.
测试系统整合已经在美国国防部进行了相当长的一段时间,涉及多个支持设备,从自动测试站到通用o级测试装置,再到通用机械支持设备。关于自动测试设备/站,每个分支机构都有一个标准的测试设备系列。这与每个武器系统都有自己的家族的日子相比是一个巨大的转变。随着测试设备和仪器变得更有能力和更灵活,似乎真的应该有更少类型的测试系统。然而,国防部的每个分支都有自己的测试设备家族,他们必须不断努力,以强制使用标准设备,而不是新型测试设备的扩散。但是,同一产品在开发和生产的各个阶段会有不同的测试设备。每个都有不同的测试方法、策略和实现。这会导致测试可重复性、垂直性和兼容性问题,从而提高生命周期成本并阻碍系统准备。本文将描述研究这个问题的努力,并从系统集成商的角度提供研究结果。除了分析测试系统中典型的工具之外,本文还将讨论一些能够支持整合的系统架构的特性,例如翻译工具。本文还将讨论测试系统整合的一些障碍,例如遗留系统仿真和兼容性。最后,它将讨论一些通常驱动系统到不同解决方案的系统需求,并为测试设备标准化提供建议。
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引用次数: 1
Reducing the cost of ATE software development 降低ATE软件开发的成本
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334530
G. Scheck
With the new architecture, test programs are standardized both in look and functionality through sharing of a common interface and data and instrument handling routines. Programming time is greatly reduced with the separation of non-test related functions and through the inherent nature of code reuse. Verification and validation time is also reduced since testing is only required on the modified components. New ATE software development can now be measured in weeks versus months. Through its modular design and database/hardware abstraction, the software is highly scalable and flexible. Overall operator time is reduced, either in diminished training or in the ability to troubleshoot on the auto test system. Data is easily accessible from anywhere and can be queried with a multitude of tools, including SPC.
在新的架构下,通过共享一个通用的接口、数据和仪器处理程序,测试程序在外观和功能上都实现了标准化。通过分离非测试相关的功能和代码重用的固有特性,大大减少了编程时间。由于只需要对修改后的组件进行测试,因此验证和确认时间也减少了。新的ATE软件开发现在可以用几周而不是几个月来衡量。通过模块化设计和数据库/硬件抽象,该软件具有高度可扩展性和灵活性。总的来说,操作员的时间减少了,无论是减少了培训,还是在自动测试系统上进行故障排除的能力。数据可以从任何地方轻松访问,并且可以使用包括SPC在内的多种工具进行查询。
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引用次数: 0
TPS design and development for CMA program using LM-STAR® 使用LM-STAR®进行CMA程序的TPS设计和开发
Pub Date : 2012-10-22 DOI: 10.1109/AUTEST.2012.6334553
S. O'Donnell, P. Anzile
Selex Galileo, a Finmeccanica Company, has been instructed by the Italian Air Force to define a new Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) solution for second level of maintenance to be used for the Avionic Centre (CMA) with reference to the Eurofighter Program. In particular, this resulted in Test Program Set (TPS) design and development for several Line Replaceable Units (LRU) of European Fighter (EF2000 Block 2) configuration. A further requirement is to have the same high level performance/reliability ATE opportunity to re-host some TPSs for Block 1 configuration, already designed and purchased in the past using another ATE, for improved work load distribution and to maintain and support them for many years beyond their original projected life expectancy. Selex Galileo started the collaboration with Lockheed Martin and finalized the acceptance and delivery of their first LM-STAR® station (Galileo Euro Test Set variant) that met the technical requirements for the development of more than 30 TPS (considering both new T2 TPS and re-hosted T1 ones). The new LMSTAR® configuration posed many technological challenges from both a software and hardware perspective that had to be overcome. A limited budget combined with an aggressive schedule presented formidable obstacles. This paper will describe how a project can still maintain cost, schedule, and quality objectives while addressing evolving test requirements. The support of such a complex international program will also be explored. This paper will describe the TPS hardware configuration and in particular the New Versatile Panel Interface (NVPI) between LMSTAR® resources and TPS adapters. Where applicable, the same adapter has been utilized for multiple TPS. The NVPI consists of a single panel interface, transparent in respect to station resources, for all TPSs using different configuration modules (cap adapter). These resources can be routed on the front panel and can be accessible through connectors with high pin density to guarantee a reliable connection test after test. Finally, the re-hosting issues (related to TestStand/Lab Windows CVI and IEEE ATLAS 716/89 software development environment) of several TPSs T1 aircraft configuration previously designed on another ATE and now coded on the LM-STAR® will be examined. We will also address the Software Downloading Library (SDL), as a generic Bus Loader/Verifier (BLVR), designed to transfer and to verify the application software (flight code) usually into LRU EEPROM memory.
Finmeccanica公司Selex Galileo已受意大利空军指示,为航空电子中心(CMA)定义一种用于二级维护的新型自动测试设备(ATE)解决方案,参考欧洲战斗机计划。特别是,这导致了欧洲战斗机(EF2000 Block 2)配置的几个线路可更换单元(LRU)的测试程序集(TPS)设计和开发。进一步的要求是拥有相同的高水平性能/可靠性ATE机会,以便为Block 1配置重新托管一些tps,这些tps在过去已经使用另一个ATE设计和购买,以改善工作负载分配,并在其原始预期寿命之外的许多年内维护和支持它们。Selex Galileo公司开始与洛克希德马丁公司合作,并最终验收和交付了他们的第一个LM-STAR®站(伽利略欧洲测试集变体),该站满足了30多个TPS的开发技术要求(考虑到新的T2 TPS和重新托管的T1 TPS)。新的LMSTAR®配置从软件和硬件的角度提出了许多必须克服的技术挑战。有限的预算加上激进的时间表构成了巨大的障碍。本文将描述一个项目如何在处理不断发展的测试需求的同时仍然保持成本、进度和质量目标。还将探讨对这样一个复杂的国际项目的支持。本文将描述TPS硬件配置,特别是LMSTAR®资源和TPS适配器之间的新通用面板接口(NVPI)。在适用的情况下,同一适配器已用于多个TPS。NVPI由单个面板接口组成,对于使用不同配置模块(cap适配器)的所有tps来说,对于站资源来说是透明的。这些资源可以在前面板上路由,并且可以通过高引脚密度的连接器访问,以保证可靠的连接测试。最后,将检查以前在另一个ATE上设计的几个tps T1飞机配置的重新托管问题(与TestStand/Lab Windows CVI和IEEE ATLAS 716/89软件开发环境有关),现在在LM-STAR®上进行编码。我们还将解决软件下载库(SDL),作为通用总线加载器/验证器(BLVR),设计用于传输和验证应用软件(飞行代码)通常进入LRU EEPROM存储器。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
2012 IEEE AUTOTESTCON Proceedings
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