G. Burnett, Adrian Hazzard, E. Crundall, D. Crundall
We consider the potential for novel in-vehicle user-interfaces that alter speed perception at a subliminal level through the spatial adaption of music. In a fixed-base simulator, twenty-six participants drove on a motorway and were asked to maintain a speed of 70mph. At specific points, the speedometer was turned off. Music at a constant tempo was played throughout but periodically changed in balance from a 50:50 front:rear speaker split to a 25:75 ratio. Without the speedometer, participants drove significantly slower after the music had faded from the front to rear speakers (mean speed 71.5mph) compared to when no change occurred (mean speed 73.1mph). Post study interviews revealed that participants were not aware of alterations in the spatial positioning of the music. Such results suggest drivers naturally slowed when the music faded from front to rear speakers in an unconscious attempt to re-envelope themselves within the sound bubble.
{"title":"Altering Speed Perception through the Subliminal Adaptation of Music within a Vehicle","authors":"G. Burnett, Adrian Hazzard, E. Crundall, D. Crundall","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122990","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the potential for novel in-vehicle user-interfaces that alter speed perception at a subliminal level through the spatial adaption of music. In a fixed-base simulator, twenty-six participants drove on a motorway and were asked to maintain a speed of 70mph. At specific points, the speedometer was turned off. Music at a constant tempo was played throughout but periodically changed in balance from a 50:50 front:rear speaker split to a 25:75 ratio. Without the speedometer, participants drove significantly slower after the music had faded from the front to rear speakers (mean speed 71.5mph) compared to when no change occurred (mean speed 73.1mph). Post study interviews revealed that participants were not aware of alterations in the spatial positioning of the music. Such results suggest drivers naturally slowed when the music faded from front to rear speakers in an unconscious attempt to re-envelope themselves within the sound bubble.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123749249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three text entry methods were compared in a driving simulator study with 17 participants. Ninety-seven drivers' occlusion distance (OD) data mapped on the test routes was used as a baseline to evaluate the methods' visual distraction potential. Only the voice recognition-based text entry tasks passed the set verification criteria. Handwriting tasks were experienced as the most demanding and the voice recognition tasks as the least demanding. An individual in-car glance length preference was found, but against expectations, drivers' ODs did not correlate with in-car glance lengths or visual short-term memory capacity. The handwriting method was further studied with 24 participants with instructions and practice on writing eyes-on-road. The practice did not affect the test results. The findings suggest that handwriting could be visually less demanding than touch screen typing but the reliability of character recognition should be improved or the driver well-experienced with the method to minimize its distraction potential.
{"title":"Visual Distraction Effects of In-Car Text Entry Methods: Comparing Keyboard, Handwriting and Voice Recognition","authors":"T. Kujala, Hilkka Grahn","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122987","url":null,"abstract":"Three text entry methods were compared in a driving simulator study with 17 participants. Ninety-seven drivers' occlusion distance (OD) data mapped on the test routes was used as a baseline to evaluate the methods' visual distraction potential. Only the voice recognition-based text entry tasks passed the set verification criteria. Handwriting tasks were experienced as the most demanding and the voice recognition tasks as the least demanding. An individual in-car glance length preference was found, but against expectations, drivers' ODs did not correlate with in-car glance lengths or visual short-term memory capacity. The handwriting method was further studied with 24 participants with instructions and practice on writing eyes-on-road. The practice did not affect the test results. The findings suggest that handwriting could be visually less demanding than touch screen typing but the reliability of character recognition should be improved or the driver well-experienced with the method to minimize its distraction potential.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131134665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chia-Ming Chang, Koki Toda, Daisuke Sakamoto, T. Igarashi
Self-driving technologies have been increasingly developed and tested in recent years (e.g., Volvo's and Google's self-driving cars). However, only a limited number of investigations have so far been conducted into communication between self-driving cars and pedestrians. For example, when a pedestrian is about to cross a street, that pedestrian needs to know the intension of the approaching self-driving car. In the present study, we designed a novel interface known as "Eyes on a Car" to address this problem. We added eyes onto a car so as to establish eye contact communication between that car and pedestrians. The car looks at the pedestrian in order to indicate its intention to stop. This novel interface design was evaluated via a virtual reality (VR) simulated environment featuring a street-crossing scenario. The evaluation results show that pedestrians can make the correct street-crossing decision more quickly if the approaching car has the novel interface "eyes" than in the case of normal cars. In addition, the results show that pedestrians feel safer with regard to crossing a street if the approaching car has eyes and if the eyes look at them.
{"title":"Eyes on a Car: an Interface Design for Communication between an Autonomous Car and a Pedestrian","authors":"Chia-Ming Chang, Koki Toda, Daisuke Sakamoto, T. Igarashi","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122989","url":null,"abstract":"Self-driving technologies have been increasingly developed and tested in recent years (e.g., Volvo's and Google's self-driving cars). However, only a limited number of investigations have so far been conducted into communication between self-driving cars and pedestrians. For example, when a pedestrian is about to cross a street, that pedestrian needs to know the intension of the approaching self-driving car. In the present study, we designed a novel interface known as \"Eyes on a Car\" to address this problem. We added eyes onto a car so as to establish eye contact communication between that car and pedestrians. The car looks at the pedestrian in order to indicate its intention to stop. This novel interface design was evaluated via a virtual reality (VR) simulated environment featuring a street-crossing scenario. The evaluation results show that pedestrians can make the correct street-crossing decision more quickly if the approaching car has the novel interface \"eyes\" than in the case of normal cars. In addition, the results show that pedestrians feel safer with regard to crossing a street if the approaching car has eyes and if the eyes look at them.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114655347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander G. Mirnig, Magdalena Gärtner, Arno Laminger, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Sandra Trösterer, M. Tscheligi, Rod McCall, F. McGee
Designing safe and effective systems for control transitions between human and vehicle is a difficult task, due to increased reaction times and potentially inattentive drivers. In order to respond to these difficulties, this paper presents an overview of interaction solutions for control transitions between manual and autonomous driving modes. The paper examines technology patents, as well as academic publications. The paper's first contribution is an examination of the current state of the art of control transition interfaces in automated vehicles. The paper's second contribution is the reusable categorization framework developed for this overview. The results are used to identify holes and potentials regarding control transition design, including strong focus on the system over the human, lacking fallback performance, and the potentials of effective driving mode communication. These aspects point the way towards the challenges to be solved -- together with how they might be solved -- for safe and effective control transitions.
{"title":"Control Transition Interfaces in Semiautonomous Vehicles: A Categorization Framework and Literature Analysis","authors":"Alexander G. Mirnig, Magdalena Gärtner, Arno Laminger, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Sandra Trösterer, M. Tscheligi, Rod McCall, F. McGee","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123014","url":null,"abstract":"Designing safe and effective systems for control transitions between human and vehicle is a difficult task, due to increased reaction times and potentially inattentive drivers. In order to respond to these difficulties, this paper presents an overview of interaction solutions for control transitions between manual and autonomous driving modes. The paper examines technology patents, as well as academic publications. The paper's first contribution is an examination of the current state of the art of control transition interfaces in automated vehicles. The paper's second contribution is the reusable categorization framework developed for this overview. The results are used to identify holes and potentials regarding control transition design, including strong focus on the system over the human, lacking fallback performance, and the potentials of effective driving mode communication. These aspects point the way towards the challenges to be solved -- together with how they might be solved -- for safe and effective control transitions.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129142432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) seem to be the next big step into the future of mobility solutions. Various research institutions in the automobile industry and academic sectors are striving to come out with the most futuristic concept. This paper focuses on the interaction between AVs and pedestrians. Furthermore, the paper aims to explore if complex communication needs can be signaled to pedestrians through motion behavior of the vehicle. In order to learn how other road users feel surrounded by self-driving cars, participants were confronted with different drivability of a self-programmed vehicle during our evaluation. As the results show, the vehicle's motion behavior is able to evoke certain emotions, which in turn lead to rational decisions within the participants. This can be seen as a form of mutual communication.
{"title":"First Step into Visceral Interaction with Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"R. Zimmermann, Reto Wettach","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122988","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous vehicles (AVs) seem to be the next big step into the future of mobility solutions. Various research institutions in the automobile industry and academic sectors are striving to come out with the most futuristic concept. This paper focuses on the interaction between AVs and pedestrians. Furthermore, the paper aims to explore if complex communication needs can be signaled to pedestrians through motion behavior of the vehicle. In order to learn how other road users feel surrounded by self-driving cars, participants were confronted with different drivability of a self-programmed vehicle during our evaluation. As the results show, the vehicle's motion behavior is able to evoke certain emotions, which in turn lead to rational decisions within the participants. This can be seen as a form of mutual communication.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126428923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rise of automated vehicles, car drivers will be given the opportunity to perform other tasks or activities than controlling the vehicle. However, in a car that is not entirely automated, a human driver might need to manually take over control at some point. When such a situation occurs, awareness of the traffic situation is considered essential. In this study, we evaluate a design that aims to enable the driver of an automated car to perform a task (other than driving) while still gaining situation awareness through peripheral light signals. The results show that proximal peripheral light signals can increase the situation awareness of a driver while performing an alternative task or activity.
{"title":"Situation Awareness in Automated Vehicles through Proximal Peripheral Light Signals","authors":"T. Veen, J. Karjanto, J. Terken","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122993","url":null,"abstract":"With the rise of automated vehicles, car drivers will be given the opportunity to perform other tasks or activities than controlling the vehicle. However, in a car that is not entirely automated, a human driver might need to manually take over control at some point. When such a situation occurs, awareness of the traffic situation is considered essential. In this study, we evaluate a design that aims to enable the driver of an automated car to perform a task (other than driving) while still gaining situation awareness through peripheral light signals. The results show that proximal peripheral light signals can increase the situation awareness of a driver while performing an alternative task or activity.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121736084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Trösterer, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Alexander G. Mirnig, Artur Lupp, Magdalena Gärtner, F. McGee, Rod McCall, M. Tscheligi, T. Engel
In aviation, pilots interact with autopilots almost on a daily basis. With semi-autonomous vehicles, this is not yet the case. In our work, we aimed at finding out what we can learn from pilots' current experiences for the domain of autonomous driving and what implications can be derived. We conducted three in-depth interviews with pilots to investigate how pilots currently handle handover situations to and from the autopilot, which information is relevant for this transition to be successful, how pilots react in critical situations, how handovers are trained, and how flying and handover skills are maintained. We compare the gained insights with the domain of autonomous driving and reflect on implications for handovers and (de)skilling. Our findings suggest that the AUI community can learn from aviation in areas such as situation awareness, transparency of system status, the need for a primary drive display, calibrated (dis)trust, and driver training.
{"title":"What We Can Learn from Pilots for Handovers and (De)Skilling in Semi-Autonomous Driving: An Interview Study","authors":"Sandra Trösterer, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Alexander G. Mirnig, Artur Lupp, Magdalena Gärtner, F. McGee, Rod McCall, M. Tscheligi, T. Engel","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123020","url":null,"abstract":"In aviation, pilots interact with autopilots almost on a daily basis. With semi-autonomous vehicles, this is not yet the case. In our work, we aimed at finding out what we can learn from pilots' current experiences for the domain of autonomous driving and what implications can be derived. We conducted three in-depth interviews with pilots to investigate how pilots currently handle handover situations to and from the autopilot, which information is relevant for this transition to be successful, how pilots react in critical situations, how handovers are trained, and how flying and handover skills are maintained. We compare the gained insights with the domain of autonomous driving and reflect on implications for handovers and (de)skilling. Our findings suggest that the AUI community can learn from aviation in areas such as situation awareness, transparency of system status, the need for a primary drive display, calibrated (dis)trust, and driver training.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130401226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. H. V. Huysduynen, J. Terken, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Berry Eggen, M. Tscheligi
In modern traffic, measures are implemented to regulate speeding, which may annoy drivers who pursue an exciting driving experience and make them exceed speed limits. Others prefer a more relaxing experience resulting in socially desired driving behavior. This paper presents a study investigating the capacity of ambient light to alter the perception of speed and therefore influence the driving experience. The aim of this study was to determine how different drivers experience the concept of an ambient light moving along the a-pillar inside the vehicle. In different conditions, the light moved at different speeds. The outcomes of the study show that overall the ambient light used in this study had a positive effect on the driving experience but that the attitude towards the ambient light was highly individual. The majority indicated a preference towards the ambient light while some saw it more as a distraction or even inducing more stress.
{"title":"Ambient Light and its Influence on Driving Experience","authors":"H. H. V. Huysduynen, J. Terken, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, Berry Eggen, M. Tscheligi","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122992","url":null,"abstract":"In modern traffic, measures are implemented to regulate speeding, which may annoy drivers who pursue an exciting driving experience and make them exceed speed limits. Others prefer a more relaxing experience resulting in socially desired driving behavior. This paper presents a study investigating the capacity of ambient light to alter the perception of speed and therefore influence the driving experience. The aim of this study was to determine how different drivers experience the concept of an ambient light moving along the a-pillar inside the vehicle. In different conditions, the light moved at different speeds. The outcomes of the study show that overall the ambient light used in this study had a positive effect on the driving experience but that the attitude towards the ambient light was highly individual. The majority indicated a preference towards the ambient light while some saw it more as a distraction or even inducing more stress.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131898068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In-air gestures have become more prevalent in the vehicle cockpit in recent years. However, air gesture interfaces are still quite young and users have very little experience with such interactions. In the vehicle, ease of use relates directly to driver safety. Previous work has suggested that gesture sets created through participatory methods tend to be easier for people to grasp and use than designer-designed sets. In the present study, two novel participatory design activities -- an elicitation activity in which participants produced gestures, and an online survey in which they assessed the workload associated with those gestures -- were conducted to assess possible air gestures for control of in-vehicle menus. A recommended gesture set is presented alongside broader recommendations for vehicle gesture design.
{"title":"Designing an In-Vehicle Air Gesture Set Using Elicitation Methods","authors":"Keenan R. May, Thomas M. Gable, B. Walker","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123015","url":null,"abstract":"In-air gestures have become more prevalent in the vehicle cockpit in recent years. However, air gesture interfaces are still quite young and users have very little experience with such interactions. In the vehicle, ease of use relates directly to driver safety. Previous work has suggested that gesture sets created through participatory methods tend to be easier for people to grasp and use than designer-designed sets. In the present study, two novel participatory design activities -- an elicitation activity in which participants produced gestures, and an online survey in which they assessed the workload associated with those gestures -- were conducted to assess possible air gestures for control of in-vehicle menus. A recommended gesture set is presented alongside broader recommendations for vehicle gesture design.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133280158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An in-car study was conducted to examine different input techniques for list-based scrolling tasks and the effectiveness of haptic feedback for in-car touchscreens. The use of physical switchgear on centre consoles is decreasing which allows designers to develop new ways to interact with in-car applications. However, these new methods need to be evaluated to ensure they are usable. Therefore, three input techniques were tested: direct scrolling, pressure-based scrolling and scrolling using onscreen buttons on a touchscreen. The results showed that direct scrolling was less accurate than using onscreen buttons and pressure input, but took almost half the time when compared to the onscreen buttons and was almost three times quicker than pressure input. Vibrotactile feedback did not improve input performance but was preferred by the users. Understanding the speed vs. accuracy trade-off between these input techniques will allow better decisions when designing safer in-car interfaces for scrolling applications.
{"title":"An Evaluation of Touch and Pressure-Based Scrolling and Haptic Feedback for In-Car Touchscreens","authors":"Alexander Ng, S. Brewster","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122997","url":null,"abstract":"An in-car study was conducted to examine different input techniques for list-based scrolling tasks and the effectiveness of haptic feedback for in-car touchscreens. The use of physical switchgear on centre consoles is decreasing which allows designers to develop new ways to interact with in-car applications. However, these new methods need to be evaluated to ensure they are usable. Therefore, three input techniques were tested: direct scrolling, pressure-based scrolling and scrolling using onscreen buttons on a touchscreen. The results showed that direct scrolling was less accurate than using onscreen buttons and pressure input, but took almost half the time when compared to the onscreen buttons and was almost three times quicker than pressure input. Vibrotactile feedback did not improve input performance but was preferred by the users. Understanding the speed vs. accuracy trade-off between these input techniques will allow better decisions when designing safer in-car interfaces for scrolling applications.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131749109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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