This paper presents a study that aimed to identify the importance of eye contact and gestures between pedestrians and drivers. A video-based observation and coding was undertaken to categorize the road-crossing and communication behavior of pedestrians and drivers in busy traffic situations where efficient negotiation is necessary. The evidence in the study suggests that eye contact does not play a major role in manual driving, that explicit communication is rare to non-existent, and that motion patterns and behaviors of vehicles play a more significant role for pedestrians in efficient traffic negotiations.
{"title":"Pedestrian Interaction with Vehicles: Roles of Explicit and Implicit Communication","authors":"Debargha Dey, J. Terken","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study that aimed to identify the importance of eye contact and gestures between pedestrians and drivers. A video-based observation and coding was undertaken to categorize the road-crossing and communication behavior of pedestrians and drivers in busy traffic situations where efficient negotiation is necessary. The evidence in the study suggests that eye contact does not play a major role in manual driving, that explicit communication is rare to non-existent, and that motion patterns and behaviors of vehicles play a more significant role for pedestrians in efficient traffic negotiations.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114499670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gestural interfaces are increasingly integrated in human-machine interfaces, but they often rely on visual and auditory feedback and neglect the haptic channel. With technologies providing tactile feedback in midair becoming more mature, it is important to investigate their specific properties. In this paper, we focus on pointing gestures and the combination with floating displays, more precisely tapping buttons. We report the results of a user study investigating in detail different parameters of feedback created through ultrasonic transducers. The results show that the feedback is perceived as most suitable when a modulation frequency of about 150--200Hz is used, which confirms the findings on sensitivity for vibro-tactile stimuli on surfaces. The duration of the signal of either 50 or 130ms did not have a significant effect. Moreover, we present a questionnaire consisting of word pairs to rate the subjective perception of haptic characteristics, to provide a basis for future research.
{"title":"Clicks are in the Air: How to Support the Interaction with Floating Objects through Ultrasonic Feedback","authors":"Sonja Rümelin, T. Gabler, Jesper Bellenbaum","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123010","url":null,"abstract":"Gestural interfaces are increasingly integrated in human-machine interfaces, but they often rely on visual and auditory feedback and neglect the haptic channel. With technologies providing tactile feedback in midair becoming more mature, it is important to investigate their specific properties. In this paper, we focus on pointing gestures and the combination with floating displays, more precisely tapping buttons. We report the results of a user study investigating in detail different parameters of feedback created through ultrasonic transducers. The results show that the feedback is perceived as most suitable when a modulation frequency of about 150--200Hz is used, which confirms the findings on sensitivity for vibro-tactile stimuli on surfaces. The duration of the signal of either 50 or 130ms did not have a significant effect. Moreover, we present a questionnaire consisting of word pairs to rate the subjective perception of haptic characteristics, to provide a basis for future research.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124915457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brittany E. Noah, Thomas M. Gable, Shao-Yu Chen, Shruti Singh, B. Walker
In-vehicle automated safety features aim to increase safety; however, they are not always perfect. When automated systems fail, they leave the driver unprepared to recover quickly and safely. Reliability displays, informing the driver of the system's confidence in itself, could help keep drivers aware of the automation's status and increase safety when failures occur. This study proposed two metrics for displaying this information to the driver: automation reliability (AR), a system-centric metric; and required driver engagement (RDE), a human-centric metric. Visual displays were developed in three levels for each metric: quantitative, qualitative, and representational. Participants sorted these displays for level of AR and RDE, and rated their preference. Results showed AR displays were matched more accurately than RDE displays. Preference ratings were not significantly different between the display types. These results are discussed in terms of how these displays can be designed to ensure drivers understand vehicle automation.
{"title":"Development and Preliminary Evaluation of Reliability Displays for Automated Lane Keeping","authors":"Brittany E. Noah, Thomas M. Gable, Shao-Yu Chen, Shruti Singh, B. Walker","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123007","url":null,"abstract":"In-vehicle automated safety features aim to increase safety; however, they are not always perfect. When automated systems fail, they leave the driver unprepared to recover quickly and safely. Reliability displays, informing the driver of the system's confidence in itself, could help keep drivers aware of the automation's status and increase safety when failures occur. This study proposed two metrics for displaying this information to the driver: automation reliability (AR), a system-centric metric; and required driver engagement (RDE), a human-centric metric. Visual displays were developed in three levels for each metric: quantitative, qualitative, and representational. Participants sorted these displays for level of AR and RDE, and rated their preference. Results showed AR displays were matched more accurately than RDE displays. Preference ratings were not significantly different between the display types. These results are discussed in terms of how these displays can be designed to ensure drivers understand vehicle automation.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133377993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yumiko Shinohara, Rebecca M. Currano, Wendy Ju, Yukiko Nishizaki
To explore cultural differences in driver behavior for the purposes of vehicle automation, we used eye tracking to measure fixation patterns of Japanese and US participants (N = 98) viewing video simulations of automated driving through San Francisco and Osaka. After each drive, we asked participants questions about objects and events from the video. Japanese participants showed higher fixation counts and durations than US participants for salient foreground objects in the traffic scene, and answered questions about those objects more correctly. US participants showed higher fixation counts than Japanese participants on visually prominent background features, and gave more correct answers about those. Consistency between fixation count and fixation duration on an object or feature, and recall of that object or feature, suggests that situation awareness during simulated automated driving proceeds from patterns of visual fixation on elements of the traffic scene.
{"title":"Visual Attention During Simulated Autonomous Driving in the US and Japan","authors":"Yumiko Shinohara, Rebecca M. Currano, Wendy Ju, Yukiko Nishizaki","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122991","url":null,"abstract":"To explore cultural differences in driver behavior for the purposes of vehicle automation, we used eye tracking to measure fixation patterns of Japanese and US participants (N = 98) viewing video simulations of automated driving through San Francisco and Osaka. After each drive, we asked participants questions about objects and events from the video. Japanese participants showed higher fixation counts and durations than US participants for salient foreground objects in the traffic scene, and answered questions about those objects more correctly. US participants showed higher fixation counts than Japanese participants on visually prominent background features, and gave more correct answers about those. Consistency between fixation count and fixation duration on an object or feature, and recall of that object or feature, suggests that situation awareness during simulated automated driving proceeds from patterns of visual fixation on elements of the traffic scene.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124894621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra Trösterer, Christine Döttlinger, Magdalena Gärtner, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, M. Tscheligi
LED visualizations in the car are primarily used to direct the driver's attention to obstacles or hazards in the environment. An ambient LED arrangement can indicate the horizontal position of outside objects without obstructing the driver's field of view. How accurately the LEDs represent the spatial position of an outside object and how well it can be distinguished from other nearby objects is influenced by several factors. Our aim is to increase the spatial accuracy of a windshield-mounted horizontal LED visualization. Our approach is to use a calibration procedure to increase this accuracy. In an experimental study in our driving simulator, we found that calibration increased the spatial accuracy and, as a result, the recognition reliability (in our setup from 67% to 95%) and that a 3-point calibration is sufficient in comparison to more calibration points.
{"title":"Individual LED Visualization Calibration to Increase Spatial Accuracy: Findings from a Static Driving Simulator Setup","authors":"Sandra Trösterer, Christine Döttlinger, Magdalena Gärtner, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, M. Tscheligi","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123012","url":null,"abstract":"LED visualizations in the car are primarily used to direct the driver's attention to obstacles or hazards in the environment. An ambient LED arrangement can indicate the horizontal position of outside objects without obstructing the driver's field of view. How accurately the LEDs represent the spatial position of an outside object and how well it can be distinguished from other nearby objects is influenced by several factors. Our aim is to increase the spatial accuracy of a windshield-mounted horizontal LED visualization. Our approach is to use a calibration procedure to increase this accuracy. In an experimental study in our driving simulator, we found that calibration increased the spatial accuracy and, as a result, the recognition reliability (in our setup from 67% to 95%) and that a 3-point calibration is sufficient in comparison to more calibration points.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127694456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research has shown that drivers benefit from directional warnings in early warning situations. To be effective, early warnings must support the driver to easily identify potential hazards. We investigated LEDs at the bottom of the windshield to guide the driver's visual attention to target stimuli to support an artificial visual discrimination task. We varied the patterns of LED illumination. The patterns included either the illumination of single LEDs or sequentially illuminated LEDs generating the illusion of movement towards the target LED. Additionally, we compared flashing against constant illumination of the target LEDs. The results showed that participants reacted 200-450 ms faster and produced up to 4 times fewer errors to sequential patterns. Flashing the target LED segment led to slower reactions with more errors than constant illumination. We showed that drivers' attention can be directed efficiently and effectively with simple hardware and well-designed illumination patterns.
{"title":"Guiding Driver Visual Attention with LEDs","authors":"Gerald J. Schmidt, L. Rittger","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122994","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown that drivers benefit from directional warnings in early warning situations. To be effective, early warnings must support the driver to easily identify potential hazards. We investigated LEDs at the bottom of the windshield to guide the driver's visual attention to target stimuli to support an artificial visual discrimination task. We varied the patterns of LED illumination. The patterns included either the illumination of single LEDs or sequentially illuminated LEDs generating the illusion of movement towards the target LED. Additionally, we compared flashing against constant illumination of the target LEDs. The results showed that participants reacted 200-450 ms faster and produced up to 4 times fewer errors to sequential patterns. Flashing the target LED segment led to slower reactions with more errors than constant illumination. We showed that drivers' attention can be directed efficiently and effectively with simple hardware and well-designed illumination patterns.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124512285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Informal communication plays a crucial role for negotiation processes in transport and thus, needs to be implemented in automated vehicles. Slowing down to encourage pedestrians to cross is one example of informal communication. To implement naturally-looking automated slowdown, a first step is to examine expected moments of braking from a pedestrian's perspective. Gap Acceptance and Time-To-Arrival (TTA) estimates can provide these timings. The present experimental study assessed the effects of vehicle size, speed and participant's age on expected braking initiation. Pre-recorded real-world videos of approaching cars (truck/smart) with various speed (10 to 40 km/h) on a parking area were presented to 42 participants from 18 to 75 years. Results showed more risky estimations/decisions with increasing speed. Older participants showed more conservative gap acceptance. Vehicle size only influenced TTA estimations (size-arrival-effect) but not gap acceptance. Thus, applying one simple time gap value does not fit human/pedestrians perception and expectations.
{"title":"Gap Acceptance and Time-To-Arrival Estimates as Basis for Informal Communication between Pedestrians and Vehicles","authors":"Matthias Beggiato, C. Witzlack, J. Krems","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122995","url":null,"abstract":"Informal communication plays a crucial role for negotiation processes in transport and thus, needs to be implemented in automated vehicles. Slowing down to encourage pedestrians to cross is one example of informal communication. To implement naturally-looking automated slowdown, a first step is to examine expected moments of braking from a pedestrian's perspective. Gap Acceptance and Time-To-Arrival (TTA) estimates can provide these timings. The present experimental study assessed the effects of vehicle size, speed and participant's age on expected braking initiation. Pre-recorded real-world videos of approaching cars (truck/smart) with various speed (10 to 40 km/h) on a parking area were presented to 42 participants from 18 to 75 years. Results showed more risky estimations/decisions with increasing speed. Older participants showed more conservative gap acceptance. Vehicle size only influenced TTA estimations (size-arrival-effect) but not gap acceptance. Thus, applying one simple time gap value does not fit human/pedestrians perception and expectations.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"603 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123045484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we employ EEG methods to clarify why auditory notifications, which were designed for task management in highly automated trucks, resulted in different performance behavior, when deployed in two different test settings: (a) student volunteers in a lab environment, (b) professional truck drivers in a realistic vehicle simulator. Behavioral data showed that professional drivers were slower and less sensitive in identifying notifications compared to their counterparts. Such differences can be difficult to interpret and frustrates the deployment of implementations from the laboratory to more realistic settings. Our EEG recordings of brain activity reveal that these differences were not due to differences in the detection and recognition of the notifications. Instead, it was due to differences in EEG activity associated with response generation. Thus, we show how measuring brain activity can deliver insights into how notifications are processed, at a finer granularity than can be afforded by behavior alone.
{"title":"Using EEG to Understand why Behavior to Auditory In-vehicle Notifications Differs Across Test Environments","authors":"L. Chuang, C. Glatz, S. Krupenia","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123017","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we employ EEG methods to clarify why auditory notifications, which were designed for task management in highly automated trucks, resulted in different performance behavior, when deployed in two different test settings: (a) student volunteers in a lab environment, (b) professional truck drivers in a realistic vehicle simulator. Behavioral data showed that professional drivers were slower and less sensitive in identifying notifications compared to their counterparts. Such differences can be difficult to interpret and frustrates the deployment of implementations from the laboratory to more realistic settings. Our EEG recordings of brain activity reveal that these differences were not due to differences in the detection and recognition of the notifications. Instead, it was due to differences in EEG activity associated with response generation. Thus, we show how measuring brain activity can deliver insights into how notifications are processed, at a finer granularity than can be afforded by behavior alone.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122865141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frederik Naujoks, Katharina Wiedemann, Nadja Schömig
To increase the safety in use of automated vehicles, Human Factors research has focused primarily on driver performance during take-over situations. However, surveys on public opinion on automated vehicles still report a lack of acceptance of the technology. In this review, we give an overview on how taking the changed role of the driver into account when designing Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) of automated vehicles could increase the usefulness of the technology, which might in turn result in increased public acceptance. We propose that balancing the driver's need of being informed about the automated vehicle's status, actions and intentions with the desire to engage in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is likely to play an important role in this process.
{"title":"The Importance of Interruption Management for Usefulness and Acceptance of Automated Driving","authors":"Frederik Naujoks, Katharina Wiedemann, Nadja Schömig","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3123000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3123000","url":null,"abstract":"To increase the safety in use of automated vehicles, Human Factors research has focused primarily on driver performance during take-over situations. However, surveys on public opinion on automated vehicles still report a lack of acceptance of the technology. In this review, we give an overview on how taking the changed role of the driver into account when designing Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) of automated vehicles could increase the usefulness of the technology, which might in turn result in increased public acceptance. We propose that balancing the driver's need of being informed about the automated vehicle's status, actions and intentions with the desire to engage in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is likely to play an important role in this process.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129133805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Roider, Sonja Rümelin, Bastian Pfleging, Tom Gross
Various on-the-road situations can make additional demands on the driver that go beyond the basic demands of driving. Thereby, they influence the appropriateness of in-vehicle input modalities to operate secondary tasks in the car. In this work, we assess the specific impacts of situational demands on gaze, gesture and speech input regarding driving performance, interaction efficiency and subjective ratings. An experiment with 29 participants in a driving simulator revealed significant interactions between situational demands and the input modality on secondary task completion times, perceived suitability and cognitive workload. Impairments were greatest when the situational demand addressed the same sensory channel as the used input modality. This was reflected differently in objective and subjective data depending on the used input modality. With this work, we explore the performance of natural input modalities across different situations and thereby support interaction designers that plan to integrate these modalities in automotive interaction concepts.
{"title":"The Effects of Situational Demands on Gaze, Speech and Gesture Input in the Vehicle","authors":"F. Roider, Sonja Rümelin, Bastian Pfleging, Tom Gross","doi":"10.1145/3122986.3122999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3122986.3122999","url":null,"abstract":"Various on-the-road situations can make additional demands on the driver that go beyond the basic demands of driving. Thereby, they influence the appropriateness of in-vehicle input modalities to operate secondary tasks in the car. In this work, we assess the specific impacts of situational demands on gaze, gesture and speech input regarding driving performance, interaction efficiency and subjective ratings. An experiment with 29 participants in a driving simulator revealed significant interactions between situational demands and the input modality on secondary task completion times, perceived suitability and cognitive workload. Impairments were greatest when the situational demand addressed the same sensory channel as the used input modality. This was reflected differently in objective and subjective data depending on the used input modality. With this work, we explore the performance of natural input modalities across different situations and thereby support interaction designers that plan to integrate these modalities in automotive interaction concepts.","PeriodicalId":143620,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125863696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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