Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5841
Yusuke Kameda,Yutaka Kaneko
{"title":"Context for Large Language Model Evaluation in Ophthalmology.","authors":"Yusuke Kameda,Yutaka Kaneko","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5841","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5844
James Doherty,Sara Lovasz
{"title":"Context for Large Language Model Evaluation in Ophthalmology.","authors":"James Doherty,Sara Lovasz","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5844","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5847
Sahana Srinivasan,Qingyu Chen,Yih Chung Tham
{"title":"Context for Large Language Model Evaluation in Ophthalmology-Reply.","authors":"Sahana Srinivasan,Qingyu Chen,Yih Chung Tham","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5847","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5814
Praveer Singh, Sourav Kumar, Riya Tyagi, Benjamin K Young, Brian K Jordan, Brian Scottoline, Patrick D Evers, Susan Ostmo, Aaron S Coyner, Wei-Chun Lin, Aarushi Gupta, Deniz Erdogmus, R V Paul Chan, Emily A McCourt, James S Barry, Cindy T McEvoy, Michael F Chiang, J Peter Campbell, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
Importance: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in premature infants.
Objective: To determine whether images obtained as part of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening might contain features associated with BPD and PH in infants and whether a multimodal model integrating imaging features with demographic risk factors might outperform a model based on demographic risk alone.
Design, setting, and participants: A deep learning model was used to study retinal images collected from patients enrolled in the multi-institutional Imaging and Informatics in Retinopathy of Prematurity (i-ROP) study. The analysis included infants at risk for ROP undergoing routine ROP screening examinations from 2012 to 2020. Infants were recruited from 7 neonatal intensive care units. Images were limited to 34 weeks' or less postmenstrual age (PMA) so as to precede the clinical diagnosis of BPD or PH. The dataset included the period from June 2015 to April 2020. Data were analyzed from April to June 2025.
Exposures: BPD was diagnosed by the presence of an oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' PMA, and PH was diagnosed by echocardiogram at 34 weeks. A support vector machine model was trained to predict BPD or PH diagnosis using (1) image features alone (extracted using ResNet18), (2) demographics alone, or (3) image features concatenated with demographics. To reduce the possibility of confounding with ROP, secondary models were trained using only images without clinical signs of ROP.
Main outcomes and measures: For both BPD and PH, performance was reported on a held-out test set and assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).
Results: A total of 493 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, BPD, 25.7 [1.8] weeks; normal, 27.3 [1.8] weeks; 267 male [54.2%]) were included in this analysis. Performance was reported on a held-out test set (99 patients from the BPD cohort and 37 patients from the PH cohort). For BPD, the multimodal model showed higher accuracy (AUC, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.90) than demographics-only (0.72; ∆AUC, 0.1; 95% CI, -0.008 to 0.21; P = .07) or imaging-only (0.72; ∆AUC, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.04-0.16; P = .002) models. For PH, multimodal AUC was 0.91 vs the demographics-only 0.68 (∆AUC, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.006-0.27; P = .04) and imaging-only 0.91 (∆AUC, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.3 to 0.12; P = .40) models. Results persisted when trained on images lacking clinical ROP signs.
Conclusions and relevance: Results suggest that retinal images obtained during ROP screening may be used to predict the diagnosis of BPD and PH in preterm infants, which may lead to earlier diagnosis and avoid the need for invasive diagnostic testing in the future.
{"title":"Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Cardiopulmonary Disease in Retinal Images of Premature Infants.","authors":"Praveer Singh, Sourav Kumar, Riya Tyagi, Benjamin K Young, Brian K Jordan, Brian Scottoline, Patrick D Evers, Susan Ostmo, Aaron S Coyner, Wei-Chun Lin, Aarushi Gupta, Deniz Erdogmus, R V Paul Chan, Emily A McCourt, James S Barry, Cindy T McEvoy, Michael F Chiang, J Peter Campbell, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5814","DOIUrl":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in premature infants.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether images obtained as part of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening might contain features associated with BPD and PH in infants and whether a multimodal model integrating imaging features with demographic risk factors might outperform a model based on demographic risk alone.</p><p><strong>Design, setting, and participants: </strong>A deep learning model was used to study retinal images collected from patients enrolled in the multi-institutional Imaging and Informatics in Retinopathy of Prematurity (i-ROP) study. The analysis included infants at risk for ROP undergoing routine ROP screening examinations from 2012 to 2020. Infants were recruited from 7 neonatal intensive care units. Images were limited to 34 weeks' or less postmenstrual age (PMA) so as to precede the clinical diagnosis of BPD or PH. The dataset included the period from June 2015 to April 2020. Data were analyzed from April to June 2025.</p><p><strong>Exposures: </strong>BPD was diagnosed by the presence of an oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' PMA, and PH was diagnosed by echocardiogram at 34 weeks. A support vector machine model was trained to predict BPD or PH diagnosis using (1) image features alone (extracted using ResNet18), (2) demographics alone, or (3) image features concatenated with demographics. To reduce the possibility of confounding with ROP, secondary models were trained using only images without clinical signs of ROP.</p><p><strong>Main outcomes and measures: </strong>For both BPD and PH, performance was reported on a held-out test set and assessed by the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 493 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, BPD, 25.7 [1.8] weeks; normal, 27.3 [1.8] weeks; 267 male [54.2%]) were included in this analysis. Performance was reported on a held-out test set (99 patients from the BPD cohort and 37 patients from the PH cohort). For BPD, the multimodal model showed higher accuracy (AUC, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.90) than demographics-only (0.72; ∆AUC, 0.1; 95% CI, -0.008 to 0.21; P = .07) or imaging-only (0.72; ∆AUC, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.04-0.16; P = .002) models. For PH, multimodal AUC was 0.91 vs the demographics-only 0.68 (∆AUC, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.006-0.27; P = .04) and imaging-only 0.91 (∆AUC, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.3 to 0.12; P = .40) models. Results persisted when trained on images lacking clinical ROP signs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and relevance: </strong>Results suggest that retinal images obtained during ROP screening may be used to predict the diagnosis of BPD and PH in preterm infants, which may lead to earlier diagnosis and avoid the need for invasive diagnostic testing in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12828656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146018500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5768
Benjamin G Jastrzembski,John Robert Mark,Nandini Gandhi
{"title":"Outcome Metrics in Myopia Control Trials.","authors":"Benjamin G Jastrzembski,John Robert Mark,Nandini Gandhi","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5768","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5767
Wisam O. Najdawi, Justin Chen, Carol L. Karp
This case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of conjunctival papilloma in a patient aged 54 years who presented with a 3-month history of a painless lower left eyelid lesion.
本病例报告描述了结膜乳头状瘤的诊断和治疗,患者年龄54岁,表现为3个月的无痛左下眼睑病变史。
{"title":"Pedunculated Palpebral Conjunctival Papilloma","authors":"Wisam O. Najdawi, Justin Chen, Carol L. Karp","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5767","url":null,"abstract":"This case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of conjunctival papilloma in a patient aged 54 years who presented with a 3-month history of a painless lower left eyelid lesion.","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5751
Sebastian Borges, Nicholas J. DeLuca, Victoria A. Pereira, Vitalia Borges, Kara M. Cavuoto
Importance Language concordance between patients and physicians may improve health outcomes; the extent to which academic ophthalmology centers meet the needs of limited English proficiency populations remains unclear. Objective To evaluate alignment between ophthalmologists language skills at US academic ophthalmology centers and linguistic needs of surrounding limited English proficiency populations. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included ophthalmologists affiliated with 32 ophthalmology programs across 28 metropolitan areas, identified from overlap of 2024-2025 <jats:italic toggle="yes">US News &amp; World Report</jats:italic> “Best Hospitals for Ophthalmology” rankings and 2024 Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research data on National Institutes of Health funding. Language and training data were collected from institutional websites and public sources. Exposures Ophthalmologist language offerings and local limited English proficiency (LEP) language composition derived from institutional websites and US Census Bureau American Community Survey data. Main Outcomes and Measures Language coverage (proportion of limited English proficiency languages represented by ophthalmologists), adjusted ratios (proportion of ophthalmologists speaking a language relative to the limited English proficiency population speaking it), and ophthalmologist availability (number of ophthalmologists per 10 000 limited English proficiency patients). Regional differences were tested using χ <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and ANOVA tests. Results A mean of 330 (range, 314-367) ophthalmologists were evaluated per region. Across regions, total coverage was 45 of 82 ophthalmologists (54.9%) in the Northeast, 31 of 59 (52.5%) in the South, 29 of 72 (40.3%) in the West, and 24 of 74 (32.4%) in the Midwest. Coverage in the Midwest was lower than in the Northeast (difference, −0.22; 95% CI, −0.42 to −0.02; <jats:italic toggle="yes">P</jats:italic> = .03). Across 49 identified languages, only Spanish (mean adjusted ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.28-1.00]) and Vietnamese (mean adjusted ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.05-1.67]) were present in every region with consistent underrepresentation. Ophthalmologist availability was lowest for Spanish (mean adjusted ratio, 4.97 [95% CI, −4.49 to 14.43] per 10 000 limited English proficiency patients overall; &lt;3.0 in 3 regions) and Chinese (mean adjusted ratio, 33.25 [95% CI, −33.26 to 99.76] per 10 000). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, academic ophthalmology centers demonstrated substantial gaps in language concordance, with Spanish-speaking patients disproportionately affected despite representing the largest limited English proficiency population nationally. These findings extend prior evidence of patient-level disparities by identifying potential workforce-level contributors to inequities in ophthalmic care and support targeted recruitment, training, and reporting strategies to expand Spa
{"title":"Language Accessibility at Select Academic Ophthalmology Centers Across US Metropolitan Areas","authors":"Sebastian Borges, Nicholas J. DeLuca, Victoria A. Pereira, Vitalia Borges, Kara M. Cavuoto","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5751","url":null,"abstract":"Importance Language concordance between patients and physicians may improve health outcomes; the extent to which academic ophthalmology centers meet the needs of limited English proficiency populations remains unclear. Objective To evaluate alignment between ophthalmologists language skills at US academic ophthalmology centers and linguistic needs of surrounding limited English proficiency populations. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included ophthalmologists affiliated with 32 ophthalmology programs across 28 metropolitan areas, identified from overlap of 2024-2025 <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">US News &amp;amp; World Report</jats:italic> “Best Hospitals for Ophthalmology” rankings and 2024 Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research data on National Institutes of Health funding. Language and training data were collected from institutional websites and public sources. Exposures Ophthalmologist language offerings and local limited English proficiency (LEP) language composition derived from institutional websites and US Census Bureau American Community Survey data. Main Outcomes and Measures Language coverage (proportion of limited English proficiency languages represented by ophthalmologists), adjusted ratios (proportion of ophthalmologists speaking a language relative to the limited English proficiency population speaking it), and ophthalmologist availability (number of ophthalmologists per 10 000 limited English proficiency patients). Regional differences were tested using χ <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and ANOVA tests. Results A mean of 330 (range, 314-367) ophthalmologists were evaluated per region. Across regions, total coverage was 45 of 82 ophthalmologists (54.9%) in the Northeast, 31 of 59 (52.5%) in the South, 29 of 72 (40.3%) in the West, and 24 of 74 (32.4%) in the Midwest. Coverage in the Midwest was lower than in the Northeast (difference, −0.22; 95% CI, −0.42 to −0.02; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P</jats:italic> = .03). Across 49 identified languages, only Spanish (mean adjusted ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.28-1.00]) and Vietnamese (mean adjusted ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.05-1.67]) were present in every region with consistent underrepresentation. Ophthalmologist availability was lowest for Spanish (mean adjusted ratio, 4.97 [95% CI, −4.49 to 14.43] per 10 000 limited English proficiency patients overall; &amp;lt;3.0 in 3 regions) and Chinese (mean adjusted ratio, 33.25 [95% CI, −33.26 to 99.76] per 10 000). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, academic ophthalmology centers demonstrated substantial gaps in language concordance, with Spanish-speaking patients disproportionately affected despite representing the largest limited English proficiency population nationally. These findings extend prior evidence of patient-level disparities by identifying potential workforce-level contributors to inequities in ophthalmic care and support targeted recruitment, training, and reporting strategies to expand Spa","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5067
Marie Callet, Marc Putterman, Augustin Lecler
This case report discusses a diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the conjunctiva of a young boy who presented with a painless, enlarging conjunctival mass.
{"title":"Pediatric Orbital MALT Lymphoma Masquerading as a Pyogenic Granuloma","authors":"Marie Callet, Marc Putterman, Augustin Lecler","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5067","url":null,"abstract":"This case report discusses a diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the conjunctiva of a young boy who presented with a painless, enlarging conjunctival mass.","PeriodicalId":14518,"journal":{"name":"JAMA ophthalmology","volume":"391 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145919908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}