Ondansetron hydrochloride (ONH) is a very bitter, potent antiemetic drug used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chemotherapy or radiotherapy or postoperative induced emesis. The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate of taste masked fast dissolving tablet (FDTs) of ONH to increase patient compliance. ONH taste masked granules were prepared by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit E100 polymer as an inert carrier. Solvent evaporation and fusion melting methods were used for such preparation. Completely taste masking with zero release of drug in phosphate buffer pH 6.8was obtained from granules prepared by solvent evaporation method using drug: polymer ratio of 1:2, from which four formulas pass pre-compression evaluation and compressed to FDTs and evaluated for their drug content, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vivo disintegration time, wetting time and in vitro drug release profile. F7 which is prepared from solid dispersion product equivalent to the required dose of ONH , Crosspovidone as superdisintegrant, Aspartame as sweetener ,Ross berry as flavor ,Polyvinylpyrolidone K30.3.as binder ,Avicil PH102 and , mannitol as diluents give best in- vitro, in-vivo disintegration time and best drug release profile. Key words: Ondansetron hydrochloride, taste masking, solid dispersion, Eudragit E100.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Taste-Masked Ondansetron Hydrochloride by Solid Dispersion","authors":"Alaa A. Abdulqader, Eman B. H. Al-Khedairy","doi":"10.1234/ijps.v26i1.685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1234/ijps.v26i1.685","url":null,"abstract":"Ondansetron hydrochloride (ONH) is a very bitter, potent antiemetic drug used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of chemotherapy or radiotherapy or postoperative induced emesis. The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate of taste masked fast dissolving tablet (FDTs) of ONH to increase patient compliance. \u0000 ONH taste masked granules were prepared by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit E100 polymer as an inert carrier. Solvent evaporation and fusion melting methods were used for such preparation. \u0000Completely taste masking with zero release of drug in phosphate buffer pH 6.8was obtained from granules prepared by solvent evaporation method using drug: polymer ratio of 1:2, from which four formulas pass pre-compression evaluation and compressed to FDTs and evaluated for their drug content, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vivo disintegration time, wetting time and in vitro drug release profile. \u0000F7 which is prepared from solid dispersion product equivalent to the required dose of ONH , Crosspovidone as superdisintegrant, Aspartame as sweetener ,Ross berry as flavor ,Polyvinylpyrolidone K30.3.as binder ,Avicil PH102 and , mannitol as diluents give best in- vitro, in-vivo disintegration time and best drug release profile. \u0000Key words: Ondansetron hydrochloride, taste masking, solid dispersion, Eudragit E100.","PeriodicalId":14600,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"50-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41995230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Orodispersible Tablet†a tablet that is to be placed in oral cavity where it disperses rapidly by saliva with no need for water before swallowing. Zaltoprofen (ZLP) is one of NSAIDs which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis as well as to relieve inflammation and pain after surgery, injury and tooth extraction. The present study was aimed to prepare rapidly dissolved lyophilized Zaltoprofen tablet with different pharmaceutical excipients and studying the factors affecting pharmaceutical properties like (solubility, disintegration time DT, dissolution, etc.) of tablets. The lyophilized disintegrating tablets (LDTs) were prepared using Zydis technique by lyophilization an aqueous dispersion of Zaltoprofen with a matrix forming agent, gelatin, and a collapse protectant, glycine. In addition to many excipients like PVPK30 was used to improve the in vitro, in vivo disintegration time and dissolution rate, mannitol as bulk forming agent. Fourteen formulations were prepared to inspect the variables that affect the disintegration time and dissolution rate. All the formulations were evaluated for their physical appearance, mechanical strength, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, DT, and in vitro drug release. The prepared tablets were optimized and formula was subjected to different measured parameters such as disintegration time, Drug content, and in-vitro drug release. Results obtained from dissolution studies and DT showed that lyophilized disintegrating tablets (LDTs) (F8,F10,F12,F13 was 45,37,21 and 17 Sec.) respectively ,while(F14) displayed considerably faster in vitro dissolution rate of (Zaltoprofen) 3 min. and DT 9 sec. The (lyophilized disintegrating tablets) were also evaluated showing the transformation into amorphous state and absence of interaction of Zaltoprofen with the components of the tablets. From visual inspection ,physical strength ,DT and release behavior obtained ,one can conclude that the formulas(F14) which contains Zaltoprofen 3.2% ,gelatin3%, mannitol 3%, glycine 1.5%, PVP K30 1.5% was the most suitable one. Keywords : Zaltoprofen, lyophilization, PVPK30 .
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Optimized Zaltoprofen Lyophilized Tablets by Zydis Technique","authors":"Suray A. Hazzaa, Shaimaa N. Abd-Alhameed","doi":"10.1234/IJPS.V26I1.684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1234/IJPS.V26I1.684","url":null,"abstract":"“Orodispersible Tablet†a tablet that is to be placed in oral cavity where it disperses rapidly by saliva with no need for water before swallowing. Zaltoprofen (ZLP) is one of NSAIDs which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis as well as to relieve inflammation and pain after surgery, injury and tooth extraction. The present study was aimed to prepare rapidly dissolved lyophilized Zaltoprofen tablet with different pharmaceutical excipients and studying the factors affecting pharmaceutical properties like (solubility, disintegration time DT, dissolution, etc.) of tablets. The lyophilized disintegrating tablets (LDTs) were prepared using Zydis technique by lyophilization an aqueous dispersion of Zaltoprofen with a matrix forming agent, gelatin, and a collapse protectant, glycine. In addition to many excipients like PVPK30 was used to improve the in vitro, in vivo disintegration time and dissolution rate, mannitol as bulk forming agent. Fourteen formulations were prepared to inspect the variables that affect the disintegration time and dissolution rate. All the formulations were evaluated for their physical appearance, mechanical strength, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, DT, and in vitro drug release. The prepared tablets were optimized and formula was subjected to different measured parameters such as disintegration time, Drug content, and in-vitro drug release. Results obtained from dissolution studies and DT showed that lyophilized disintegrating tablets (LDTs) (F8,F10,F12,F13 was 45,37,21 and 17 Sec.) respectively ,while(F14) displayed considerably faster in vitro dissolution rate of (Zaltoprofen) 3 min. and DT 9 sec. The (lyophilized disintegrating tablets) were also evaluated showing the transformation into amorphous state and absence of interaction of Zaltoprofen with the components of the tablets. From visual inspection ,physical strength ,DT and release behavior obtained ,one can conclude that the formulas(F14) which contains Zaltoprofen 3.2% ,gelatin3%, mannitol 3%, glycine 1.5%, PVP K30 1.5% was the most suitable one. \u0000Keywords : Zaltoprofen, lyophilization, PVPK30 .","PeriodicalId":14600,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"40-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43594524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antacids have been widely used in the treatment of various gastric and duodenal disorders such as heartburn, reflux esophagitis, gastritis, irritable stomach, gastric and duodenal ulcers. A pH-responsive of bi-polymer of sodium alginate and pectin have been studied as raft-forming polymers using sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate as gas-generating and calcium ion sources. The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate mono and bilayer tablets of floating and sustained release antacid delivery systems using sodium carboxy methyl cellulose as a gel forming substance, calcium and magnesium carbonate as sources of acid neutralizing and carbon dioxide gas generators agents upon contact with acidic solution. The effect of the formulation contents on the buoyancy has been investigated. In addition to, the antacid activities of intact and pulverized tablets have been studied. The result obtained showed that the buoyance is remarkably affected by the percentages of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose and carbonates salts. All formulas of mono and bilayer tablets revealed sustained action of acid neutralization and raft formation. Besides, bilayer tablets showed a significant and higher level of acid neutralizing capacity than monolayer tablets. Moreover, the pulverized of bilayer tablets exhibited significant and higher acid neutralizing capacity at raft than that at bulk of artificial gastric juice medium. Keywords: Raft forming agent, Antacid, floating drug delivery, Acid neutralizing capacity, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained and Raft Forming Antacid Tablet","authors":"M. Al-lami","doi":"10.1234/IJPS.V26I1.679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1234/IJPS.V26I1.679","url":null,"abstract":"Antacids have been widely used in the treatment of various gastric and duodenal disorders such as heartburn, reflux esophagitis, gastritis, irritable stomach, gastric and duodenal ulcers. A pH-responsive of bi-polymer of sodium alginate and pectin have been studied as raft-forming polymers using sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate as gas-generating and calcium ion sources. The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate mono and bilayer tablets of floating and sustained release antacid delivery systems using sodium carboxy methyl cellulose as a gel forming substance, calcium and magnesium carbonate as sources of acid neutralizing and carbon dioxide gas generators agents upon contact with acidic solution. The effect of the formulation contents on the buoyancy has been investigated. In addition to, the antacid activities of intact and pulverized tablets have been studied. The result obtained showed that the buoyance is remarkably affected by the percentages of sodium carboxy methyl cellulose and carbonates salts. All formulas of mono and bilayer tablets revealed sustained action of acid neutralization and raft formation. Besides, bilayer tablets showed a significant and higher level of acid neutralizing capacity than monolayer tablets. Moreover, the pulverized of bilayer tablets exhibited significant and higher acid neutralizing capacity at raft than that at bulk of artificial gastric juice medium. \u0000Keywords: Raft forming agent, Antacid, floating drug delivery, Acid neutralizing capacity, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose.","PeriodicalId":14600,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"26-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46491308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antioxidant status imbalance and inflammatory process are cooperative events involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate superoxide dismutase as a potential biomarkers of antioxidant imbalance, matrix-metaloprotinase-9, and interleukin -18 as biomarkers of inflammation in serum and to estimate the effects of other confounding factors gender, age and finally measuring the relation among the interested biomarkers. This case - control study included 50 patients, and 45 of healthy subjects matched age –gender were also enrolled in this study as a control group. The focused parameters were measured using ELISA technique. There was significant reduction in the serum superoxide dismutase level and significant elevation in serum matrix- metaloptotinase-9 and interleukin -18 levels which have been associated with diabetes. This finding may explain the role of the defect in antioxidants status leading to significant reduction in serum superoxide dismutase levels associated with increased inflammatory process leading to significant elevations of a matrix- metaloptotinase-9 and interleukin -18. These parameters added a diagnostic information and evaluated as potential tools for disease risk prediction. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Superoxide dismutase, Matrix metaloptotinase-9 and Interleukin -18.
{"title":"Estimation of Superoxide Dismutase, Matrix-metalloprotinase-9, and Interleukin -18 in Patients with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"S. Moustafa, S. Omar","doi":"10.1234/IJPS.V26I1.682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1234/IJPS.V26I1.682","url":null,"abstract":"Antioxidant status imbalance and inflammatory process are cooperative events involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate superoxide dismutase as a potential biomarkers of antioxidant imbalance, matrix-metaloprotinase-9, and interleukin -18 as biomarkers of inflammation in serum and to estimate the effects of other confounding factors gender, age and finally measuring the relation among the interested biomarkers. \u0000This case - control study included 50 patients, and 45 of healthy subjects matched age –gender were also enrolled in this study as a control group. The focused parameters were measured using ELISA technique. There was significant reduction in the serum superoxide dismutase level and significant elevation in serum matrix- metaloptotinase-9 and interleukin -18 levels which have been associated with diabetes. \u0000This finding may explain the role of the defect in antioxidants status leading to significant reduction in serum superoxide dismutase levels associated with increased inflammatory process leading to significant elevations of a matrix- metaloptotinase-9 and interleukin -18. These parameters added a diagnostic information and evaluated as potential tools for disease risk prediction. \u0000Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Superoxide dismutase, Matrix metaloptotinase-9 and Interleukin -18.","PeriodicalId":14600,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45167443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed to recommend a new spectrophotometric-kinetic method for determination of carbamazepine (CABZ) in its pure form and pharmaceutical forms. The proposed procedure based on the coupling of CABZ with diazotized sulfanilic acid in basic medium to yield a colored azo dye. Factors affecting the reaction yield were studied and the conditions were optimized. The colored product was followed spectrophotometrically via monitoring its absorbance at 396 nm. Under the optimized conditions, two method (the initial rate and fixed time (10 minute)) were applied for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 2.0 to 18.0 µg.mL-1 for both methods. The proposed was applied successfully in the determination of CABZ in its commercial formulations. Keywords: Kinetic, Spectrophotometry, Carbamazepine, Pharmaceutical formulations
{"title":"A Highly Sensitive Kinetic-Spectrophotometric Method for the Assay of Carbamazepine in Pure and Commercial Tablet","authors":"S. B. Dikran, F. Zankanah","doi":"10.1234/ijps.v26i1.680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1234/ijps.v26i1.680","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to recommend a new spectrophotometric-kinetic method for determination of carbamazepine (CABZ) in its pure form and pharmaceutical forms. The proposed procedure based on the coupling of CABZ with diazotized sulfanilic acid in basic medium to yield a colored azo dye. Factors affecting the reaction yield were studied and the conditions were optimized. The colored product was followed spectrophotometrically via monitoring its absorbance at 396 nm. Under the optimized conditions, two method (the initial rate and fixed time (10 minute)) were applied for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 2.0 to 18.0 µg.mL-1 for both methods. The proposed was applied successfully in the determination of CABZ in its commercial formulations. \u0000Keywords: Kinetic, Spectrophotometry, Carbamazepine, Pharmaceutical formulations","PeriodicalId":14600,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48181997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-29DOI: 10.31351/vol20iss2pp44-49
Basil OM Saleh, Zainab N. H. Anbar, Ali Y. Majid
Recently on the dermatological fields, the serum levels and the roles of Zn, Cu and Mg have been studied especially in acne vulgaris, but the results were controversial. The aim of the present study is to investigate a relationship between the severity of acne and the serum levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) and to demonstrate the status of serum levels of zinc, copper, and magnesium in Iraqi male patients with acne vulgaris and to compare it with those of healthy controls.This case controlled study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Venerology and in the Poisoning Consultation Center of Baghdad Teaching Hospital between May 2009 to January 2010. Forty- five male patients with acne vulgaris, their ages ranged from 18-30 (21.82±3.77) years and 45 healthy male subjects as controls, their ages ranged from 18-30 (22.18±3.85) years were included in this study. Patients were subdivided into three groups according to the severity of their acne; mild acne group (n=15), moderate (n=15) and severe acne group (n=15). Investigations included serum estimation of Zn, Cu and Mg in both patient and control groups.The data obtained from this study showed that the (mean±SD) values of serum levels of Zn was significantly decreased in severe acne group compared with controls, mild and moderate type of acne group (P< 0.05). Serum Mg concentration was significantly lower in severe acne group compared with mild and moderate acne group (P< 0.05). With regard to serum Cu, there were no significant differences among groups of patients with acne vulgaris.This study revealed a significant association between serum levels of either Zn or Mg with the severity of acne. Key words: Acne vulgaris, zinc, copper, magnesium.
{"title":"Serum Trace Elements (Zinc, Copper and Magnesium) Status in Iraqi Patients with Acne Vulgaris :( Case- Controlled Study)","authors":"Basil OM Saleh, Zainab N. H. Anbar, Ali Y. Majid","doi":"10.31351/vol20iss2pp44-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol20iss2pp44-49","url":null,"abstract":"Recently on the dermatological fields, the serum levels and the roles of Zn, Cu and Mg have been studied especially in acne vulgaris, but the results were controversial. The aim of the present study is to investigate a relationship between the severity of acne and the serum levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) and to demonstrate the status of serum levels of zinc, copper, and magnesium in Iraqi male patients with acne vulgaris and to compare it with those of healthy controls.This case controlled study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Venerology and in the Poisoning Consultation Center of Baghdad Teaching Hospital between May 2009 to January 2010. Forty- five male patients with acne vulgaris, their ages ranged from 18-30 (21.82±3.77) years and 45 healthy male subjects as controls, their ages ranged from 18-30 (22.18±3.85) years were included in this study. Patients were subdivided into three groups according to the severity of their acne; mild acne group (n=15), moderate (n=15) and severe acne group (n=15). Investigations included serum estimation of Zn, Cu and Mg in both patient and control groups.The data obtained from this study showed that the (mean±SD) values of serum levels of Zn was significantly decreased in severe acne group compared with controls, mild and moderate type of acne group (P< 0.05). Serum Mg concentration was significantly lower in severe acne group compared with mild and moderate acne group (P< 0.05). With regard to serum Cu, there were no significant differences among groups of patients with acne vulgaris.This study revealed a significant association between serum levels of either Zn or Mg with the severity of acne. \u0000Key words: Acne vulgaris, zinc, copper, magnesium. ","PeriodicalId":14600,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69297364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-27DOI: 10.4172/2329-6631.S1.009
Lothar Hartmann
Purpose: The concept of quality is embedded in every process that takes place in an organization. There is a general perception that while increasing quality cost also increases. This perception was challenged by Dr. Genichi Taguchi. Taguchi states that quality can be increased without increasing cost and cost can also be reduced by increasing quality (Campanella 1999). Measuring quality-related costs has been advocated as an important component of quality improvement (Moen 1998). Gryna (1988) states that quality related costs range from 10-30 percent of sales and 25-40 percent of operating expenses. Researchers have proposed several methods of quality cost estimation. Commonly used methods areQuality Costing Approach, Process Cost Approach and Quality Loss Approach (Campanella, 1999). Tsiakals (1983) used Quality Costing Approach (PAF Approach) to collect Cost of Quality in a Pharmaceutical Industry and Malchi and McGurk (2001) used alternative cost model (Schiffauerova et al, 2006).The present paper aimed atcollecting and measuring Cost of Poor Quality in a Pharmaceutical Industry on the basis of Process Cost Approach.
目的:质量的概念嵌入在组织中发生的每一个过程中。人们普遍认为，在提高质量的同时，成本也在增加。田口元一博士对这种看法提出了挑战。田口指出，质量可以在不增加成本的情况下提高，成本也可以通过提高质量来降低(Campanella 1999)。测量与质量有关的成本一直被提倡作为质量改进的一个重要组成部分(Moen 1998)。Gryna(1988)指出，质量相关成本占销售额的10- 30%，占运营费用的25- 40%。研究人员提出了几种质量成本估算方法。常用的方法有质量成本法、过程成本法和质量损失法(Campanella, 1999)。Tsiakals(1983)使用质量成本法(PAF法)收集制药行业的质量成本，Malchi和McGurk(2001)使用替代成本模型(Schiffauerova et al .， 2006)。本文以过程成本法为基础，对制药企业的不良质量成本进行了收集和计量。
{"title":"Pharmaceutical quality system","authors":"Lothar Hartmann","doi":"10.4172/2329-6631.S1.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6631.S1.009","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The concept of quality is embedded in every process that takes place in an organization. There is a general perception that while increasing quality cost also increases. This perception was challenged by Dr. Genichi Taguchi. Taguchi states that quality can be increased without increasing cost and cost can also be reduced by increasing quality (Campanella 1999). Measuring quality-related costs has been advocated as an important component of quality improvement (Moen 1998). Gryna (1988) states that quality related costs range from 10-30 percent of sales and 25-40 percent of operating expenses. Researchers have proposed several methods of quality cost estimation. Commonly used methods areQuality Costing Approach, Process Cost Approach and Quality Loss Approach (Campanella, 1999). Tsiakals (1983) used Quality Costing Approach (PAF Approach) to collect Cost of Quality in a Pharmaceutical Industry and Malchi and McGurk (2001) used alternative cost model (Schiffauerova et al, 2006).The present paper aimed atcollecting and measuring Cost of Poor Quality in a Pharmaceutical Industry on the basis of Process Cost Approach.","PeriodicalId":14600,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70260727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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