Iranian journal of veterinary research最新文献

Background: Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella. Detection of Brucella species in different countries is of utmost importance.

Aims: This study aimed to detect Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in domestic ruminant blood samples and their ticks in western Iran.

Methods: Sampling was conducted on ruminants from August to September 2020 in four different counties of Kurdistan Province, including Divandareh, Marivan, Baneh, and Sanandaj. Totally, 250 blood samples were collected from 250 small ruminants. There were no ticks on the skin of six (2.4%) ruminants, and 244 ticks were isolated from 244 animals. After genomic DNA extraction from all the collected samples, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect IS711 gene.

Results: Based on qPCR results, Brucella genus was detected in two blood samples (0.8%) from female sheep and four ticks (1.6%) from male sheep, including three Dermacentor marginatus (1.22%) and one Rhipicephalus turanicus (0.4%). Although B. melitensis was not detected in any tick or blood sample, one tick sample (D. marginatus) was positive for B. abortus.

Conclusion: Considering the positivity of ticks for brucellosis in this study, there is a possibility of Brucella transmission from infected ticks to humans and animals through tick bites, nevertheless, in order to identify the Brucella transmission relationship between ticks and animals, serological tests should be used in future studies.

Background: During past few years, the Ind-2001 lineage of the Middle East-South Asia topotype (ME-SA) of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus has been implicated in FMD outbreaks in Pakistan.

Aims: This work conducts a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the Ind-2001 and Pan Asia II lineages, with a specific emphasis on their geographical distribution, lineage classification, and sub-lineage distribution within the region. Furthermore, it aims to expand our understanding of the conserved region of the VP1 protein.

Methods: Total samples (n=50) were subjected to antigen detection ELISA and RT-PCR for serotype determination. Confirmed serotype-O isolates (n=17) underwent sequencing for lineage comparison, mutation impact assessment on the VP1 protein GH loop, 3D structure prediction, and further comparative analysis.

Results: Isolates collected from 2017 to 2020 were identified as serotypes O/ME-SA/Pan Asia II ANT10 and O/ME-SA/Pak14. Notably, isolates collected from 2020 to 2022 belonged to a novel FMDV serotype O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that these strains were distinct from dominant contemporaneous strains which may challenge Pakistan's FMD control measures. These isolates exhibited variance in the VP1 epitope, specifically in amino acid residues 135-155, known to influence neutralizing antibody generation.

Conclusion: Observed mutations suggest potential challenges to current vaccination efficacy against FMD. This emphasizes enhanced FMD surveillance and demonstrates that tracking the emergence of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage is important for determining FMD control strategies in Asia.

In recent years, the hazardous use of antibiotic growth promotors in the poultry industry has led to the development of drug resistance and violative tissue residues. Therefore, the European Union Regulation banned application of these growth promotors, and the international authorities have searched for other natural and safe feed additive sources as substitutes for antibiotics. Chitosan has been used as a feed-additive alternative in veterinary medicine practices worldwide. Chitosan and chitosan-based nanoparticles have been extensively investigated in the poultry production system and have proved several positive impacts. The overall performance parameters of broilers and layers have been improved following dietary treatments with chitosan. Besides, chitosan showed antimicrobial activity against many bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic diseases as well as boosting of the immune response. Modulation of the antioxidant activity and modification of some blood parameters have also been detected owing to dietary chitosan supplementations. Moreover, chitosan nanoparticles have been now applied as a vaccine delivery vehicle and a mucosal adjuvant for many important poultry bacterial and viral diseases. Therefore, this review article sheds light on the effects of chitosan and its nanoparticle forms on the production traits of broilers and layers, their antimicrobial, immuno-regulatory, and antioxidant properties, as well as their effects on the blood constituents and vaccine production.

Background: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) caused substantial economic loss in central and western India during 2020 and 2021.

Aims: The study was conducted to characterize IBD virus (IBDV) from field outbreaks.

Methods: The study was conducted on 360 samples from 42 poultry flocks. The samples were subjected to histopathology and molecular detection, followed by phylogenetic typing of the partial VP2 gene.

Results: The mortality ranged from 15.25 to 60.18%. The necropsy showed hemorrhages on thigh muscles, mottled spleen, swelling of kidneys and bursae with hemorrhages, and cheesy exudate. Histopathology revealed extensive necrosis and depletion of follicular lymphoid cells within the cortex and medulla, along with widespread hemorrhages, edema, and cystic cavities in the bursa. The field isolates showed cytopathic effects in the seventh passage. The cytopathic effects included swelling, rounding, granulation of cytoplasm around the nucleus, fragmentation of the infected cells, and detachment. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplified 664 bp partial VP2 gene. The phylogenetic analysis identified 19 field isolates as very virulent IBDVs (vvIBDVs) and three as classical strains.

Conclusion: The results indicated that different vvIBDV strains are involved in disease outbreaks in central and western India.

Background: Heterakidosis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in birds, the caecae of a variety of wild and domestic birds are infected with these nematodes. In pheasants, nodular typhlitis is a lethal disease caused mainly by infection with Heterakis isolonche alone or in conjunction with Heterakis gallinarum. H. gallinarum has long been recognized to infect birds with low pathogenicity, with only a few fatal cases previously reported.

Case description: This paper describes a case of fatal nodular typhlitis due to H. gallinarum in a male and female pair of adult golden pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus) from a zoological garden in Uttar Pradesh, India.

Findings/treatment and outcome: The caecum had multiple serosal and mucosal nodules, the majority of which were found to contain various stages of parasites embedded in the center along with the free forms in the caecal contents. Histopathologically, these nodules were generally represented by granulomas centered on necrotic parasite debris, with the occasional reactive fibrous hyperplastic tissue reaction. Based on the morphology and nematode-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1-5.8 rRNA-ITS2 region-based PCR, the nematode was identified as H. gallinarum. The presence of H. gallinarum was further confirmed by sequencing the ITS region followed by phylogenetic analysis. According to the author's best knowledge, this is the first instance of H. gallinarum being linked to nodular typhlitis in pheasants in India.

Conclusion: Our findings confirm that H. gallinarum, other than H. isolonche, can induce severe nodular typhlitis with a fatal outcome in pheasants.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in dogs is often characterized by a relapsing and remitting clinical course. Determination of inflammatory activity is important for assessing the disease extent, severity, and tailoring appropriate treatment.

Aims: The study was conducted to record the macroscopic and microscopic changes associated with IBD to assess the usefulness of endoscopy in the diagnosis of the disease and to correlate the clinical activity index (CIBDAI) with endoscopic score.

Methods: Thirty-three dogs with idiopathic IBD were selected after thorough examination and exclusion. Gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were performed to document the gross macroscopic intestinal lesions. Histopathology of endoscopic aided biopsy samples was used to confirm the disease.

Results: Mucosal erythema and increased friability were the most predominant endoscopic findings in the stomach, duodenum, and colon of IBD dogs. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration was predominant in the mucosal samples on histopathology and diffuse form of IBD is more common in canines. Gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy in combination with endoscopically guided biopsy and histopathology are of value in the assessment and diagnosis of IBD. There was no correlation between the clinical inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI) with the endoscopic score.

Conclusion: A diffuse form of IBD and colitis is more common in dogs in comparison to human IBD where the disease manifests in two distinct forms. Colonoscopy with ileal biopsy could act as a gold standard in the confirmation of diffuse IBD in dogs. CIBDAI can be used as a reliable measure of clinical signs of inflammation and histopathology can be used as a definitive diagnosis of intestinal inflammation.

Abstract.

Background: Colonic diverticulum is one of the rare findings in dogs characterized by an out-pouching of mucosal and submucosal layers through the defect in muscularis layer of the colon.

Case description: A five years old intact female Labrador was presented with an anamnesis of dyschezia and tenesmus.

Findings/treatment and outcome: Rectal examination was normal, and the survey radiograph showed an almost crescent shaped abnormal dilatation (10.52 cm × 6.21 cm) with gas and increased radiopaque material, dorsal to the urinary bladder and ventral to the descending colon suggesting fecal stasis. Ultrasonographic examination revealed gas-filled out-pouching with hyperechoic colon wall and acoustic shadowing. Exploratory celiotomy confirmed the diagnosis of colonic diverticulum, and diverticulectomy was performed. All four layers of the colonic wall were detected histopathologically in the biopsy sample and excluded neoplasia. The dog recovered uneventfully with no post-operative complications.

Conclusion: This surgery produced an excellent resolution of clinical signs. To our knowledge, this is one of the few cases of colonic diverticulum reported in dogs.

Abstract.

Background: One of the most common concerns in the regeneration of massive bone defects necessitating surgery and bone grafts is the application of tissue engineering using drug delivery. Zoledronate is a well-known effective drug for the healing bone fractures in osteoporotic patients.

Aims: An attempt was made to design a more efficient bone scaffold with polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, and hydroxyapatite.

Methods: The scaffold was fabricated by freeze-drying and indirect 3D printing approaches. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheometry, scanning electron microscopy, and neutral red tests were performed to characterize the scaffold. qRT-PCR was also done to define the osteoinductivity and angiogenic induction capacity of this scaffold. Forty rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups: the control group, which received no treatment, the autograft group, scaffold group, and Zol-loaded scaffold group (n=10 in each group). The injured area was studied by radiology, biomechanical analysis, histopathology, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, and CT scan analyses.

Results: The qRT-PCR results demonstrated significantly higher expression levels of OPN, OCN, and CD31 markers in the scaffold group when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Histopathologically, the newly formed bone tissue was significantly detected in the Zol-loaded scaffold and autograft groups in comparison with the non-treated group (P<0.001). The immunohistochemistry (OC marker), biomechanical, and histomorphometric results indicated a significant improvement in the regeneration of the injured area in the groups treated with autologous bone and Zol-loaded scaffold compared to the non-treated group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The Zol-loaded scaffold accelerated bone regeneration, and led to enhanced structural performance and functional ability of the injured radial bone in rats.

Background: Precise and on-time diagnosis of the udder's diseases is important, because of their economic importance. Udder structures like teat, parenchyma, and supramammary lymph nodes can be evaluated by ultrasonography.

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic technique for imaging the supramammary lymph nodes and udder's tissue in Saanen goats and the relation between the findings of ultrasonography and subclinical mastitis.

Methods: Thirty milking Saanen goats were evaluated in the study. Milk sampling from each teat was performed under standard conditions for bacteriological culture and somatic cell count (SCC). A 7.5 MHz linear transducer was used for the ultrasonography of teats with the water bath technique, and supramammary lymph nodes and udder's tissues were imaged using a 10 MHz linear transducer with direct contact. The length, height, area, and echogenicity of each lymph node and the teat canal wall diameter were measured using ImageJ 1.47v on the ultrasonography scanned images and analyzed by SPSS software.

Results: There was no significant relationship between the dimension of the supramammary lymph nodes and SCC or culture. Age had a positive relationship with lymph node size. No significant relationship was seen between the size of the supramammary lymph node before and after the treatment. Supramammary lymph nodes' echogenicity of the quarter with subclinical mastitis and healthy ones represented no significant difference before and after the treatment.

Conclusion: Ultrasonography of the udder, teat, mammary gland, and supramammary lymph nodes is a safe and non-invasive method for visualizing separate structures. The positive relationship between SCC and milk echogenicity as well as supramammary lymph nodes dimension, and age was described.