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An Ocean Apart: Meteorology and the Elusive Observatories of British Malaya 隔海相望:气象学与英属马来亚难以捉摸的观测站
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727680
Fiona Williamson
Throughout the late nineteenth century, the British established observatories, meteorological posts, and stations across their burgeoning empire. These institutions and their networks were part of a global endeavor to map and understand the weather by collating vast quantities of data, and, it has been argued, they were also emblematic of imperial prowess and reach. In the Straits Settlements, however, unlike almost every other British colony, observatories came and went, and meteorology lacked central coordination and funding. This essay explores the reasons behind this erratic and often elusive meteorological provision and interest. It argues that contemporary perceptions of the Straits Settlements climate as stable and lacking in seasonality or extremes led to a lack of interest in meteorology at local and international levels. This resulted in a bureaucratic disinclination to invest in the science, despite its major value to agricultural productivity, the linchpin of the economy. In so doing, this study interrogates the absence of formal provision or structure, focusing instead on the diluted mechanisms and sites that kept a meteorological narrative alive until its formal institutionalization in Singapore in 1929.
在整个 19 世纪晚期,英国人在其新兴帝国各地建立了天文台、气象站和观测站。这些机构及其网络是通过整理大量数据来绘制和了解天气的全球努力的一部分,有人认为,它们也是帝国实力和影响力的象征。然而,在海峡殖民地,与几乎所有其他英国殖民地不同的是,观测站来来去去,气象学缺乏中央协调和资金支持。这篇文章探讨了这种不稳定且经常难以捉摸的气象供应和兴趣背后的原因。文章认为,当代人认为海峡殖民地气候稳定,缺乏季节性或极端气候,这导致当地和国际层面对气象学缺乏兴趣。尽管气象学对农业生产率有着重要价值,而农业生产率是经济的关键,但官僚机构却不愿对气象学进行投资。因此,本研究探讨了缺乏正式规定或结构的问题,并将重点放在稀释机制和地点上,这些机制和地点使气象学叙事得以延续,直至 1929 年在新加坡正式制度化。
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引用次数: 0
The Harpsichord Brain: Instrumental Models of the Mind in Eighteenth-Century France 大键琴的大脑:十八世纪法国的心灵乐器模型
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727681
Edward Halley Barnet
This essay explores the use of stringed instruments (and in particular the harpsichord) as models of brain and cognitive function in eighteenth-century French medicine and natural philosophy. These comparisons were founded in part on the anatomical investigations of the latter half of the seventeenth century, which had established both the “fibrous” structure of the white and gray matter of the cerebrum and the vibratory movement the brain underwent in the performance of its functions. Musical instruments—and in particular the harpsichord—helped these philosophers speculate about how the brain worked as the material instrument of sensation and thought: they were machines at once mechanical and affective, grounded in the materiality of their wooden boards and metal strings, yet symbolizing the rational—and immaterial—harmonies of music.
这篇文章探讨了十八世纪法国医学和自然哲学将弦乐器(尤其是大键琴)用作大脑和认知功能的模型。这些比较部分建立在 17 世纪后半叶的解剖学研究基础之上,这些研究确定了大脑白质和灰质的 "纤维 "结构,以及大脑在执行其功能时所经历的振动运动。乐器--尤其是竖琴--帮助这些哲学家推测大脑作为感觉和思维的物质工具是如何工作的:它们是既机械又感性的机器,以木板和金属弦的物质性为基础,但又象征着音乐的理性和非物质和谐。
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引用次数: 0
Locating the Central Asiatic Expedition: Epistemic Imperialism in Vertebrate Paleontology 定位中亚探险队:古脊椎动物学中的帝国主义认识论
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727563
Lukas Rieppel, Yu-chi Chang
During the 1920s, researchers from the American Museum of Natural History led by Roy Chapman Andrews exported a large collection of valuable fossils from the Gobi Desert. While their expedition was celebrated across Europe and the United States, it aroused enormous controversy in China and Mongolia, especially after a new Nationalist government was formed in Nanjing during the late 1920s. Whereas Chinese scholars accused American scientists of plundering their natural heritage, Andrews argued that because dinosaurs went extinct long before the creation of China, prehistoric fossils belonged equally to all mankind. This essay locates the Central Asiatic Expedition within a broader history of epistemic imperialism to explore what the controversy that it engendered reveals about the production, circulation, and accumulation of knowledge in a global context.
20 世纪 20 年代,美国自然历史博物馆的研究人员在罗伊-查普曼-安德鲁斯(Roy Chapman Andrews)的带领下,从戈壁滩上出口了大量珍贵的化石。他们的探险在欧洲和美国引起了轰动,但在中国和蒙古却引起了巨大争议,尤其是在 20 世纪 20 年代末国民党新政府在南京成立之后。中国学者指责美国科学家掠夺他们的自然遗产,而安德鲁斯则认为,由于恐龙早在中国成立之前就已经灭绝,因此史前化石同样属于全人类。这篇文章将中亚探险定位在更广泛的认识论帝国主义历史中,探讨探险引发的争议揭示了全球背景下知识的生产、流通和积累。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: Launching a Labor History of Science 导言:启动《劳动科学史
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727646
Alexandra Hui, Lissa L. Roberts, Seth Rockman
This introduction to the Focus section “Let’s Get to Work: Bringing Labor History and the History of Science Together” considers the need for and implications of a labor history of science. What would the broad contours of such an approach be? And what new insights, into both the past and the present, could be revealed? The contributions to this Focus section show how a labor history of science broadens our understanding of the practice and practitioners of science. They also use these historical narratives recursively, to reflect on the practice of doing history of science. And they suggest that we come up short in our obligations to the labor of our field’s past and present. This introduction offers a brief overview of the points of intersection between the fields of labor history and history of science and indicates where these intersections might be more profitably developed.
本导言是对 "让我们开始工作:将劳动史与科学史结合起来 "这一焦点部分的介绍,它探讨了编写劳动科学史的必要性和意义。这种方法的大致轮廓是什么?对过去和现在有什么新的见解?本聚焦部分的文章展示了劳动科学史如何拓宽了我们对科学实践和实践者的理解。他们还递归地使用这些历史叙事来反思科学史的实践。他们还指出,我们对本领域过去和现在的劳动没有尽到应有的义务。本引言简要概述了劳动史与科学史领域之间的交叉点,并指出了这些交叉点在哪些方面可能会得到更有益的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Mutual Aid: The Workers’ History of Science 互助:工人的科学史
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727645
Laura Stark
Since around 2010, a workers’ history of science has emerged as a distinct set of research questions and professional practices. More than a consolidation of prior concepts, the workers’ history of science attends to resource distribution both in sites of science in the past and in present-day historians’ sites of training and labor—the university, the library, the research organization, the professional meeting, and more. To understand the timing and trajectory of the workers’ history of science, it is helpful to look at the history of “mutual aid.” This example clarifies, first, how the workers’ history of science is enlivening the historiography of science: by bringing to the past a form of analysis that was actively politically suppressed in the workplaces of history in the United States after World War II. It also shows how the workers’ history of science can, in alliance with other movements, gradually transform the political economy of the profession—through small but consequential decisions about how to organize our shared professional worlds.
大约从 2010 年开始,工人科学史作为一套独特的研究问题和专业实践出现了。工人科学史不仅仅是对先前概念的整合,它还关注过去的科学场所以及当今历史学家的培训和劳动场所--大学、图书馆、研究机构、专业会议等--的资源分配。要了解工人科学史的时间和轨迹,看看 "互助 "的历史会有所帮助。这个例子首先阐明了工人科学史是如何活跃科学史学的:它将二战后在美国历史工作场所受到政治压制的一种分析形式带到了过去。它还展示了工人科学史如何通过与其他运动的联合,逐步改变专业的政治经济--通过关于如何组织我们共同的专业世界的微小但却具有影响的决定。
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引用次数: 0
A “Truly International” Discipline: Adverbs, Ideals, and the Reinvention of International Mathematics, 1920–1950 一门 "真正国际化 "的学科:副词、理想和国际数学的重塑,1920-1950 年
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727706
Michael J. Barany
Examining how, and to what effect, the phrase “truly international” became central to the rhetoric and organization of the American-hosted 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians, this essay traces the negotiation of a “truly international” discipline from mathematicians’ first international congresses around the turn of the century across two world wars and their divisive interlude. Two failed attempts to host international congresses of mathematicians in the United States, for 1924 and 1940, defined the stakes for those who became the principal organizers for 1950. Combining American organizational records with contexts and sources that extend across and beyond traditional mathematical centers in Europe and North America, the essay shows how a small cohort of American mathematicians marshaled an emphatic but ambiguous “international” rhetoric to guide policies and command cooperation and support while responding to persistent challenges. Their adaptations and compromises left a lasting mark on the terms and achievements of international inclusion, cooperation, and hegemony in mathematics.
这篇文章探讨了 "真正的国际 "这一短语是如何成为美国主办的 1950 年国际数学家大会的核心言辞和组织工作的,并探讨了其影响。这篇文章追溯了 "真正的国际 "学科的谈判过程,从数学家在世纪之交举行的首次国际大会开始,跨越了两次世界大战及其分裂的间歇期。1924 年和 1940 年在美国举办国际数学家大会的两次失败尝试,决定了 1950 年主要组织者的利害关系。这篇文章将美国的组织记录与欧洲和北美传统数学中心内外的背景和资料来源相结合,展示了一小部分美国数学家是如何运用一种强调但模糊的 "国际 "言辞来指导政策、赢得合作与支持,同时应对持续不断的挑战的。他们的调整和妥协在数学的国际包容、合作和霸权的条件和成就上留下了持久的印记。
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引用次数: 0
Contents of Isis, Volume 114 伊希斯》内容,第 114 卷
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/728360
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引用次数: 0
Eloge: Garland Edward Allen III (1936–2023): An Idiosyncratic, Dialectical Multilogue 爱乐乐加兰-爱德华-艾伦三世(1936-2023):对话、辩证的多重对话
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727678
Nathaniel Comfort
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引用次数: 0
The Politics of Objects 物品政治学
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1086/727667
Judith Kaplan
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引用次数: 0
Epidemic Inequities: Social and Racial Inequality in the History of Pandemics 流行病不平等:流行病历史上的社会和种族不平等
2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1086/726986
Michael F. McGovern, Keith A. Wailoo
The historiography of pandemics and inequality can be characterized by two distinct but often overlapping traditions. One centers structural and political analysis, the other a race-critical approach to the production of human difference. This bibliographic essay reviews historical scholarship in these traditions spanning the past hundred years, with a focus on Anglophone literature in the history of medicine in the United States over the past half century. Early writing on the history of epidemics celebrated the conquest of disease through the application of laboratory research. Insights from social history and environmental history came to inform new analyses of epidemic inequalities, drawing questions of race, class, and empire into the frame during the 1960s and 1970s. The AIDS pandemic of the 1980s further oriented scholarship toward reckoning with stigma, identity, and human experiences of inequality while also troubling the relationship between medicine and the state. In more recent decades, the scholarship on race, social inequality, and pandemics has become deep and broad, remedying longstanding biases toward elite scientific actors and the metropolitan centers of Europe and the East Coast of the United States. In expanding their vision, historians also have engaged in more nuanced analyses of racialization as a social, environmental, and ideological process of embodying difference. Further, where earlier scholarship often relied on mortality data, there has been growing awareness of how numbers shape narratives and are shaped by them in turn. In its conclusion, the essay highlights emerging themes in race and inequality with particular attention to themes that have become prominent amid the global devastation wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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