This essay explores how the analogy between vegetable, animal, and mineral growth—common in early modern Europe—informed economic thinking. It proceeds by analyzing a scholarly text emerging from Central European mining, the Berg-Chronica of the Saxon court historiographer Petrus Albinus, within two contexts: natural philosophy (both learned and vernacular) and the management of mines. The provision of precious and useful metals by Nature/God was thought to occur slowly. Taking a long view on mineral provision was fostered by the increasingly bureaucratic management of mines in Central Europe.
{"title":"Managing Mineral Growth in Early Modern Mining","authors":"Sebastian Felten","doi":"10.1086/726184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726184","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores how the analogy between vegetable, animal, and mineral growth—common in early modern Europe—informed economic thinking. It proceeds by analyzing a scholarly text emerging from Central European mining, the Berg-Chronica of the Saxon court historiographer Petrus Albinus, within two contexts: natural philosophy (both learned and vernacular) and the management of mines. The provision of precious and useful metals by Nature/God was thought to occur slowly. Taking a long view on mineral provision was fostered by the increasingly bureaucratic management of mines in Central Europe.","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"43 1","pages":"626 - 630"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87264995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the early seventeenth century, the amount of meat available in Rome increased exponentially, with consumption reaching a pound per person per day in the 1630s. There were cultural and political reasons for this surge: in the wake of the Reformation, a series of popes sought to turn the city of Rome into a model “city on a hill,” representing the ideal of a Catholic state under a powerful ruler. However, to bring such large amounts of food from the countryside to Roman tables required enormous efforts on the part of a variety of bureaucrats and local artisans working for the papal regime. This essay will briefly examine the efforts of two of those groups that helped create Rome’s “meat moment”: the contatori who inspected and distributed animals brought from the countryside to Rome and the butchers in the city. In the end, the dramatic increase in supply was not sustainable and would result in both political and ecological upheaval.
{"title":"A Plague of Meat: Food, Politics, and Warfare in Early Modern Italy","authors":"B. Bouley","doi":"10.1086/726112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726112","url":null,"abstract":"In the early seventeenth century, the amount of meat available in Rome increased exponentially, with consumption reaching a pound per person per day in the 1630s. There were cultural and political reasons for this surge: in the wake of the Reformation, a series of popes sought to turn the city of Rome into a model “city on a hill,” representing the ideal of a Catholic state under a powerful ruler. However, to bring such large amounts of food from the countryside to Roman tables required enormous efforts on the part of a variety of bureaucrats and local artisans working for the papal regime. This essay will briefly examine the efforts of two of those groups that helped create Rome’s “meat moment”: the contatori who inspected and distributed animals brought from the countryside to Rome and the butchers in the city. In the end, the dramatic increase in supply was not sustainable and would result in both political and ecological upheaval.","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"12 1","pages":"631 - 637"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76347087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
inquiryandstorytelling, Nummedal expertly situates heralchemical tale in its complexcontext of early modern politics, religion, and gendered court culture. She brilliantly demonstrates how the self-taught and self-fashioning alchemist Anna Zieglerin negotiated the dif fi cult landscape of the politically fractured Holy Roman Empire, with its fractious array of scienti fi c, occult
通过探究和讲故事，Nummedal熟练地将纹章故事置于早期现代政治、宗教和性别法庭文化的复杂背景中。她出色地展示了自学成才、自我塑造的炼金术士安娜·齐格勒林(Anna Zieglerin)是如何在政治分裂的神圣罗马帝国(Holy Roman Empire)艰难的邪教环境中进行谈判的，那里充斥着各种难以驾驭的科学、神秘学
{"title":"History of Science Society Annual Meeting, 2022","authors":"Donald L. Opitz, J. Virdi","doi":"10.1086/726223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726223","url":null,"abstract":"inquiryandstorytelling, Nummedal expertly situates heralchemical tale in its complexcontext of early modern politics, religion, and gendered court culture. She brilliantly demonstrates how the self-taught and self-fashioning alchemist Anna Zieglerin negotiated the dif fi cult landscape of the politically fractured Holy Roman Empire, with its fractious array of scienti fi c, occult","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"594 1","pages":"646 - 653"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75547065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution aims to shed light on the conceptions through which natural resources were negotiated in an emerging colonial setting: the Jesuit missions in the region now known as Baja California in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The essay explores the polyvalence and contrasting perceptions of pearls as “resources” through letters, reports, accounts, and other bureaucratic records related to mission management, particularly in the region of Loreto. It argues that pearls were spiritual, political, and material expedients. Their different values were not commensurable yet were mutually dependent in the colonial project.
{"title":"Negotiating Pearls in the Early Jesuit Missions of California","authors":"Nydia Pineda de Ávila","doi":"10.1086/726187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726187","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution aims to shed light on the conceptions through which natural resources were negotiated in an emerging colonial setting: the Jesuit missions in the region now known as Baja California in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The essay explores the polyvalence and contrasting perceptions of pearls as “resources” through letters, reports, accounts, and other bureaucratic records related to mission management, particularly in the region of Loreto. It argues that pearls were spiritual, political, and material expedients. Their different values were not commensurable yet were mutually dependent in the colonial project.","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"7 1","pages":"619 - 625"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86124353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the 1980s and 1990s the Holdridge Life Zones system was one of the first and most influential ecological classifications used to predict the effects of climate change on vegetation worldwide. This was not its original purpose. This classification, first published in 1947 and revised in 1967, was explicitly designed to boost agricultural efficiency in the Greater Caribbean tropics. Leslie Holdridge, an American forester, developed his life zone scheme while leading extractive American scientific missions to procure Caribbean commodities like rubber and cinchona during World War II. Drawing on these experiences, he theorized that climate naturally shaped discrete ecological regions (life zones), which he believed were inherently suited to certain types of land use, such as the cultivation of particular tropical commodities. This essay thus argues that Holdridge Life Zones constructed climate as a normative force to prescribe efficient and sustainable land use throughout the Greater Caribbean. However, as later ecologists and biogeographers extended the Holdridge Life Zones classification to the global scale, this normativity was successfully erased. This essay thus investigates an overlooked and pioneering intersection of ecology and climate science, moving beyond formalized programs like the International Biological Program to reveal the centrality of resource extraction and the Greater Caribbean in shaping global bioclimatic knowledge.
{"title":"Climate Conscious: Caribbean Commodities and Holdridge Life Zones, 1940s–1960s","authors":"O. Lucier","doi":"10.1086/726204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726204","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1980s and 1990s the Holdridge Life Zones system was one of the first and most influential ecological classifications used to predict the effects of climate change on vegetation worldwide. This was not its original purpose. This classification, first published in 1947 and revised in 1967, was explicitly designed to boost agricultural efficiency in the Greater Caribbean tropics. Leslie Holdridge, an American forester, developed his life zone scheme while leading extractive American scientific missions to procure Caribbean commodities like rubber and cinchona during World War II. Drawing on these experiences, he theorized that climate naturally shaped discrete ecological regions (life zones), which he believed were inherently suited to certain types of land use, such as the cultivation of particular tropical commodities. This essay thus argues that Holdridge Life Zones constructed climate as a normative force to prescribe efficient and sustainable land use throughout the Greater Caribbean. However, as later ecologists and biogeographers extended the Holdridge Life Zones classification to the global scale, this normativity was successfully erased. This essay thus investigates an overlooked and pioneering intersection of ecology and climate science, moving beyond formalized programs like the International Biological Program to reveal the centrality of resource extraction and the Greater Caribbean in shaping global bioclimatic knowledge.","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"45 1","pages":"578 - 598"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77443610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":The New Era in American Mathematics, 1920–1950","authors":"Jemma Lorenat","doi":"10.1086/725924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725924","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83540539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Defining Nature’s Limits: The Roman Inquisition and the Boundaries of Science","authors":"M. Donato","doi":"10.1086/726109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89539630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Carbon Technocracy: Energy Regimes in Modern East Asia","authors":"G. Shen","doi":"10.1086/725928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725928","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14667,"journal":{"name":"Isis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89018435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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