Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774581
Ike Permata Sari, A. Bakhtiar, Ary Arvianto
Standard formulation/development processes/stages are important to be analyzed as they determine whether a standard is acceptable in the market and/or able to meet the stakeholders' expectation. This research aims to identify the contribution rates of the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) formulation stages. The order of SNI formulation stages based on contribution rate is compared with that based on funding structurization to analyze the relations between them. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is considered effective and efficient to measure contribution rate to evaluate the SNI formulation stages while activity-based costing (ABC) technique is used to identify the funding structurization. The research concludes that the existing SNI formulation stages are still relevant to be used. The rate contribution shows differences between stages but not significant. The stage of publication has the largest contribution rate (0.197703) while the stage of concept drafting has the largest funding structurization (USD 624.). There are differences in the order of importance of SNI formulation stages between the contribution rates and funding structurization. Moreover, this research also concludes that priority setting can be used to monitor the allocation of limited resources in order to be more effective. Thus, contribution rate analysis can become a tool to implement it. Also, the funding structurization can be used as a basis to create an equation to determine standard formulation costs that include fixed and variable costs. Further research can be conducted to analyze the relationship of contribution rate with other resources such as time requirement and human resources in the SNI formulation stages.
{"title":"An analysis of contribution rates in relation with funding structurization in formulating the Indonesian National Standards (SNIS)","authors":"Ike Permata Sari, A. Bakhtiar, Ary Arvianto","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774581","url":null,"abstract":"Standard formulation/development processes/stages are important to be analyzed as they determine whether a standard is acceptable in the market and/or able to meet the stakeholders' expectation. This research aims to identify the contribution rates of the SNI (Indonesian National Standard) formulation stages. The order of SNI formulation stages based on contribution rate is compared with that based on funding structurization to analyze the relations between them. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is considered effective and efficient to measure contribution rate to evaluate the SNI formulation stages while activity-based costing (ABC) technique is used to identify the funding structurization. The research concludes that the existing SNI formulation stages are still relevant to be used. The rate contribution shows differences between stages but not significant. The stage of publication has the largest contribution rate (0.197703) while the stage of concept drafting has the largest funding structurization (USD 624.). There are differences in the order of importance of SNI formulation stages between the contribution rates and funding structurization. Moreover, this research also concludes that priority setting can be used to monitor the allocation of limited resources in order to be more effective. Thus, contribution rate analysis can become a tool to implement it. Also, the funding structurization can be used as a basis to create an equation to determine standard formulation costs that include fixed and variable costs. Further research can be conducted to analyze the relationship of contribution rate with other resources such as time requirement and human resources in the SNI formulation stages.","PeriodicalId":146847,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126763406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774569
Henri de Belsunce
A partial termination clause extends the standard grantback requirement of patent pools to include related patents of licensees. This excerpt presents the institutional context and gives a definition of the partial termination clause. Then, it details the conditions under which the partial termination clause can be triggered and explains its effects. Moreover, it indicates the relevant economics and legal literature used to investigate the interplay of partial termination clauses and vertical structure in the context of patent pools. Finally, a preview of the theoretical results is given and how they match some empirical puzzles from the literature is discussed.
{"title":"Extensive grantback agreements: The effects of partial termination clauses in patent pool contracts on innovation incentives and participation rates","authors":"Henri de Belsunce","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774569","url":null,"abstract":"A partial termination clause extends the standard grantback requirement of patent pools to include related patents of licensees. This excerpt presents the institutional context and gives a definition of the partial termination clause. Then, it details the conditions under which the partial termination clause can be triggered and explains its effects. Moreover, it indicates the relevant economics and legal literature used to investigate the interplay of partial termination clauses and vertical structure in the context of patent pools. Finally, a preview of the theoretical results is given and how they match some empirical puzzles from the literature is discussed.","PeriodicalId":146847,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127294738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774568
Ziyad Alshaikh, Mansour Alsaleh, A. Alarifi, M. Zarour
Open Source Software (OSS) solutions are growing rapidly as they become more mature. Countries have focused their efforts to support OSS initiatives and foster their development by providing government support through laws and legislation, and education. Because of the growing national interest in OSS, we surveyed efforts of twenty major world economies, otherwise known as the Group-of-Twenty (G-20). We examined over forty-five national initiatives within the twenty countries and we were able to identify seven distinctive common strategies applied within the past ten years. Each strategy has been adapted by at least three countries. The result of the survey shows a significant growth in interest to support OSS by major economies. Based on the result of our survey we present a stepwise process to align the seven strategies to national objectives and market needs, and provide a prioritization scheme for strategy implementation.
{"title":"Toward a national strategy for Open Source Software","authors":"Ziyad Alshaikh, Mansour Alsaleh, A. Alarifi, M. Zarour","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774568","url":null,"abstract":"Open Source Software (OSS) solutions are growing rapidly as they become more mature. Countries have focused their efforts to support OSS initiatives and foster their development by providing government support through laws and legislation, and education. Because of the growing national interest in OSS, we surveyed efforts of twenty major world economies, otherwise known as the Group-of-Twenty (G-20). We examined over forty-five national initiatives within the twenty countries and we were able to identify seven distinctive common strategies applied within the past ten years. Each strategy has been adapted by at least three countries. The result of the survey shows a significant growth in interest to support OSS by major economies. Based on the result of our survey we present a stepwise process to align the seven strategies to national objectives and market needs, and provide a prioritization scheme for strategy implementation.","PeriodicalId":146847,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130187071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774578
Tapio Levä, Antti Riikonen
Internet protocols spread to potential adopters through several successive phases, including implementation, acquisition, and adoption of the protocol. This process, called as protocol deployment, involves several stakeholders and varies depending on the deployment environment and the protocol in question. This paper develops a framework for measuring the diffusion of protocols during the different steps of protocol deployment. The framework is then applied to measure how a set of 11 protocols has gradually spread into mobile handset models on sale, handsets in use, and into actual usage in the Finnish mobile market. The results reveal that the protocol deployment is driven by applications, such as web browsing, email and real-time communications. The handset vendors' decisions on which devices the protocols are pre-installed have impact on the diffusion of protocols into handsets in use. However, the identified gap between the capability to use and the actual use of the protocols indicates that the handset acquisitions are largely driven by other factors than the protocols and that the acquisition of the protocol capable products is a poor proxy for adoption. These results are relevant especially for protocol developers that are interested in improving the success rate and adoption speed of their protocols.
{"title":"Diffusion of internet protocols - Measurement framework and empirical analysis of the Finnish mobile market","authors":"Tapio Levä, Antti Riikonen","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774578","url":null,"abstract":"Internet protocols spread to potential adopters through several successive phases, including implementation, acquisition, and adoption of the protocol. This process, called as protocol deployment, involves several stakeholders and varies depending on the deployment environment and the protocol in question. This paper develops a framework for measuring the diffusion of protocols during the different steps of protocol deployment. The framework is then applied to measure how a set of 11 protocols has gradually spread into mobile handset models on sale, handsets in use, and into actual usage in the Finnish mobile market. The results reveal that the protocol deployment is driven by applications, such as web browsing, email and real-time communications. The handset vendors' decisions on which devices the protocols are pre-installed have impact on the diffusion of protocols into handsets in use. However, the identified gap between the capability to use and the actual use of the protocols indicates that the handset acquisitions are largely driven by other factors than the protocols and that the acquisition of the protocol capable products is a poor proxy for adoption. These results are relevant especially for protocol developers that are interested in improving the success rate and adoption speed of their protocols.","PeriodicalId":146847,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123310474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774580
R. Ortt, T. Egyedi
There is controversy among scientists whether standards and regulations hamper or stimulate innovation. Using a new approach and a different data set, we argue with Swann and Lambert (2010) that this controversy is based on a false antithesis. Building on Swann and Lambert (2010), Swann (DTI, 2005) and King (2006) we focus on pre-existing standards and regulations, i.e., those that are not specific for the product innovation at hand and available prior to the development of the innovation. The effect on the innovation process is assessed in terms of the time interval between the invention of a technological principle and the first marketable product (development phase; Ortt, 2010), and the successive time interval that covers the period up to the start of large-scale industrial production and diffusion (adaptation phase; Ortt, 2010). We analyse fifty heterogeneous cases of radically new product innovations from the year 1850 onward. Our results indicate that pre-existing standards and regulations significantly shorten the adaptation phase; this effect is not found for the development phase of innovations. The effect on the adaptation phase is moderated by the novelty of the technology involved and the scope of the technological system. That is, pre-existing standards and regulations shorten the adaptation phase in particular for innovations that are part of large technological systems and contain new technologies. As the adaptation phase is often a time- and capital-intensive phase for industry, this accelerating effect on the diffusion of innovations is highly relevant for innovation managers and policy makers.
{"title":"The effect of standards and regulation on radically new innovations","authors":"R. Ortt, T. Egyedi","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774580","url":null,"abstract":"There is controversy among scientists whether standards and regulations hamper or stimulate innovation. Using a new approach and a different data set, we argue with Swann and Lambert (2010) that this controversy is based on a false antithesis. Building on Swann and Lambert (2010), Swann (DTI, 2005) and King (2006) we focus on pre-existing standards and regulations, i.e., those that are not specific for the product innovation at hand and available prior to the development of the innovation. The effect on the innovation process is assessed in terms of the time interval between the invention of a technological principle and the first marketable product (development phase; Ortt, 2010), and the successive time interval that covers the period up to the start of large-scale industrial production and diffusion (adaptation phase; Ortt, 2010). We analyse fifty heterogeneous cases of radically new product innovations from the year 1850 onward. Our results indicate that pre-existing standards and regulations significantly shorten the adaptation phase; this effect is not found for the development phase of innovations. The effect on the adaptation phase is moderated by the novelty of the technology involved and the scope of the technological system. That is, pre-existing standards and regulations shorten the adaptation phase in particular for innovations that are part of large technological systems and contain new technologies. As the adaptation phase is often a time- and capital-intensive phase for industry, this accelerating effect on the diffusion of innovations is highly relevant for innovation managers and policy makers.","PeriodicalId":146847,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"27 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131437267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-01DOI: 10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774582
Gintare Sukareviciene, V. Fomin
Wireless communications nowadays play a significant role in offering wide range of opportunities, which form a dynamic, “on-the-go” environment for personal and business communications, enhancing people's and systems' productivity and much more. On the other hand, due to the fact that radio spectrum is practically limited resource, emergence of new wireless systems enlarges the risk of different devices interfering with one another, or services being delivering with lower than expected quality (QoS). Spectrum scarcity can result in degrading performance, information loss or other unwanted issues. On the other hand, there is a lot of potentially available radio spectrum (TV White Space) due to the switchover from analogue to digital broadcasting and dissimilarities in the use of TV channels in different geographic areas - the spectrum, which can be used by the existing and new wireless communication systems. However, to balance the growing demand for the spectrum with its (more) efficient use, novel and more efficient spectrum management techniques are needed.
{"title":"Developing business model for Geo-location Database for the operation of cognitive radio in the TV White Space bands","authors":"Gintare Sukareviciene, V. Fomin","doi":"10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIT.2013.6774582","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless communications nowadays play a significant role in offering wide range of opportunities, which form a dynamic, “on-the-go” environment for personal and business communications, enhancing people's and systems' productivity and much more. On the other hand, due to the fact that radio spectrum is practically limited resource, emergence of new wireless systems enlarges the risk of different devices interfering with one another, or services being delivering with lower than expected quality (QoS). Spectrum scarcity can result in degrading performance, information loss or other unwanted issues. On the other hand, there is a lot of potentially available radio spectrum (TV White Space) due to the switchover from analogue to digital broadcasting and dissimilarities in the use of TV channels in different geographic areas - the spectrum, which can be used by the existing and new wireless communication systems. However, to balance the growing demand for the spectrum with its (more) efficient use, novel and more efficient spectrum management techniques are needed.","PeriodicalId":146847,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121506745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent years have seen large-scale litigation of standard-essential patents (SEPs) between companies like Apple, Samsung, Motorola, Nokia, Google, HTC, Microsoft, Kodak, and Research in Motion. Such patents are particular because they are, by definition, indispensable to any company wishing to implement a technical standard. Such patents bring substantial benefits to their owners and firms that do not have such patents in their own portfolio are sometimes prepared to spend billions of dollars purchasing them and/or signing a license agreement with each of the owners. In addition, the owners have other benefits in financial returns (Blind et al., 2011) and stock market returns (Aggarwal et al., 2011). Thus, firms have huge incentives to obtain essential patents. While there is already a considerable body of literature on the possible effects of SEP ownership on competition (e.g. patent holdup, royalty stacking), not much work has yet been done on how firms obtain such patents in the first place. Notable exceptions are the studies of Omachi (2004), who shows how firms use patent continuations to extend the scope of existing patents in order to make them essential to the standard.
近年来，苹果、三星、摩托罗拉、诺基亚、谷歌、HTC、微软、柯达和rim等公司之间发生了大规模的标准必要专利(sep)诉讼。这些专利是特别的，因为从定义上讲，它们对于任何希望实施技术标准的公司都是不可或缺的。这些专利给其所有者带来了巨大的利益，而那些在自己的专利组合中没有这些专利的公司有时准备花费数十亿美元购买它们和/或与每个所有者签署许可协议。此外，所有者在财务回报(Blind et al.， 2011)和股票市场回报(Aggarwal et al.， 2011)方面也有其他好处。因此，企业有巨大的动机去获得必要的专利。虽然已经有相当多的文献关于SEP所有权对竞争的可能影响(例如专利拖延，版税堆积)，但关于公司如何首先获得此类专利的研究还不多。值得注意的例外是Omachi(2004)的研究，他展示了企业如何使用专利延续来扩大现有专利的范围，以使它们对标准至关重要。
{"title":"Just-in-time inventions and the development of standards: How firms use opportunistic strategies to obtain standard-essential patents (SEPs)","authors":"Byeongwoo Kang, Rudi Bekkers","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2284024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2284024","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have seen large-scale litigation of standard-essential patents (SEPs) between companies like Apple, Samsung, Motorola, Nokia, Google, HTC, Microsoft, Kodak, and Research in Motion. Such patents are particular because they are, by definition, indispensable to any company wishing to implement a technical standard. Such patents bring substantial benefits to their owners and firms that do not have such patents in their own portfolio are sometimes prepared to spend billions of dollars purchasing them and/or signing a license agreement with each of the owners. In addition, the owners have other benefits in financial returns (Blind et al., 2011) and stock market returns (Aggarwal et al., 2011). Thus, firms have huge incentives to obtain essential patents. While there is already a considerable body of literature on the possible effects of SEP ownership on competition (e.g. patent holdup, royalty stacking), not much work has yet been done on how firms obtain such patents in the first place. Notable exceptions are the studies of Omachi (2004), who shows how firms use patent continuations to extend the scope of existing patents in order to make them essential to the standard.","PeriodicalId":146847,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116663271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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