{"title":"England:","authors":"J. Masson, N. Parton","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116706107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The closing chapter summarizes important differences, commonalities, and research gaps identified in the different national perspectives. It discusses the different discourses, approaches and strategies on errors and mistakes in child protection analyzed in the preceding chapters. Specifically, it presents an overview of the different historical and contemporary developments identified in the different countries and attempts to synthesize the similarities and differences, including what might be identified as current and future best practice. In this context, it discusses the strategies which might prove helpful in reducing errors and mistakes and in promoting quality in child protection. It discusses strategies which can aid learning from errors and mistakes and what the key methodological, policy and practice challenges in child protection might be.
{"title":"Dealing With Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection: Similarities and Differences Among Countries","authors":"K. Biesel, J. Masson, Nigel R. Parton, Tarja Pösö","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.20","url":null,"abstract":"The closing chapter summarizes important differences, commonalities, and research gaps identified in the different national perspectives. It discusses the different discourses, approaches and strategies on errors and mistakes in child protection analyzed in the preceding chapters. Specifically, it presents an overview of the different historical and contemporary developments identified in the different countries and attempts to synthesize the similarities and differences, including what might be identified as current and future best practice. In this context, it discusses the strategies which might prove helpful in reducing errors and mistakes and in promoting quality in child protection. It discusses strategies which can aid learning from errors and mistakes and what the key methodological, policy and practice challenges in child protection might be.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124715148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irish child abuse inquiries of the last few decades have been hugely significant in revealing the tragic circumstances under which some children lived and died. The main focus here is on what these inquiries reveal about errors and mistakes in child protection and the changing relations between a number of key institutions, particularly the Catholic Church, the state and the media, not on what they reveal about abuse. Through the ‘lens’ of the child abuse inquiry the chapter considers a number of issues, including: the exposure of historic child abuse of children in Irish society, the emergence of campaigning groups, the growing power of the media in exposing a culture of secrecy, and the development of childcare policy. The chapter then explores the wider context (political, cultural, and historical) in which discourses of child protection are framed and conducted. The chapter addresses discrete meta-themes that enable the reader to contextualise the debate about child abuse and theorise it from a critical social perspective. This offers a uniquely original analysis of discourses of child protection, incorporating policy development and messages for the future.
{"title":"The Social Construction of Child Abuse in Ireland: Public Discourse, Policy Challenges and Practice Failures","authors":"C. Shore, F. Powell","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.10","url":null,"abstract":"Irish child abuse inquiries of the last few decades have been hugely significant in revealing the tragic circumstances under which some children lived and died. The main focus here is on what these inquiries reveal about errors and mistakes in child protection and the changing relations between a number of key institutions, particularly the Catholic Church, the state and the media, not on what they reveal about abuse. Through the ‘lens’ of the child abuse inquiry the chapter considers a number of issues, including: the exposure of historic child abuse of children in Irish society, the emergence of campaigning groups, the growing power of the media in exposing a culture of secrecy, and the development of childcare policy. \u0000The chapter then explores the wider context (political, cultural, and historical) in which discourses of child protection are framed and conducted. The chapter addresses discrete meta-themes that enable the reader to contextualise the debate about child abuse and theorise it from a critical social perspective. This offers a uniquely original analysis of discourses of child protection, incorporating policy development and messages for the future.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114629777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of errors and mistakes in child protection is very rarely addressed explicitly in Italy There have been few public scandals of unprotected children or situations ‘denounced’ to the media by parents or families who felt to be victims of injustice or abusive practice. Unlike Anglophone countries, the Italian child protection system is not used to have enquiries on fatal cases nor in cases where conflicting interest arises, as divorce cases. Some reasons for this could be found in the ambiguity of the child protection system in itself (swinging from a narrow forensic child protection approach to a family support approach), or in the cultural attitude to keep hidden the recognition of errors. Following this discussion, the chapter presents an overview of existing domestic literature and research. It briefly traces the main elements of the Italian child protection system, with its changes from a paternalistic/specialised approach to a neoliberal and ‘familistic’ asset focusing on its fragmentation, ambiguity and unclear definition of responsibilities. It outlines the places where different discourses on errors and mistakes in child protection appear, (considering the public media, court proceedings and professional reflections, and how they have changed in the time. It describes the strategies adopted to deal (or to prevent) errors, drawing on results from qualitative research on how social workers deal with ‘difficult decisions’ and ethical and considering professional and institutional guidelines.
{"title":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection: An Unspoken Issue in Italy?","authors":"T. Bertotti","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.18","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of errors and mistakes in child protection is very rarely addressed explicitly in Italy There have been few public scandals of unprotected children or situations ‘denounced’ to the media by parents or families who felt to be victims of injustice or abusive practice. Unlike Anglophone countries, the Italian child protection system is not used to have enquiries on fatal cases nor in cases where conflicting interest arises, as divorce cases. Some reasons for this could be found in the ambiguity of the child protection system in itself (swinging from a narrow forensic child protection approach to a family support approach), or in the cultural attitude to keep hidden the recognition of errors. Following this discussion, the chapter presents an overview of existing domestic literature and research. It briefly traces the main elements of the Italian child protection system, with its changes from a paternalistic/specialised approach to a neoliberal and ‘familistic’ asset focusing on its fragmentation, ambiguity and unclear definition of responsibilities. It outlines the places where different discourses on errors and mistakes in child protection appear, (considering the public media, court proceedings and professional reflections, and how they have changed in the time. It describes the strategies adopted to deal (or to prevent) errors, drawing on results from qualitative research on how social workers deal with ‘difficult decisions’ and ethical and considering professional and institutional guidelines.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117141213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Child protection in Switzerland was not a public welfare issue before the 20th century. After 1912, when the Swiss Civil Code took effect, state authorities were entitled to take children into custody or place them in foster families, on farms, or in residential homes. This chapter summarises how these coercive measures led to harm, injustice, and suffering for a vast number of children during the 20th century. The authors describe how a historical reappraisal of this practice fuelled a political debate that resulted in a revision in 2013 of the child and adult protection law in the Swiss Civil Code and a federal act entitling survivors to reparation payments in 2017. The amended legislation on measures to protect children from harm aimed at professionalising child protection procedures included a pivotal shift from lay to professional decision-making bodies. The current state of this process, which has led to criticism on the part of politicians, the public, and the media (particularly in fatal child protection cases) will be analysed and discussed. The chapter will provide an overview of current strategies and approaches, (or their absence) to identify and handle mistakes and errors in child protection and highlight the need for an explicit discourse on these topics in Switzerland.
{"title":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection in Switzerland: A Missed Opportunity of Reflection?","authors":"Brigitte Müller, K. Biesel, Clarissa Schär","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.15","url":null,"abstract":"Child protection in Switzerland was not a public welfare issue before the 20th century. After 1912, when the Swiss Civil Code took effect, state authorities were entitled to take children into custody or place them in foster families, on farms, or in residential homes. This chapter summarises how these coercive measures led to harm, injustice, and suffering for a vast number of children during the 20th century. The authors describe how a historical reappraisal of this practice fuelled a political debate that resulted in a revision in 2013 of the child and adult protection law in the Swiss Civil Code and a federal act entitling survivors to reparation payments in 2017. The amended legislation on measures to protect children from harm aimed at professionalising child protection procedures included a pivotal shift from lay to professional decision-making bodies. The current state of this process, which has led to criticism on the part of politicians, the public, and the media (particularly in fatal child protection cases) will be analysed and discussed. The chapter will provide an overview of current strategies and approaches, (or their absence) to identify and handle mistakes and errors in child protection and highlight the need for an explicit discourse on these topics in Switzerland.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"313 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115879618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-11DOI: 10.46692/9781447350927.001
K. Biesel, J. Masson, Nigel R. Parton, Tarja Pösö
This chapter introduces the whole book: it outlines the thinking behind and rationale for the book, the key questions addressed and how the book is organised. It argues that errors and mistakes in child protection are an important issue in different countries across Europe, Scandinavia and North America. They have attracted public interest, media debates and influenced changes in policy and practice. Such developments raise a number of important questions including: What are the impacts of errors and mistakes in child protection? What discourses inform the way errors and mistakes are understood and the way they are responded to? Are certain strategies seen as helpful in reducing errors and mistakes? The book analyses the developments in policy and practice in response to errors and mistakes in child protection in different countries. Chapters cover the historical and political background of discourses on errors and mistakes in different countries and show how errors and mistakes are constructed differently in different political and social contexts with both similar and different impacts. The book demonstrates that what are understood as errors and mistakes have varied both over time and across different jurisdictions. This chapter provides both the framework for the organization of the book and briefly introduces the contents of the different chapters.
{"title":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection: An Introduction","authors":"K. Biesel, J. Masson, Nigel R. Parton, Tarja Pösö","doi":"10.46692/9781447350927.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781447350927.001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the whole book: it outlines the thinking behind and rationale for the book, the key questions addressed and how the book is organised. It argues that errors and mistakes in child protection are an important issue in different countries across Europe, Scandinavia and North America. They have attracted public interest, media debates and influenced changes in policy and practice. Such developments raise a number of important questions including: What are the impacts of errors and mistakes in child protection? What discourses inform the way errors and mistakes are understood and the way they are responded to? Are certain strategies seen as helpful in reducing errors and mistakes? The book analyses the developments in policy and practice in response to errors and mistakes in child protection in different countries. Chapters cover the historical and political background of discourses on errors and mistakes in different countries and show how errors and mistakes are constructed differently in different political and social contexts with both similar and different impacts. The book demonstrates that what are understood as errors and mistakes have varied both over time and across different jurisdictions. This chapter provides both the framework for the organization of the book and briefly introduces the contents of the different chapters.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128052722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this chapter is to examine the Norwegian approach to review and revise errors in the child protection system. Through the last three decades of public discourse, children in Norway have increasingly become identified as independent subjects, and in September 2017, the Norwegian government introduced legislation that gave children the legal right to protection through an amendment of the existing Child Welfare Act of 1992 (Prop. 169 L (2016–2017). Despite being ranked highly in international comparisons, the Norwegian child protection system is harshly criticized. In recent years (2015 and 2016), outrages have been highlighted through both social and traditional media, and internationally. The Norwegian term for child protection – barnevernet has become a synonym for a draconian system that steals children from their parents. The uproar and the critique came from citizens and civil society organizations, various public agencies, private persons and organizations. Auditing and oversight agencies are used to scrutinize the practices, and to follow up on errors and mistakes but there is little research on how this oversight operates, how agencies and local authorities respond to feedback, and how the day-to-day practices on correcting errors and improving practice are attended to in agencies and organizations. Based on policy documents, audit and oversight reports, legislation and key informant interviews, this chapter examines the overarching Norwegian approach to review and revise errors and mistakes through audit and oversight bodies, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses with this approach.
{"title":"Errors and Mistakes in the Norwegian Child Protection System","authors":"Marit Skivenes, Ø. Tefre","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.13","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this chapter is to examine the Norwegian approach to review and revise errors in the child protection system. Through the last three decades of public discourse, children in Norway have increasingly become identified as independent subjects, and in September 2017, the Norwegian government introduced legislation that gave children the legal right to protection through an amendment of the existing Child Welfare Act of 1992 (Prop. 169 L (2016–2017). Despite being ranked highly in international comparisons, the Norwegian child protection system is harshly criticized. In recent years (2015 and 2016), outrages have been highlighted through both social and traditional media, and internationally. The Norwegian term for child protection – barnevernet has become a synonym for a draconian system that steals children from their parents. The uproar and the critique came from citizens and civil society organizations, various public agencies, private persons and organizations. Auditing and oversight agencies are used to scrutinize the practices, and to follow up on errors and mistakes but there is little research on how this oversight operates, how agencies and local authorities respond to feedback, and how the day-to-day practices on correcting errors and improving practice are attended to in agencies and organizations. Based on policy documents, audit and oversight reports, legislation and key informant interviews, this chapter examines the overarching Norwegian approach to review and revise errors and mistakes through audit and oversight bodies, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses with this approach.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"55 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125975170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter demonstrates how concerns about avoiding errors and mistakes have been at the centre of child protection policy and practice in the US for many years. In particular the chapter focuses on providing a summary of the state of the art relating to risk assessment tools and predictive analytics as strategies to reduce error in child welfare decision making. It also examines whether our understanding of ‘error’ needs to shift to account for the unknowns. When social workers make decisions based upon fundamental principles, and when they determine that it is in the interests of a child to privilege one principle over another, the result may appear in hindsight as an “error”, but when made as a decision guided by one widely-held principle which was in direct conflict with another. Examining child welfare decision making as a process of selecting and then privileging one principle over another narrows what we might otherwise think of as an ‘error’ and instead recasts some decisions as exceedingly difficult to get ‘right’.
{"title":"Preventing and Responding to Errors in Us Child Protection","authors":"J. Berrick, Jaclyn E. Chambers","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter demonstrates how concerns about avoiding errors and mistakes have been at the centre of child protection policy and practice in the US for many years. In particular the chapter focuses on providing a summary of the state of the art relating to risk assessment tools and predictive analytics as strategies to reduce error in child welfare decision making. It also examines whether our understanding of ‘error’ needs to shift to account for the unknowns. When social workers make decisions based upon fundamental principles, and when they determine that it is in the interests of a child to privilege one principle over another, the result may appear in hindsight as an “error”, but when made as a decision guided by one widely-held principle which was in direct conflict with another. Examining child welfare decision making as a process of selecting and then privileging one principle over another narrows what we might otherwise think of as an ‘error’ and instead recasts some decisions as exceedingly difficult to get ‘right’.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133712581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter provides an overview and discussion of some key concepts and issues in the book. It discusses different definitions of errors and mistakes and the most common approaches (including the plague approach; the person approach, the legal approach and the systems approach) together with the challenges of trying to avoid errors and mistakes in child protection and deal with them. It demonstrates that there is no universally agreed definition of error and mistakes in child protection and that child protection fatalities are often seen as the result of errors and mistakes. The chapter discusses a central question in child protection which concerns the responsibility for errors and mistakes, how such responsibility is distributed and avoided, and how power relations both reflect and feed into such processes. It argues that these are key characteristics of and challenges for policy and practice in child protection.
{"title":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection: Understandings and Responsibilities","authors":"K. Biesel, M. Cottier","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview and discussion of some key concepts and issues in the book. It discusses different definitions of errors and mistakes and the most common approaches (including the plague approach; the person approach, the legal approach and the systems approach) together with the challenges of trying to avoid errors and mistakes in child protection and deal with them. It demonstrates that there is no universally agreed definition of error and mistakes in child protection and that child protection fatalities are often seen as the result of errors and mistakes. The chapter discusses a central question in child protection which concerns the responsibility for errors and mistakes, how such responsibility is distributed and avoided, and how power relations both reflect and feed into such processes. It argues that these are key characteristics of and challenges for policy and practice in child protection.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141223407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scandals have been part of child protection history in Germany for more than 100 years and it can be shown that they have been driving forces for legislation and concept development on several occasions. Scientific methods for analysing unexpected and unintended negative case outcomes in child protection have entered the field only recently and several approaches to case analysis have been developed. Due to a strong tradition of counterfactual thinking in penal law and ‘Fallverstehan’ in social work most approaches are not informed by empirical research on child protection outcomes. Proceduralisation and resource expansion have been the main responses to public inquiries on errors and mistakes in child protection in Germany which are still non-mandatory. Currently the role of ‘serious case reviews’ in German child protection policy is open for debate and it is argued they offer only limited and conditional value for creating a better child protection system.
{"title":"Discourses, Approaches and Strategies on Errors And Mistakes in Child Protection in Germany","authors":"H. Kindler, Christine Gerber, Susanna Lillig","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8bh.16","url":null,"abstract":"Scandals have been part of child protection history in Germany for more than 100 years and it can be shown that they have been driving forces for legislation and concept development on several occasions. Scientific methods for analysing unexpected and unintended negative case outcomes in child protection have entered the field only recently and several approaches to case analysis have been developed. Due to a strong tradition of counterfactual thinking in penal law and ‘Fallverstehan’ in social work most approaches are not informed by empirical research on child protection outcomes. Proceduralisation and resource expansion have been the main responses to public inquiries on errors and mistakes in child protection in Germany which are still non-mandatory. Currently the role of ‘serious case reviews’ in German child protection policy is open for debate and it is argued they offer only limited and conditional value for creating a better child protection system.","PeriodicalId":147277,"journal":{"name":"Errors and Mistakes in Child Protection","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122139698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：