Journal of abnormal psychology最新文献

Implicit self-associations are theorized to be rigidly and excessively negative in affective disorders like depression. Such information processing patterns may be useful as an approach to parsing heterogeneous etiologies, substrates, and treatment outcomes within the broad syndrome of depression. However, there is a lack of sufficient data on the psychometric, neural, and computational substrates of Implicit Association Test (IAT) performance in patient populations. In a treatment-seeking, clinically depressed sample (n = 122), we administered five variants of the IAT-a dominant paradigm used in hundreds of studies of implicit cognition to date-at two repeated sessions (outside and inside a functional MRI scanner). We examined reliability, clinical correlates, and neural and computational substrates of IAT performance. IAT scores showed adequate (.67-.81) split-half reliability and convergent validity with one another and with relevant explicit symptom measures. Test-retest correlations (in vs. outside the functional MRI scanner) were present but modest (.15-.55). In depressed patients, on average, negative implicit self-representations appeared to be weaker or less efficiently processed relative to positive self-representations; elicited greater recruitment of frontoparietal task network regions; and, according to computational modeling of trial-by-trial data, were driven primarily by differential efficiency of information accumulation for negative and positive attributes. Greater degree of discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-worth predicted depression severity. Overall, these IATs show potential utility in understanding heterogeneous substrates of depression but leave substantial room for improvement. The observed clinical, neural, and computational correlates of implicit self-associations offer novel insights into a simple computer-administered task in a clinical population and point toward heterogeneous depression mechanisms and treatment targets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by remarkable volatility and comorbidity in internalizing disorders. Delineating internalizing symptom change in a manner that accounts for symptoms' shared versus distinctive features is imperative to an understanding of their development. An additional question concerns how vulnerabilities for internalizing disorders relate to development of internalizing symptoms. Cross-sectional and prospective associations between neuroticism and internalizing psychopathology are well-established, yet conclusive evidence on neuroticism's relation to the progression of symptom dimensions relevant to internalizing disorders remains absent. In this investigation, we used latent growth curve modeling to characterize the trajectories of tri-level model internalizing dimensions (General Distress, Anhedonia-Apprehension, Fears, Anxious Arousal, Fears of Specific Stimuli, Social Fears, Narrow Depression, Interoceptive/Agoraphobic Fears) and examined whether a general neuroticism factor predicted their growth. We used anxiety and depressive symptom data spanning 6 years, collected from 606 high school juniors mostly vulnerable for internalizing disorders. We observed a pattern of results that varied by symptom dimension. Only Anhedonia-Apprehension showed a distinct increasing trend, on average. Neuroticism predicted an adverse symptom course for the dimension of General Distress. Our results reinforce the notion that neuroticism confers substantial risk for internalizing symptom maintenance and extend past findings by demonstrating that neuroticism forecasts a poor symptom course for General Distress but not narrower dimensions of internalizing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Accumulated empirical evidence suggests that death anxiety is strongly associated with multiple mental health conditions. Despite this, few studies have experimentally explored whether manipulating reminders of death could influence the symptoms of mental illnesses. The present, preregistered study used a mortality salience design to assess whether death reminders could increase anxious behavior (i.e., time spent scanning one's body, identification with images consistent with poorer health, and intention to visit a medical practitioner) among individuals with relevant disorders. A total of 128 treatment-seeking participants with either a body scanning disorder (i.e., panic disorder, illness anxiety, or somatic symptom disorder) or a nonscanning disorder (i.e., depression) were randomly allocated to either a mortality salience or control condition. Following this, participants were presented with a series of images of various body parts, which purportedly predicted particular life outcomes, and asked to check their own body and select the image that most closely matched their own. As hypothesized, the results revealed that mortality salience produced an overall increase in all three anxiety-related behaviors. Further, mortality salience selectively increased scanning duration and identification with images indicating poorer health for individuals with a scanning disorder. This effect only occurred when participants were told the body part predicted a health-relevant outcome. In contrast, mortality salience increased intention to visit a medical specialist regardless of one's disorder. The findings support theoretical predictions that death anxiety may have a causal role in multiple mental disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Individuals with schizophrenia may fail to appropriately use temporal context and apply past environmental regularities to the interpretation of incoming sensory information. Here we use the visual system as a test bed for investigating how prior experience shapes perception in individuals with schizophrenia. Specifically, we use visual aftereffects, illusory percepts resulting from prior exposure to visual input, to measure the influence of prior events on current processing. At a neural level, visual aftereffects arise due to attenuation in the responses of neurons that code the features of the prior stimulus (neuronal adaptation) and subsequent disinhibition of neurons signaling activity at the opposite end of the feature dimension. In the current study, we measured tilt aftereffects and negative afterimages, 2 types of aftereffects that reflect, respectively, adaptation of cortical orientation-coding neurons and adaptation of subcortical and retinal luminance-coding cells in persons with schizophrenia (PSZ; n = 36) and demographically matched healthy controls (HC; n = 22). We observed stronger tilt aftereffects in PSZ compared to HC, but no difference in negative afterimages. Stronger tilt aftereffects were related to more severe negative symptoms. These data suggest oversensitivity to recent regularities, in the form of stronger visual adaptation, at cortical, but not subcortical, levels in schizophrenia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Sleep-related problems are prevalent in patients with psychotic disorders, yet their contribution to fluctuations in delusional experiences is less clear. This study combined actigraphy and experience-sampling methodology (ESM) to capture the relation between sleep and next-day persecutory symptoms in patients with psychosis and prevailing delusions. Individuals with current persecutory delusions (PD; n = 67) and healthy controls (HC; n = 39) were assessed over 6 consecutive days. Objective sleep and circadian rhythm measures were assessed using actigraphy. Every morning upon awakening, subjective sleep quality was measured using ESM. Momentary assessments of affect and persecutory symptoms were gathered at 10 random time points each day using ESM. Robust linear mixed modeling was performed to assess the predictive value of sleep measures on affect and daytime persecutory symptoms. PD showed significantly lower scores for subjective quality of sleep but significantly higher actigraphic-measured sleep duration and efficiency compared with HC. Circadian rhythm disruption was associated with more pronounced severity of persecutory symptoms in HC. Low actigraphy-derived sleep efficiency was predictive of next-day persecutory symptoms in the combined sample. Negative affect was partly associated with sleep measures and persecutory symptoms. Our results imply an immediate relationship between disrupted sleep and persecutory symptoms in day-to-day life. They also emphasize the relevance of circadian rhythm disruption for persecutory symptoms. Therapeutic interventions that aim to reduce persecutory symptoms could benefit from including modules aimed at improving sleep efficacy, stabilizing sleep-wake patterns, and reducing negative affect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).