Weihua Ma, J. Meng, Xianyun Zhen, Huiting Zhao, Wanghong Li, Ye Gao, Yusuo Jiang
Abstract The malvolio (mvl) gene plays an important role in the transition from nursing to foraging in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) is a subspecies of the eastern honeybee, well-known for its pollinator role throughout China. Although A. c. cerana shares many characteristics with A. mellifera, it is unclear whether Acmvl plays a similar role to Ammvl in foraging behavior. In this study, Acmvl expression was quantified during the transition from nursing to foraging in A. c. cerana. Acmvl protein production was also characterized in different tissues in bees from three behavioral groups. Finally, in situ hybridization was used to describe Acmvl expression patterns in forager bee brains. Acmvl expression was low early in life but then showed a major peak, which suggests its role in labor division. Examination of tissue type revealed that Acmvl expression was highest in the thoraxes of nurse bees and the heads of forager bees. In bee brains, Acmvl was selectively expressed in the somata of Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies, optic lobes and antennal lobes. Taken together, these findings suggest that Acmvl plays a role in the nurse–forager transition of A. c. cerana.
{"title":"Location and Strength of Malvolio Expression in Chinese Honeybee Reveals Its Potential Role in Labor Division","authors":"Weihua Ma, J. Meng, Xianyun Zhen, Huiting Zhao, Wanghong Li, Ye Gao, Yusuo Jiang","doi":"10.2478/jas-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The malvolio (mvl) gene plays an important role in the transition from nursing to foraging in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) is a subspecies of the eastern honeybee, well-known for its pollinator role throughout China. Although A. c. cerana shares many characteristics with A. mellifera, it is unclear whether Acmvl plays a similar role to Ammvl in foraging behavior. In this study, Acmvl expression was quantified during the transition from nursing to foraging in A. c. cerana. Acmvl protein production was also characterized in different tissues in bees from three behavioral groups. Finally, in situ hybridization was used to describe Acmvl expression patterns in forager bee brains. Acmvl expression was low early in life but then showed a major peak, which suggests its role in labor division. Examination of tissue type revealed that Acmvl expression was highest in the thoraxes of nurse bees and the heads of forager bees. In bee brains, Acmvl was selectively expressed in the somata of Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies, optic lobes and antennal lobes. Taken together, these findings suggest that Acmvl plays a role in the nurse–forager transition of A. c. cerana.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"65 1","pages":"61 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43380748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Stingless bees constitute an important group of bee diversity providing a vital ecological service i.e. pollination. From India, nine species of stingless bees have been reported out of which Tetragonula iridipennis Smith is widely distributed. Studies revealed that the majority (86.67%) of these bees’ nests were present in brick walls and the remaining (13.33%) were in cavities of hollow tree trunks. Most of the colonies nested at a height of 3.50 m from the ground. Most of the nests (56.67%) had entrances oriented to the east. No distinct entrance tube was observed in 26.92 per cent of the colonies. Overall average entrance tube dimensions (longer side diameter × shorter side diameter × tube length) were 11.62 × 11.73 × 14.04 mm. In all the nests, brood area was surrounded by pollen pots and a few honey pots. The mean dimensions (depth × width) of brood cells, honey pots and pollen pots were 2.79 × 2.62 mm, 5.33 × 4.52 mm and 6.93 × 5.19 mm, respectively. All of the sixty colonies whether in brick/stone walls or in hollow tree trunks overwintered successfully. Our results can be useful for developing conservation measures for T. iridipennis and its augmentation for crop pollination.
{"title":"Nest Architecture and Nesting Site Preference of Tetragonula iridipennis Smith in North-Western Plains of India","authors":"A. Choudhary, Jaspal Singh, P. Chhuneja","doi":"10.2478/jas-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stingless bees constitute an important group of bee diversity providing a vital ecological service i.e. pollination. From India, nine species of stingless bees have been reported out of which Tetragonula iridipennis Smith is widely distributed. Studies revealed that the majority (86.67%) of these bees’ nests were present in brick walls and the remaining (13.33%) were in cavities of hollow tree trunks. Most of the colonies nested at a height of 3.50 m from the ground. Most of the nests (56.67%) had entrances oriented to the east. No distinct entrance tube was observed in 26.92 per cent of the colonies. Overall average entrance tube dimensions (longer side diameter × shorter side diameter × tube length) were 11.62 × 11.73 × 14.04 mm. In all the nests, brood area was surrounded by pollen pots and a few honey pots. The mean dimensions (depth × width) of brood cells, honey pots and pollen pots were 2.79 × 2.62 mm, 5.33 × 4.52 mm and 6.93 × 5.19 mm, respectively. All of the sixty colonies whether in brick/stone walls or in hollow tree trunks overwintered successfully. Our results can be useful for developing conservation measures for T. iridipennis and its augmentation for crop pollination.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"65 1","pages":"49 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42654244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Honey bee (Apis mellifera) wing measurements are often used to discriminate lineages and subspecies. The precision and repeatability of the measurements depends on various factors, including seasonal variation, and differences between left and right wings. The seasonal variation of the cubital index, which is the proportion of two vein lengths, has been investigated, but subspecies can be identified through geometric morphometrics. This method allows both wing size and shape to be determined and analyzed separately. We studied changes in the wing size and shape in consecutive months between June and September as well as the differences between the left and right wings. We found that wing size differed significantly among colonies, months and body sides, but shape differed significantly only among colonies and months but not among body sides. There was also a complicated pattern of interactions between various factors. The seasonal differences in wing shape were much smaller than the differences among colonies and their influence on identification of honey bee lineages was relatively small.
{"title":"Monthly Changes in Honey Bee Forewings Estimated Using Geometric Morphometrics","authors":"Anna Janczyk, A. Tofilski","doi":"10.2478/jas-2021-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2021-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Honey bee (Apis mellifera) wing measurements are often used to discriminate lineages and subspecies. The precision and repeatability of the measurements depends on various factors, including seasonal variation, and differences between left and right wings. The seasonal variation of the cubital index, which is the proportion of two vein lengths, has been investigated, but subspecies can be identified through geometric morphometrics. This method allows both wing size and shape to be determined and analyzed separately. We studied changes in the wing size and shape in consecutive months between June and September as well as the differences between the left and right wings. We found that wing size differed significantly among colonies, months and body sides, but shape differed significantly only among colonies and months but not among body sides. There was also a complicated pattern of interactions between various factors. The seasonal differences in wing shape were much smaller than the differences among colonies and their influence on identification of honey bee lineages was relatively small.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"48 8","pages":"139 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41286668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phanthiwa Khongkarat, R. Ramadhan, P. Phuwapraisirisan, C. Chanchao
Abstract Bee pollen, one of the economic bee products, is widely known as a nutritional food with many bioactivities that depend on many such factors as bee species, plant source and biogeography. For this study, bee pollen was collected from Apis mellifera, harvested from the flowers of mimosa (Mimosa pigra L.) in the Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The sample was extracted in methanol (MeOH) and then sequentially partitioned with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and MeOH in order to isolate compounds depending on their polarities. The obtained extracts were then tested for their antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities through 1,1-diphyenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and for/through inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase extract, respectively. The DCM partitioned extract of mimosa flower bee pollen (DCMMBP) provided the highest antioxidant activity, with an effective concentration at 50% (EC50) of 192.1 μg/mL, and was further fractionated by silica gel 60 column chromatography and Sephadex LH20 size exclusion chromatography. All fractions were tested for their antioxidant activity and analyzed for the chemical structure through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The most active fraction (EC50 of 121.3 μg/mL) was a mixture of compounds, but the isolated flavonoid, naringenin, had a negligible antioxidant activity. In contrast, all three partitioned extracts and pooled fractions after silica gel 60 column chromatography provided no anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 of > 500 μg/mL) and a very low percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (0–2.99 ± 3.18%), compared to kojic acid (IC50 of 8.58 μg/mL and tyrosinase inhibition of 74.2 ± 1.25%).
{"title":"Screening and Bioguided Fractionation of Mimosa pigra L. Bee Pollen with Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities","authors":"Phanthiwa Khongkarat, R. Ramadhan, P. Phuwapraisirisan, C. Chanchao","doi":"10.2478/jas-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bee pollen, one of the economic bee products, is widely known as a nutritional food with many bioactivities that depend on many such factors as bee species, plant source and biogeography. For this study, bee pollen was collected from Apis mellifera, harvested from the flowers of mimosa (Mimosa pigra L.) in the Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The sample was extracted in methanol (MeOH) and then sequentially partitioned with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and MeOH in order to isolate compounds depending on their polarities. The obtained extracts were then tested for their antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities through 1,1-diphyenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and for/through inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase extract, respectively. The DCM partitioned extract of mimosa flower bee pollen (DCMMBP) provided the highest antioxidant activity, with an effective concentration at 50% (EC50) of 192.1 μg/mL, and was further fractionated by silica gel 60 column chromatography and Sephadex LH20 size exclusion chromatography. All fractions were tested for their antioxidant activity and analyzed for the chemical structure through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The most active fraction (EC50 of 121.3 μg/mL) was a mixture of compounds, but the isolated flavonoid, naringenin, had a negligible antioxidant activity. In contrast, all three partitioned extracts and pooled fractions after silica gel 60 column chromatography provided no anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 of > 500 μg/mL) and a very low percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (0–2.99 ± 3.18%), compared to kojic acid (IC50 of 8.58 μg/mL and tyrosinase inhibition of 74.2 ± 1.25%).","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"65 1","pages":"71 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42099093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adrián Ponce de León-Door, Gerardo Pérez-Ordóñez, A. Romo-Chacón, C. Rios-Velasco, J. J. Ornelas‐Paz, P. B. Zamudio‐Flores, C. Acosta-Muñiz
Abstract The bacterium Melissococcus plutonius is the etiologic agent of the European foulbrood (EFB), one of the most harmful bacterial diseases that causes the larvae of bees to have an intestinal infection. Although EFB has been known for more than a century and is practically present in all countries where beekeeping is practiced, the disease has been little studied compared to American foulbrood. Recently, great advances have been made to understand the disease and the interaction between the pathogen and its host. This review summarizes the research and advances to understand the disease. First, the morphological characteristics of M. plutonius, the infection process and bacterial development in the gut of the larva are described. Also, the epidemiological distribution of EFB and factors that favor the development of the disease as well as the classification of M. plutonius according its genomic and phenotype characteristics are reported. Finally, the new molecular tools for the study of M. plutonius, possible virulence factors in its genome, the issue of current EFB control measures and possible alternatives to the use of antibiotics are addressed.
{"title":"Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Variants of Melissococcus plutonius (Ex White), the Causal Agent of European Foulbrood","authors":"Adrián Ponce de León-Door, Gerardo Pérez-Ordóñez, A. Romo-Chacón, C. Rios-Velasco, J. J. Ornelas‐Paz, P. B. Zamudio‐Flores, C. Acosta-Muñiz","doi":"10.2478/jas-2020-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The bacterium Melissococcus plutonius is the etiologic agent of the European foulbrood (EFB), one of the most harmful bacterial diseases that causes the larvae of bees to have an intestinal infection. Although EFB has been known for more than a century and is practically present in all countries where beekeeping is practiced, the disease has been little studied compared to American foulbrood. Recently, great advances have been made to understand the disease and the interaction between the pathogen and its host. This review summarizes the research and advances to understand the disease. First, the morphological characteristics of M. plutonius, the infection process and bacterial development in the gut of the larva are described. Also, the epidemiological distribution of EFB and factors that favor the development of the disease as well as the classification of M. plutonius according its genomic and phenotype characteristics are reported. Finally, the new molecular tools for the study of M. plutonius, possible virulence factors in its genome, the issue of current EFB control measures and possible alternatives to the use of antibiotics are addressed.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"173 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44197669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Alkan, M. Akgün, Ö. Ertürk, M. C. Ayvaz, Ceren Başkan
Abstract Physicochemical properties as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities of Rhododendron honey and pollen produced in Turkey were determined. Monofloral honey samples from three different Rhododendron species (R. ponticum L., R. luteum L., and R. caucasicum L.) were collected from the mountains of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. The experimental results revealed that each crude extract of honey and pollen exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal capacity in the bacteria and fungus. The pollen samples and SEM images have been analysed and recorded. The total phenolic contents and antioxidative activities of the samples were investigated based on DPPH free radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidative power potentials, and higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities were observed for pollen samples with respect to honey. Furthermore, the potential to inhibit Acetyl- and Butrylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The potential to inhibit DNA damage were also studied, and R. ponticum honey was observed to influence most positively damaged DNA.
{"title":"Properties of Honey and Pollen Samples Obtained from Different Rhododendron Species Collected from Black Sea Region of Turkey","authors":"S. Alkan, M. Akgün, Ö. Ertürk, M. C. Ayvaz, Ceren Başkan","doi":"10.2478/jas-2020-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Physicochemical properties as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities of Rhododendron honey and pollen produced in Turkey were determined. Monofloral honey samples from three different Rhododendron species (R. ponticum L., R. luteum L., and R. caucasicum L.) were collected from the mountains of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. The experimental results revealed that each crude extract of honey and pollen exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal capacity in the bacteria and fungus. The pollen samples and SEM images have been analysed and recorded. The total phenolic contents and antioxidative activities of the samples were investigated based on DPPH free radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidative power potentials, and higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities were observed for pollen samples with respect to honey. Furthermore, the potential to inhibit Acetyl- and Butrylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. The potential to inhibit DNA damage were also studied, and R. ponticum honey was observed to influence most positively damaged DNA.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"321 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42613199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Khallouki, Mourad Akdad, Toufik Bouddine, L. Hajji, R. Owen
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content of Moroccan Jujube Honey and to establish the principal components of this staple Moroccan food, which contributes health benefit for the local population. Total phytochemical compounds as determined by analytical HPLC-ESI-MS in the honey extracts were 29.39±5.21 mg/kg (range 16.64–42.16) wet weight. The individual phytochemical compounds definitively identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS in the Jujube honeys were the alkaloids: (I) 4-hydroxyquinoline glucoside, (II) 4-hydroxyquinoline and (V) kynurenic acid (17.66±0.87 mg/kg), and the phenolic compounds: (III) p-hydroxybenzoic acid, (IV) caffeic acid and (VI) methyl syringate (11.73±0.50 mg/kg). The structures were confirmed by GC-EI-MS apart from 4-hydroxyquinoline-glucoside. The major components were methyl syringate (8.34±2.49 mg/kg), 4-hydroxyquinoline (6.61±3.23 mg/kg) and kynurenic acid (6.56±0.97 mg/kg). The mean content of polyphenolic compounds (11.73±0.50 mg/kg) of Moroccan Jujube honeys compared favorably with those described for six Chinese Jujube honeys (2.49 mg/kg), five commercial Jujube honeys from different countries (0.92 mg/kg) and twelve Jujube honeys from Yemen (25.71 mg/kg). Reference studies did not identify alkaloids as components of Jujube honey, and therefore the phytochemical profile of Moroccan Jujube honey appears to be unique.
{"title":"HPLC-ESI-MS and GC-EI-MS Identification and Quantitation of Polyphenolics and Alkaloids in Moroccan Jujube Honeys","authors":"F. Khallouki, Mourad Akdad, Toufik Bouddine, L. Hajji, R. Owen","doi":"10.2478/jas-2020-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content of Moroccan Jujube Honey and to establish the principal components of this staple Moroccan food, which contributes health benefit for the local population. Total phytochemical compounds as determined by analytical HPLC-ESI-MS in the honey extracts were 29.39±5.21 mg/kg (range 16.64–42.16) wet weight. The individual phytochemical compounds definitively identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS in the Jujube honeys were the alkaloids: (I) 4-hydroxyquinoline glucoside, (II) 4-hydroxyquinoline and (V) kynurenic acid (17.66±0.87 mg/kg), and the phenolic compounds: (III) p-hydroxybenzoic acid, (IV) caffeic acid and (VI) methyl syringate (11.73±0.50 mg/kg). The structures were confirmed by GC-EI-MS apart from 4-hydroxyquinoline-glucoside. The major components were methyl syringate (8.34±2.49 mg/kg), 4-hydroxyquinoline (6.61±3.23 mg/kg) and kynurenic acid (6.56±0.97 mg/kg). The mean content of polyphenolic compounds (11.73±0.50 mg/kg) of Moroccan Jujube honeys compared favorably with those described for six Chinese Jujube honeys (2.49 mg/kg), five commercial Jujube honeys from different countries (0.92 mg/kg) and twelve Jujube honeys from Yemen (25.71 mg/kg). Reference studies did not identify alkaloids as components of Jujube honey, and therefore the phytochemical profile of Moroccan Jujube honey appears to be unique.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"287 - 299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48058156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Many studies have reported sudden and large-scale losses in honey bee colonies. There is no precise explanation for this happening, but it may be caused by the interaction of pathogenic viruses and ectoparasite Varroa destructor. Deformed-wing virus (DWV) is common in Apis mellifera L. and has been implicated in worldwide Varroa-associated colony losses. Hygienic behavior may be one of the ways that limit V. destructor infestation level and DWV load. The purpose of this research was to determine whether the selection of higher hygienic behavior is effective against V. destructor and DWV. Workers and pupae of A. m. anatoliaca were collected from colonies showing four generations of hygienic behaviodr, and non-hygienics were used as a control. Loads of DWV were investigated by one-step RT-qPCR, and the bottom-board method was used to allow mites count. The prevalence of DWV in pupae were higher in hygienic colonies (69.0%, average viral load 234.38) than control colonies (60.8% average viral load 937.70). However, the prevalence of worker bees infected with DWV was lower in hygienic colonies (41.3%, average viral load 181627.69) than in control's (66.0%, average viral load 241982.35). Although the averages of the Varroa counts were significantly different for both hygienic (28.92) and control colonies (108.90), we could not find any correlation between DWV loads of both workers and pupae in this study. When all these results are evaluated, the selection performed in terms of hygienic behavior can said to have been said successful against DWV.
{"title":"Success of Selection in Terms of Hygienic Behavior in Struggle Against DWV and Varroa","authors":"K. Karabağ, Ayşe Alemli, R. I. Tunca","doi":"10.2478/jas-2020-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many studies have reported sudden and large-scale losses in honey bee colonies. There is no precise explanation for this happening, but it may be caused by the interaction of pathogenic viruses and ectoparasite Varroa destructor. Deformed-wing virus (DWV) is common in Apis mellifera L. and has been implicated in worldwide Varroa-associated colony losses. Hygienic behavior may be one of the ways that limit V. destructor infestation level and DWV load. The purpose of this research was to determine whether the selection of higher hygienic behavior is effective against V. destructor and DWV. Workers and pupae of A. m. anatoliaca were collected from colonies showing four generations of hygienic behaviodr, and non-hygienics were used as a control. Loads of DWV were investigated by one-step RT-qPCR, and the bottom-board method was used to allow mites count. The prevalence of DWV in pupae were higher in hygienic colonies (69.0%, average viral load 234.38) than control colonies (60.8% average viral load 937.70). However, the prevalence of worker bees infected with DWV was lower in hygienic colonies (41.3%, average viral load 181627.69) than in control's (66.0%, average viral load 241982.35). Although the averages of the Varroa counts were significantly different for both hygienic (28.92) and control colonies (108.90), we could not find any correlation between DWV loads of both workers and pupae in this study. When all these results are evaluated, the selection performed in terms of hygienic behavior can said to have been said successful against DWV.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"229 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47154869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paweł Michołap, Marcin Cierpisz, A. Sikora, Marcin Sikora
Abstract The research enabled the optimal parameters of reed stalks Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud, to be determined and then be used for rearing red mason bees (Osmia rufa L.). During research conducted in 2015 and 2016, 3,293 reed stalks were occupied by red mason bees, and 19,461 nest cells were counted in the stalks, of which there were 16,222 non-parasitized larvae. The mean weight of one cocoon was 0.085 g. The mean length of the reed stalk occupied by the red mason bee was 169.45 mm, its mean diameter was 6.11 mm and the mean number of cells in the reed was 5.47. The mean length of the first cell, the vestibulum, was 38.38 mm. The mean degree of parasitism was 0.16. The length of the reed stalk positively correlated with the number of cells in the reed nest (r=0.543), vestibulum length (r=0.392) and cocoon mass (r=0.362) The diameter of the reed positively correlated with the mass of the cocoon (r=0.536), the number of cells in the reed (r=0.406) and vestibulum length (r=0.254). Correlation between degree of parasitatism and length, and diameter of the reed was insignificant. Reed stalks with a length of 150 to 200 mm and a diameter of 5–7 mm are recommended for the choice of red mason bee nesting material.
{"title":"Nesting Efectiveness of Red Mason Bee Osmia rufa (L.) in Reed Stalk Phragmites australis (Cav.)","authors":"Paweł Michołap, Marcin Cierpisz, A. Sikora, Marcin Sikora","doi":"10.2478/jas-2020-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The research enabled the optimal parameters of reed stalks Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud, to be determined and then be used for rearing red mason bees (Osmia rufa L.). During research conducted in 2015 and 2016, 3,293 reed stalks were occupied by red mason bees, and 19,461 nest cells were counted in the stalks, of which there were 16,222 non-parasitized larvae. The mean weight of one cocoon was 0.085 g. The mean length of the reed stalk occupied by the red mason bee was 169.45 mm, its mean diameter was 6.11 mm and the mean number of cells in the reed was 5.47. The mean length of the first cell, the vestibulum, was 38.38 mm. The mean degree of parasitism was 0.16. The length of the reed stalk positively correlated with the number of cells in the reed nest (r=0.543), vestibulum length (r=0.392) and cocoon mass (r=0.362) The diameter of the reed positively correlated with the mass of the cocoon (r=0.536), the number of cells in the reed (r=0.406) and vestibulum length (r=0.254). Correlation between degree of parasitatism and length, and diameter of the reed was insignificant. Reed stalks with a length of 150 to 200 mm and a diameter of 5–7 mm are recommended for the choice of red mason bee nesting material.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"345 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45443332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. McCallum, Sawyer Olmstead, Jillian M. Shaw, K. Glasgow
Abstract The efficacy of the antimicrobial Fumagilin-B® against nosemosis was evaluated in both spring and autumn feeding treatments following label directions in seventy-two honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies across three apiaries in Nova Scotia, Canada. The seasonal trend of Nosema spp. spore loads was also tracked in these same colonies throughout a thirteen-month period (February 2018 – March 2019). We found the spring Fumagilin-B® treatment to be effective at significantly suppressing Nosema spp. spore levels below the recommended treatment threshold. There was no effect of Fumagilin-B® treatment in the autumn based on low spore levels at this time. We detected a drastic increase in Nosema spp. spore loads as May progressed but a decline in spores in summer (June–September). By October, there was another increase in spore levels, but this increase did not exceed the economic treatment threshold. Across seventeen collection periods in both control and Fumagilin-B® colonies, 74% (25) of samples tested positive for Nosema ceranae, while 26% (9) contained no Nosema spp. spores. No Nosema apis spores were detected during this trial. Our results indicate that Fumagilin-B® is an effective management practice in the spring, but colonies should still be monitored in the autumn. Our data also support that the Nosema species profile is shifting to be exclusively N. ceranae and the treatment threshold for Fumagilin-B® may need to be updated to reflect this, as the threshold was originally developed for N. apis.
{"title":"Evaluating Efficacy of Fumagilin-B® Against Nosemosis and Tracking Seasonal Trends of Nosema spp. in Nova Scotia Honey Bee Colonies","authors":"R. McCallum, Sawyer Olmstead, Jillian M. Shaw, K. Glasgow","doi":"10.2478/jas-2020-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2020-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The efficacy of the antimicrobial Fumagilin-B® against nosemosis was evaluated in both spring and autumn feeding treatments following label directions in seventy-two honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies across three apiaries in Nova Scotia, Canada. The seasonal trend of Nosema spp. spore loads was also tracked in these same colonies throughout a thirteen-month period (February 2018 – March 2019). We found the spring Fumagilin-B® treatment to be effective at significantly suppressing Nosema spp. spore levels below the recommended treatment threshold. There was no effect of Fumagilin-B® treatment in the autumn based on low spore levels at this time. We detected a drastic increase in Nosema spp. spore loads as May progressed but a decline in spores in summer (June–September). By October, there was another increase in spore levels, but this increase did not exceed the economic treatment threshold. Across seventeen collection periods in both control and Fumagilin-B® colonies, 74% (25) of samples tested positive for Nosema ceranae, while 26% (9) contained no Nosema spp. spores. No Nosema apis spores were detected during this trial. Our results indicate that Fumagilin-B® is an effective management practice in the spring, but colonies should still be monitored in the autumn. Our data also support that the Nosema species profile is shifting to be exclusively N. ceranae and the treatment threshold for Fumagilin-B® may need to be updated to reflect this, as the threshold was originally developed for N. apis.","PeriodicalId":14941,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Apicultural Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"277 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45962850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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