Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-009
Ruramisai Charumbira
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Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-006
Mohamed Haji Ingiriis
: This chapter makes a critical intervention into the academic and popular discussions about political memory in Somalia. Focusing on contestations of political memory and disputes over what occurred in the past as well as why, when and where they took place, the chapter foregrounds the importance of memory and commemoration for the Somaliland state-building project. By presenting a new perspective on the making of the breakaway region in northern Somalia that declared itself independent Somaliland in 1991, the chapter offers insights into how memories of trauma function as a political resource that could crystallise conflict and confrontation. Furthermore, in the case observed, judicious deployment of political memory elicited sympathy and solidarity locally and amongst diasporic Somaliland people in the pursuit of the separatist state-building project in Somaliland. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Somaliland at intervals between 2016, 2018 and 2019 that relied on ethnographic observations and interviews with men and women, the chapter explores how the independence project in Somaliland was constructed through accumulated collective historical grievances. These were used to strengthen the case in favour of seeking recognition for a separate state allowing the collapse of the Somali state. Supposedly collective community suffering was rooted in how the military regime – bent on the protection and preservation of specific clans – mistreated the Isaaq, the predominate clan in Somaliland. Building upon previous studies of political memory, the chapter reveals how particularistic historical grievance shaped – and continues to shape – the process of legitimising separatism in Somaliland.
{"title":"Southern Somalia’s “Glorious Days Are Our Nightmare”: The Performance of Political Memory and Contestations of Commemoration in Northern Somalia (Somaliland)","authors":"Mohamed Haji Ingiriis","doi":"10.1515/9783110655315-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110655315-006","url":null,"abstract":": This chapter makes a critical intervention into the academic and popular discussions about political memory in Somalia. Focusing on contestations of political memory and disputes over what occurred in the past as well as why, when and where they took place, the chapter foregrounds the importance of memory and commemoration for the Somaliland state-building project. By presenting a new perspective on the making of the breakaway region in northern Somalia that declared itself independent Somaliland in 1991, the chapter offers insights into how memories of trauma function as a political resource that could crystallise conflict and confrontation. Furthermore, in the case observed, judicious deployment of political memory elicited sympathy and solidarity locally and amongst diasporic Somaliland people in the pursuit of the separatist state-building project in Somaliland. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Somaliland at intervals between 2016, 2018 and 2019 that relied on ethnographic observations and interviews with men and women, the chapter explores how the independence project in Somaliland was constructed through accumulated collective historical grievances. These were used to strengthen the case in favour of seeking recognition for a separate state allowing the collapse of the Somali state. Supposedly collective community suffering was rooted in how the military regime – bent on the protection and preservation of specific clans – mistreated the Isaaq, the predominate clan in Somaliland. Building upon previous studies of political memory, the chapter reveals how particularistic historical grievance shaped – and continues to shape – the process of legitimising separatism in Somaliland.","PeriodicalId":149530,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Historical Memory and Commemoration in Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116272239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110655315-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110655315-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":149530,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Historical Memory and Commemoration in Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125944352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-002
M. Sikes, Cassandra Mark-Thiesen, M. A. Mihatsch
In 2020, a global wave of anti-racism movements contributed to widespread reconsideration of previously honoured people. From Bristol’s slave trader Edward Colston, to confederate generals across the American South, to King Leopold II of Belgium, statues now seen as symbols of white supremacy have fallen.1 Campaigns in Africa challenged state-endorsed memorialisations, thus contributing to the recent groundswell of alternative interpretations of the past. In the Ethiopian town of Harar, Oromo groups toppled a monument to Haile Selassie’s father, Ras Makonnen, seeing both father and son as imperialist oppressors.2 In Cape Town, a statue of white supremacist Cecil Rhodes at Rhodes Memorial on the slopes of Table Mountain was decapitated.3 In 2015, protests over another statue of Rhodes located at the University of Cape Town (UCT) channelled memories of past injustices into widespread mobilisation for change, a movement known as #RhodesMustFall (RMF).4
{"title":"Public Memorialisation and the Politics of Historical Memory in Africa","authors":"M. Sikes, Cassandra Mark-Thiesen, M. A. Mihatsch","doi":"10.1515/9783110655315-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110655315-002","url":null,"abstract":"In 2020, a global wave of anti-racism movements contributed to widespread reconsideration of previously honoured people. From Bristol’s slave trader Edward Colston, to confederate generals across the American South, to King Leopold II of Belgium, statues now seen as symbols of white supremacy have fallen.1 Campaigns in Africa challenged state-endorsed memorialisations, thus contributing to the recent groundswell of alternative interpretations of the past. In the Ethiopian town of Harar, Oromo groups toppled a monument to Haile Selassie’s father, Ras Makonnen, seeing both father and son as imperialist oppressors.2 In Cape Town, a statue of white supremacist Cecil Rhodes at Rhodes Memorial on the slopes of Table Mountain was decapitated.3 In 2015, protests over another statue of Rhodes located at the University of Cape Town (UCT) channelled memories of past injustices into widespread mobilisation for change, a movement known as #RhodesMustFall (RMF).4","PeriodicalId":149530,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Historical Memory and Commemoration in Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123186633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-010
{"title":"Figures","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110655315-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110655315-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":149530,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Historical Memory and Commemoration in Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134269211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-003
N. Filippi
: Leading interviews in prison, in a post-colonial and post-authoritarian democracy, raises many questions as to the problematic definition of consent, the power dynamics at play and the shortcomings of oral history. Focusing on two South African closed settings, this chapter investigates the extent to which oral history methodology, when completed with the study of other sources such as rumours, silence and the body, can still prove useful. This is especially true when one wishes to analyse the role of violence in the formation of past and present narrative. A brief comparative study of prisons transformed into heritage sites worldwide helps understand the gap between prisoners ’ collective memory and the official memory of post-authoritarian democracies, and how they tend to return prisoners ’ voices to the silenced margins of society. between Oxford ’ study of postcolonial African and
{"title":"Oral history, Closed Settings and the Formation of Narratives: A South African Example","authors":"N. Filippi","doi":"10.1515/9783110655315-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110655315-003","url":null,"abstract":": Leading interviews in prison, in a post-colonial and post-authoritarian democracy, raises many questions as to the problematic definition of consent, the power dynamics at play and the shortcomings of oral history. Focusing on two South African closed settings, this chapter investigates the extent to which oral history methodology, when completed with the study of other sources such as rumours, silence and the body, can still prove useful. This is especially true when one wishes to analyse the role of violence in the formation of past and present narrative. A brief comparative study of prisons transformed into heritage sites worldwide helps understand the gap between prisoners ’ collective memory and the official memory of post-authoritarian democracies, and how they tend to return prisoners ’ voices to the silenced margins of society. between Oxford ’ study of postcolonial African and","PeriodicalId":149530,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Historical Memory and Commemoration in Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117085102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-004
Casper Andersen
In 1963, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) launched the General History of Africa (GHA) project which ran for over three decades. The stated aim of the project was to produce “a scientific history of African unity and culture from the inside” – a history written by Africans for Africans on the continent and in the diaspora. Those involved in the GHA as contributors, editors and UNESCO officials were motivated by what Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o has labelled a “quest for relevance” which was felt strongly among African cultural elites during the decades after 1940. This quest for relevance involved contributing to the decolonisation of the mind based on the idea that the ending of formal colonial rule would be incomplete and meaningless without a cultural decolonisation in education, science, and the arts, including history. In this chapter I revisit the chequered history of the GHA and place the project in its historical context of Pan-Africanism and nation building. I unravel the institutional context and argue that the project was shaped by an agenda centred on the politics of historical memory shared by this generation of Africans and by UNESCO. Africa scholars put more emphasis on showing that Africans had a history than on asking how Africans’ history-making was implicated in establishing or contesting power. (Frederick Cooper, 1994)1 In November 2015, UNESCO – the UN special agency for education, science and culture – celebrated its 70 anniversary with proceedings that included a conference on the organisation’s history.2 During the celebrations, former Director-General and Senegalese geographer and diplomat Amadou Mahtar M′Bow explained what UNESCO had achieved during his Director-Generalship from 1974 to 1983. Frederick Cooper, “Conflict and Connection: Rethinking African History,” American Historical Review 99, no. 5 (1994): 1528. Mads K. Mogensen and Ivan. L Christensen, “Report on: Making a Difference: Seventy Years of UNESCO Actions UNESCO Anniversary Conference, UNESCO, Paris, 28–29 October 2015,” UNESDOC Digital Library, 2015, accessed 28 November 2019, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/
1963年，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(UNESCO)启动了非洲通史(GHA)项目，该项目持续了30多年。该项目宣称的目标是制作“一部非洲内部统一和文化的科学史”——一部由非洲人为非洲大陆上和散居海外的非洲人撰写的历史。参与GHA的撰稿人、编辑和教科文组织官员受到Ngũgĩ wa Thiong 'o所称的“对相关性的追求”的激励，这种追求在1940年后的几十年里在非洲文化精英中得到了强烈的感受。这种对相关性的追求涉及到思想的非殖民化，基于这样一种观点，即如果没有教育、科学和艺术(包括历史)的文化非殖民化，正式殖民统治的结束将是不完整和毫无意义的。在本章中，我将重新审视GHA的曲折历史，并将该项目置于泛非主义和国家建设的历史背景中。我揭示了制度背景，并认为该项目是由以这一代非洲人和联合国教科文组织共同的历史记忆政治为中心的议程塑造的。非洲学者更强调展示非洲人有自己的历史，而不是探究非洲人的历史创造如何与权力的建立或争夺有关。(弗雷德里克·库珀，1994)2015年11月，联合国教育、科学和文化的专门机构联合国教科文组织庆祝成立70周年，其中包括一个关于该组织历史的会议在庆祝活动中，前总干事、塞内加尔地理学家和外交官阿马杜·马塔尔·M 'Bow解释了他在1974年至1983年担任总干事期间教科文组织取得的成就。弗雷德里克·库珀，《冲突与联系:重新思考非洲历史》，《美国历史评论》99期，第2期。5(1994): 1528。Mads K. Mogensen和Ivan。L·克里斯滕森，《改变世界:教科文组织七十年行动》教科文组织周年大会报告，教科文组织，巴黎，2015年10月28日至29日》，联合国教科文组织数字图书馆，2015年，2019年11月28日访问，https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/
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Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-011
{"title":"List of Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110655315-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110655315-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":149530,"journal":{"name":"The Politics of Historical Memory and Commemoration in Africa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121463960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-06DOI: 10.1515/9783110655315-007
Rouven Kunstmann, Cassandra Mark-Thiesen
This chapter considers the memory process in the commemorations of the dead in a sample of newspapers from Nigeria and Liberia from the 1940s to 1960s. At its centre are the obituaries and in-memoriams of middleto upperclass citizens published by family members and the state. The chapter homes in on how a number of journalistic processes, from “signalling” to “masking” to “controlling,” were used to capture specific elements of the past and, more significantly, to guide the present and future self-fashioning of the African elite. As a fitting part of this Gedenkschrift, itself a technology of death culture, this chapter explores practices surrounding death as performed in West African newspapers of the 1940s to 1960s. We examine the printing of death notices and obituaries both as a historically dynamic process and as one of multiple interrelated modes of (both textual and non-textual) social communication and memory-making in Africa. With its emergence in the nineteenth century, the West African press has been at the forefront of forming and reinforcing identities, helping both individuals and institutions to present themselves to a wider audience. In recent times, studies of the practices of self-fashioning in print culture have attracted much attention in Africanist historiography and beyond.1 This chapter explores the social and political signalling accompanying announcements of death in newspapers. Herein we compare two forms of publicising death, namely in-memoriams and obituaries. In line with Jan-Georg Deutsch’s interest in the study of social relations in shaping history, we demonstrate the commemoration expressed in these West African advertisements of death as promoting the solidification of sociopolitical relationships. For the purpose of this examination of print media, we draw evidence from Nigerian and Liberian newspapers. After the Second World War, both states en Derek R. Peterson, Emma Hunter, and Stephanie Newell, eds., African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2016); Mamadou Diawara, Bernard C. Lategan, and Jörn Rüsen, eds., Historical Memory in Africa: Dealing with the Past, Reaching for the Future in an Intercultural Context (New York: Berghahn
本章以20世纪40年代至60年代尼日利亚和利比里亚的报纸为样本，考察了纪念死者的记忆过程。它的中心是由家庭成员和国家出版的中上层社会公民的讣告和悼念。这一章集中讨论了从“信号”到“掩饰”再到“控制”的一系列新闻过程是如何被用来捕捉过去的特定元素的，更重要的是，如何指导非洲精英们现在和未来的自我塑造。作为这种死亡文化技术的恰当组成部分，本章探讨了20世纪40年代至60年代西非报纸上围绕死亡的实践。我们研究了死亡通知和讣告的印刷，既是一个历史动态过程，也是非洲(文本和非文本)社会交流和记忆制造的多种相互关联模式之一。自19世纪出现以来，西非新闻界一直处于形成和加强身份认同的前沿，帮助个人和机构向更广泛的受众展示自己。近年来，对印刷文化中自我塑造实践的研究引起了非洲史学和其他领域的广泛关注本章探讨报纸上死亡公告所附带的社会和政治信号。在这里，我们比较两种形式的公布死亡，即悼念和讣告。与Jan-Georg Deutsch对研究社会关系塑造历史的兴趣一致，我们展示了这些西非死亡广告中表达的纪念，促进了社会政治关系的固化。为了审查印刷媒体，我们从尼日利亚和利比里亚的报纸中提取证据。第二次世界大战后，这两个州都是德里克·r·彼得森、艾玛·亨特和斯蒂芬妮·纽厄尔主编。，非洲印刷文化:报纸和他们的公众在二十世纪(安娜堡，密歇根州:密歇根大学出版社，2016);Mamadou Diawara, Bernard C. Lategan和Jörn r sen主编。《非洲的历史记忆:在跨文化背景下处理过去，走向未来》(纽约:Berghahn出版社)
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