About one-third of passenger vehicles available in the world market are diesel powered, which leads to greater emphasis on improving the performance of a diesel engine without changing the engine configuration. In this study, an attempt has been made to improve the combustion efficiency of nanofuel, CeO2 nanoparticles dispersed diesel. It was prepared using a tip sonicator with different concentration of ceria varied in the range of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 wt. % in diesel. Cerium concentration in diesel played an important role to control the concentration of toxic exhaust gases by influencing the complete combustion of fuel. The maximum reduction of emission gases and an increase of engine performance were observed at an optimum condition of 75 % of load and 0.06 wt. % of CeO2 in diesel, where brake thermal and mechanical efficiency were increased by 10 % and 7 %, respectively and the specific fuel consumption, NOx, and CO was found to be decreased by 10 %, 50 %, and 40 %, respectively. It is concluded that the use of nanofuel is a very efficient tool to protect our environment from the toxic gases emitted from the burning of fossil fuel.
{"title":"Reduction of Emission in a Diesel Engine Using Nanofuel – Ceria Nanoparticle Dispersed Diesel","authors":"S. Mandal, S. Kanagaraj","doi":"10.1520/JAI104424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104424","url":null,"abstract":"About one-third of passenger vehicles available in the world market are diesel powered, which leads to greater emphasis on improving the performance of a diesel engine without changing the engine configuration. In this study, an attempt has been made to improve the combustion efficiency of nanofuel, CeO2 nanoparticles dispersed diesel. It was prepared using a tip sonicator with different concentration of ceria varied in the range of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 wt. % in diesel. Cerium concentration in diesel played an important role to control the concentration of toxic exhaust gases by influencing the complete combustion of fuel. The maximum reduction of emission gases and an increase of engine performance were observed at an optimum condition of 75 % of load and 0.06 wt. % of CeO2 in diesel, where brake thermal and mechanical efficiency were increased by 10 % and 7 %, respectively and the specific fuel consumption, NOx, and CO was found to be decreased by 10 %, 50 %, and 40 %, respectively. It is concluded that the use of nanofuel is a very efficient tool to protect our environment from the toxic gases emitted from the burning of fossil fuel.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75623290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. M. E. S. Filho, C. R. C. Rodrigues, A. P. Barbosa, J. D. Santos, F. O. Baldner, R. Pereira, Clara Castro, José Renato Real Siqueira, R. J. Daroda, L. Lima
In this article, we study the relation between viscosity and temperature of several biodiesel types (soybean, sunflower, corn, castor bean, and animal fat based) in a metrological point of view. All the biodiesel types were obtained by a transesterification reaction with methanol in the presence of an alkaline base as a catalyst. The biodiesels had their viscosities measured using capillary viscometers following Brazilian standards, in temperatures ranging from 20°C to 40°C. An extra study was performed with another beef tallow biodiesel (transesterified with ethanol) with temperatures up to 100°C. For all the measurements, the uncertainties were calculated. Even though there have been many studies on biodiesel on recent years, most of these do not have a metrological focus. This study shows the behavior of the biodiesel viscosity in a temperature range of 20°C to 40°C, and also how its composition influences the viscosity.
{"title":"Metrological Approach in the Study of Biodiesel Viscosity Variation with Temperature","authors":"D. M. E. S. Filho, C. R. C. Rodrigues, A. P. Barbosa, J. D. Santos, F. O. Baldner, R. Pereira, Clara Castro, José Renato Real Siqueira, R. J. Daroda, L. Lima","doi":"10.1520/JAI104612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104612","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we study the relation between viscosity and temperature of several biodiesel types (soybean, sunflower, corn, castor bean, and animal fat based) in a metrological point of view. All the biodiesel types were obtained by a transesterification reaction with methanol in the presence of an alkaline base as a catalyst. The biodiesels had their viscosities measured using capillary viscometers following Brazilian standards, in temperatures ranging from 20°C to 40°C. An extra study was performed with another beef tallow biodiesel (transesterified with ethanol) with temperatures up to 100°C. For all the measurements, the uncertainties were calculated. Even though there have been many studies on biodiesel on recent years, most of these do not have a metrological focus. This study shows the behavior of the biodiesel viscosity in a temperature range of 20°C to 40°C, and also how its composition influences the viscosity.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75118213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The architecture of the past 100 years is characterized by a desire for ever greater transparency. Inevitably, that goes hand in hand with a constantly growing proportion of glass in the building envelope. But owing to the brittle nature of glass, there are only limited options for transferring tried-and-tested methods of jointing—derived from structural steelwork and other engineering disciplines—to this material. However, adhesive joints are much more suited to creating a material bond between glass components. Structural adhesive joints for load bearing glass components have been the subject of research and development work all over Europe in recent years. This article looks at some of that work. The research has led to the development of practical adhesive joints for glass-glass and glass-metal connections. The work includes the study of surface pretreatments and aging scenarios so that types of application for the tensile and shear loads encountered in practice can be specified. Material specimens tested at various load application rates and temperatures enable the material parameters to be determined. A torsion specimen with a glued butt joint is being used to improve the in situ testing of glass-metal connections. There are plenty of potential applications for adhesive joints in structural glazing and solar technology, including the following: Point adhesive joints for overhead glazing and for oversize photovoltaic modules subjected to high environmental loads, linear adhesive joints for hybrid steel-glass composite beams with good ductility and for glass fins with a reduced cross-section in minimized steel-and-glass facades, or full-bond adhesive joints for photovoltaic facades suspended in front of a ventilation cavity and for fully transparent load bearing adhesive joints to an all-glass pavilion (first approved application in Germany).
{"title":"Adhesive Joints in Glass and Solar Engineering","authors":"B. Weller, I. Vogt","doi":"10.1520/JAI104076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104076","url":null,"abstract":"The architecture of the past 100 years is characterized by a desire for ever greater transparency. Inevitably, that goes hand in hand with a constantly growing proportion of glass in the building envelope. But owing to the brittle nature of glass, there are only limited options for transferring tried-and-tested methods of jointing—derived from structural steelwork and other engineering disciplines—to this material. However, adhesive joints are much more suited to creating a material bond between glass components. Structural adhesive joints for load bearing glass components have been the subject of research and development work all over Europe in recent years. This article looks at some of that work. The research has led to the development of practical adhesive joints for glass-glass and glass-metal connections. The work includes the study of surface pretreatments and aging scenarios so that types of application for the tensile and shear loads encountered in practice can be specified. Material specimens tested at various load application rates and temperatures enable the material parameters to be determined. A torsion specimen with a glued butt joint is being used to improve the in situ testing of glass-metal connections. There are plenty of potential applications for adhesive joints in structural glazing and solar technology, including the following: Point adhesive joints for overhead glazing and for oversize photovoltaic modules subjected to high environmental loads, linear adhesive joints for hybrid steel-glass composite beams with good ductility and for glass fins with a reduced cross-section in minimized steel-and-glass facades, or full-bond adhesive joints for photovoltaic facades suspended in front of a ventilation cavity and for fully transparent load bearing adhesive joints to an all-glass pavilion (first approved application in Germany).","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"128 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88183682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. M. Luker, P. Griffin, N. Kolb, G. Naranjo, A. Suo-Anttila
This paper discusses the use of a commercially available 235U fission chamber, with a matching compensating ion chamber, originally sold as a single-ended detector with the signal conducted over the shield of a coaxial cable. The authors designed an aluminum housing that isolates the two detectors and converts the signals to full differential mode as a noise-reduction technique. The signals are processed using the switched resistor technique to extend the signal range to longer times from the peak of the pulse [Luker, S. M., Griffin, P. J., King, D. B., and Suo-Anttila, A. J., “Improved Diagnostics for Analysis of a Reactor Pulse Radiation Environment,” 13th International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, Akersloot, Netherlands, May 25, 2008, pp. 4–6.]. The newly configured fission chamber assembly has been used at the annular core research reactor at Sandia National Laboratories to provide a high-fidelity characterization of the neutron time profile from a pulsed operation.
本文讨论了商用235U裂变室的使用，配有匹配的补偿离子室，最初作为单端探测器出售，信号通过同轴电缆的屏蔽传导。作者设计了一个铝制外壳，隔离两个探测器，并将信号转换为全差分模式作为降噪技术。使用开关电阻技术处理信号，将信号范围从脉冲峰值扩展到更长的时间[Luker, S. M.， Griffin, P. J.， King, D. B.和Suo-Anttila, a . J.，“反应堆脉冲辐射环境分析的改进诊断”，第13届反应堆剂量学国际研讨会，荷兰，Akersloot, 2008年5月25日，第4-6页]。新配置的裂变室组件已在桑迪亚国家实验室的环形堆芯研究堆中使用，以提供脉冲操作中中子时间剖面的高保真度表征。
{"title":"Development of an Active Detector for the Characterization of the Late-Time Radiation Environment from a Reactor Pulse","authors":"S. M. Luker, P. Griffin, N. Kolb, G. Naranjo, A. Suo-Anttila","doi":"10.1520/JAI104164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104164","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the use of a commercially available 235U fission chamber, with a matching compensating ion chamber, originally sold as a single-ended detector with the signal conducted over the shield of a coaxial cable. The authors designed an aluminum housing that isolates the two detectors and converts the signals to full differential mode as a noise-reduction technique. The signals are processed using the switched resistor technique to extend the signal range to longer times from the peak of the pulse [Luker, S. M., Griffin, P. J., King, D. B., and Suo-Anttila, A. J., “Improved Diagnostics for Analysis of a Reactor Pulse Radiation Environment,” 13th International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, Akersloot, Netherlands, May 25, 2008, pp. 4–6.]. The newly configured fission chamber assembly has been used at the annular core research reactor at Sandia National Laboratories to provide a high-fidelity characterization of the neutron time profile from a pulsed operation.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87638022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present work, the effect of the addition of aluminum nanoparticles in concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.5 vol. % on the cooling performance and quench severity of water during immersion quenching is investigated. The results of cooling curve analyses show that an increase in nanoparticle concentration increased the cooling rates at critical temperatures up to 0.05 vol. % and decreased them thereafter. The transition from the vapor blanket stage to the nucleate boiling stage was also altered by quenching in nanofluids. A finite difference heat transfer program was employed to generate cooling curves at different values of heat transfer coefficient from thermo-physical properties of the quench probe material. A Grossmann H quench severity versus cooling rate curve was established, and from this curve, the H factors of prepared nanofluids were estimated. An increase in nanoparticle concentration up to 0.05 vol. % resulted in an increase of the H value of water from 63 m−1 to 93 m−1, and any further increase in the concentration of nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in H. The results suggest both the enhancement and the deterioration of the cooling performance of water by the addition of aluminum nanoparticles.
{"title":"Effect of Addition of Aluminum Nanoparticles on Cooling Performance and Quench Severity of Water during Immersion Quenching","authors":"G. Ramesh, K. Prabhu","doi":"10.1520/JAI104404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104404","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, the effect of the addition of aluminum nanoparticles in concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.5 vol. % on the cooling performance and quench severity of water during immersion quenching is investigated. The results of cooling curve analyses show that an increase in nanoparticle concentration increased the cooling rates at critical temperatures up to 0.05 vol. % and decreased them thereafter. The transition from the vapor blanket stage to the nucleate boiling stage was also altered by quenching in nanofluids. A finite difference heat transfer program was employed to generate cooling curves at different values of heat transfer coefficient from thermo-physical properties of the quench probe material. A Grossmann H quench severity versus cooling rate curve was established, and from this curve, the H factors of prepared nanofluids were estimated. An increase in nanoparticle concentration up to 0.05 vol. % resulted in an increase of the H value of water from 63 m−1 to 93 m−1, and any further increase in the concentration of nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in H. The results suggest both the enhancement and the deterioration of the cooling performance of water by the addition of aluminum nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"28 1","pages":"104404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84461117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the paper is to open discussion for an alternative methodology for stability testing of spinal fusion devices that does not require cadaveric tissue. A simulated single level functional spinal unit (FSU) model was used to evaluate spinal fusion devices as an alternative to using cadaveric human tissue models. Initially, this study was proposed as a feasibility investigation prior to investing in a cadaveric study, but was then developed into an alternative, stand-alone method that eliminates variabilities associated with cadaveric tissue testing for providing comparison testing between spinal devices. The objective of this paper is to present the development of the synthetic FSU model and the apparatus for providing kinematic stability testing on lumbar interbody spinal devices. The synthetic model geometry was based on morphological parameters for the lumbar spine using rigid foam per ASTM F1839. A universal servo-controlled test frame provided the pure moment loading through a system of cables and pulleys for the application of flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Comparable testing was performed using short cyclical, fully reversing runs up to 50 cycles where the last ten cycles were evaluated.
{"title":"Kinematic Stability Evaluation of Spinal Fusion Devices by Synthetic FSU Model","authors":"T. Hansen","doi":"10.1520/JAI103496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI103496","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the paper is to open discussion for an alternative methodology for stability testing of spinal fusion devices that does not require cadaveric tissue. A simulated single level functional spinal unit (FSU) model was used to evaluate spinal fusion devices as an alternative to using cadaveric human tissue models. Initially, this study was proposed as a feasibility investigation prior to investing in a cadaveric study, but was then developed into an alternative, stand-alone method that eliminates variabilities associated with cadaveric tissue testing for providing comparison testing between spinal devices. The objective of this paper is to present the development of the synthetic FSU model and the apparatus for providing kinematic stability testing on lumbar interbody spinal devices. The synthetic model geometry was based on morphological parameters for the lumbar spine using rigid foam per ASTM F1839. A universal servo-controlled test frame provided the pure moment loading through a system of cables and pulleys for the application of flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Comparable testing was performed using short cyclical, fully reversing runs up to 50 cycles where the last ten cycles were evaluated.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"91 1","pages":"103496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82445057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Alberici, V. Souza, Lenise V. Gonçalves, V. Cunha, M. Eberlin, R. J. Daroda
In recent years, biodiesel has gained considerable attention because of the increasing concern for the environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels. The determination of fuel quality is an issue of great importance to the successful commercialization of biodiesel. According to ASTM and EN standards, the analysis of free and total glycerin, contaminants that can lead to serious engine problems, must be carried out by GC analysis. This work presents an alternative method for identifying and quantifying these major contaminants in biodiesel. EASI(+)-MS has shown to function as a fast and secure method, with little or no sample preparation and no pre-separation.
{"title":"Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: An Alternative Method to Quantify Organic Impurities in Biodiesel","authors":"R. Alberici, V. Souza, Lenise V. Gonçalves, V. Cunha, M. Eberlin, R. J. Daroda","doi":"10.1520/JAI104552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104552","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, biodiesel has gained considerable attention because of the increasing concern for the environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels. The determination of fuel quality is an issue of great importance to the successful commercialization of biodiesel. According to ASTM and EN standards, the analysis of free and total glycerin, contaminants that can lead to serious engine problems, must be carried out by GC analysis. This work presents an alternative method for identifying and quantifying these major contaminants in biodiesel. EASI(+)-MS has shown to function as a fast and secure method, with little or no sample preparation and no pre-separation.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"203 1","pages":"104552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74147789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-quality and durable adhesion of elastomeric adhesives to metallic, ceramic, and organic substrates is essential to a broad range of industries, e.g., building and construction, automotive, electronic, aerospace, biomedical, and others. The principles of engineering substrate surfaces through grafted connector molecules are discussed in this paper. In particular, two important modes of interaction for surface-grafted “molecular brushes” are investigated and experimentally verified. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of silicone- and/or amine-terminated graft molecules, such as silanes or polyethyleneimines, at polymer interfaces, results in the formation of strong molecular bridges between a range of organic substrates and elastomeric sealants leading to significantly improved bonding. The technology has been successfully adopted by global automotive industry for improving adhesion of a variety of adhesives and coatings to polyolefinic substrates.
{"title":"The Mechanism of Adhesion Improvement of Elastomeric Silicone Sealants to Difficult-to-Bond Polymeric Substrates through Reactive or Interpenetrating Molecular Brushes","authors":"W. Gutowski, G. Toikka, Sheng Li","doi":"10.1520/JAI104275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104275","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality and durable adhesion of elastomeric adhesives to metallic, ceramic, and organic substrates is essential to a broad range of industries, e.g., building and construction, automotive, electronic, aerospace, biomedical, and others. The principles of engineering substrate surfaces through grafted connector molecules are discussed in this paper. In particular, two important modes of interaction for surface-grafted “molecular brushes” are investigated and experimentally verified. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of silicone- and/or amine-terminated graft molecules, such as silanes or polyethyleneimines, at polymer interfaces, results in the formation of strong molecular bridges between a range of organic substrates and elastomeric sealants leading to significantly improved bonding. The technology has been successfully adopted by global automotive industry for improving adhesion of a variety of adhesives and coatings to polyolefinic substrates.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"150 1","pages":"104275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75375146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sérgio L. Ferreira, Antônio Moreira dos Santos, G. R. D. Souza, W. Polito
There exist many motivations of environmental and energetic order regarding the most frequent use of renewable fuels. Biodiesel is one of the renewable alternatives to diesel oil, and its application has been increasing in Brazil and other countries. In Brazil, there is a positive propensity towards oleaginous cultivation and biodiesel appears as a proposal for the environmental, energetic, and social solution. The present paper deals with the influence of some conditions on the biodiesel production process via ethylic route using alkaline catalysis. Different reaction conditions, such as ethanol/oil molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature were used in the optimization of the biodiesel synthesis. The optimum conditions for the transesterification of soybean oil with anhydrous ethanol and KOH as a catalyst were obtained at 90°C reaction temperature, 8:1 molar ratio of ethanol to soybean oil and 1.0 wt.% catalyst concentration. Moreover, it is possible to observe that the ester content increases with long reaction times and high temperatures.
{"title":"Influence of the Reaction Conditions on the Ester Content and Characterization of Biodiesel via Ethylic Route","authors":"Sérgio L. Ferreira, Antônio Moreira dos Santos, G. R. D. Souza, W. Polito","doi":"10.1520/JAI104452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI104452","url":null,"abstract":"There exist many motivations of environmental and energetic order regarding the most frequent use of renewable fuels. Biodiesel is one of the renewable alternatives to diesel oil, and its application has been increasing in Brazil and other countries. In Brazil, there is a positive propensity towards oleaginous cultivation and biodiesel appears as a proposal for the environmental, energetic, and social solution. The present paper deals with the influence of some conditions on the biodiesel production process via ethylic route using alkaline catalysis. Different reaction conditions, such as ethanol/oil molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature were used in the optimization of the biodiesel synthesis. The optimum conditions for the transesterification of soybean oil with anhydrous ethanol and KOH as a catalyst were obtained at 90°C reaction temperature, 8:1 molar ratio of ethanol to soybean oil and 1.0 wt.% catalyst concentration. Moreover, it is possible to observe that the ester content increases with long reaction times and high temperatures.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74085753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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