The electronic equipment industry has developed rapidly in recent years. The amount of heat emitted from such equipment is seriously increased. Increasing the temperature of the electronic devices degrades their performance and as a final result their failure. Therefore, the requirements for an effective cooling system have become more important than ever. One of the most important methods of heat dissipation that the researchers focused on is the use of piezoelectric fans (PE). The current study reviews most of the developments that have taken place since its discovery nearly 40 years ago and focused on reducing power consumption. Most of the improvements and developments have been focused on obtaining optimal designs for these piezoelectric fans, which are used in different applications. This review clarifies the foundations and concepts of designing piezoelectric fans by comparing the data presented in previous studies. Furthermore, in the last ten years, numerical simulation has entered as an effective tool in predicting the optimal design of piezoelectric fans. The design of piezoelectric fans is in two forms, either single or multiple. The single fan system is used within a limited range of applications, as large cooling systems cannot be replaced by it. Therefore, the cooling system consisting of multiple piezoelectric fans is promising as a unique solution to effectively dissipate heat in electronic devices. The percentage of experimental studies is about 32 % while the studies of CFD is about 21 %, and the combined one is about 47 %.
{"title":"A Review Study of the Feasibility of Piezoelectric Fan Techniques for Cooling Electronic Components","authors":"Haider F. Jasim, Muneer A. Ismael","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The electronic equipment industry has developed rapidly in recent years. The amount of heat emitted from such equipment is seriously increased. Increasing the temperature of the electronic devices degrades their performance and as a final result their failure. Therefore, the requirements for an effective cooling system have become more important than ever. One of the most important methods of heat dissipation that the researchers focused on is the use of piezoelectric fans (PE). The current study reviews most of the developments that have taken place since its discovery nearly 40 years ago and focused on reducing power consumption. Most of the improvements and developments have been focused on obtaining optimal designs for these piezoelectric fans, which are used in different applications. This review clarifies the foundations and concepts of designing piezoelectric fans by comparing the data presented in previous studies. Furthermore, in the last ten years, numerical simulation has entered as an effective tool in predicting the optimal design of piezoelectric fans. The design of piezoelectric fans is in two forms, either single or multiple. The single fan system is used within a limited range of applications, as large cooling systems cannot be replaced by it. Therefore, the cooling system consisting of multiple piezoelectric fans is promising as a unique solution to effectively dissipate heat in electronic devices. The percentage of experimental studies is about 32 % while the studies of CFD is about 21 %, and the combined one is about 47 %.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"32 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139963091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the significance of energy conservation in the context of rising energy consumption and its impact on economic growth. With a focus on cooling systems, particularly evaporative condenser technology, the study aims to investigate its fundamentals, operating principles, and theoretical aspects. The paper delves into the various types of condensers used in cooling systems, emphasizing the role of evaporative condensers in enhancing heat transfer efficiency. The operating principles of evaporative condensers are detailed, considering factors such as air and water flow rates, wet bulb temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients. Theoretical models and mathematical approaches for evaluating evaporative condenser performance are also reviewed. The research includes an extensive review of existing literature on evaporative condenser technology, covering refrigeration models, HVAC systems, and various experimental studies. Theoretical models are discussed, highlighting the challenges in accurately modeling evaporative condenser behavior. The paper also presents achievements and advancements in research, including experiments that demonstrate the positive impact of evaporative cooling on air-cooled condenser systems. Various case studies and experimental validations showcase the potential energy savings and improved performance achieved through the incorporation of evaporative condensers in cooling systems. By switching from an air-cooled to an evaporatively-cooled condenser, one can reduce electricity consumption by 58%, according to research. This alternate condenser type improves performance by 113.4% at from 3 to 3000 kW of cooling power.
{"title":"An Overview of Enhancing the Efficiency of Vapor Compression Cooling Systems by the Implementation of Evaporative Condensers","authors":"Haider Mumtaz Hussain, Salman Hashim Hammdi","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the significance of energy conservation in the context of rising energy consumption and its impact on economic growth. With a focus on cooling systems, particularly evaporative condenser technology, the study aims to investigate its fundamentals, operating principles, and theoretical aspects. The paper delves into the various types of condensers used in cooling systems, emphasizing the role of evaporative condensers in enhancing heat transfer efficiency. The operating principles of evaporative condensers are detailed, considering factors such as air and water flow rates, wet bulb temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients. Theoretical models and mathematical approaches for evaluating evaporative condenser performance are also reviewed. The research includes an extensive review of existing literature on evaporative condenser technology, covering refrigeration models, HVAC systems, and various experimental studies. Theoretical models are discussed, highlighting the challenges in accurately modeling evaporative condenser behavior. The paper also presents achievements and advancements in research, including experiments that demonstrate the positive impact of evaporative cooling on air-cooled condenser systems. Various case studies and experimental validations showcase the potential energy savings and improved performance achieved through the incorporation of evaporative condensers in cooling systems. By switching from an air-cooled to an evaporatively-cooled condenser, one can reduce electricity consumption by 58%, according to research. This alternate condenser type improves performance by 113.4% at from 3 to 3000 kW of cooling power.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139963242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several geometrical elements influence the aerodynamic properties of the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Many extant studies have examined properties, such as solidity, pitching axis position (x/c), length of chord (c), blade quantity (N), diameter (d) of the rotor, and aspect ratio. However, not many have examined the shape of the airfoil (AF), which is a vital property that remains to be thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this present study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate many airfoils blade characteristics, such as blade thickness (BT), maximum camber ratio (MCR), MCR location (MCRL), and air speed (AS), to determine their impact on VAWT performance. The results demonstrate a blade thickness BT of 10 to 12%, MCR of 0 to 22%, and MCRL of 24 to 23% yield a comparatively high coefficient of power, adequate optimal blade rotation to airspeed ratio (TSR), broader operational area, and high band efficiency while air velocities of 15 to 10% yield a comparatively higher power coefficient.
{"title":"A Numerical Study of Blade Geometry Effects in a Vertical-Axes Wind Turbines","authors":"Omer G. Alsultan, Ahmad A. Alsahlani","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Several geometrical elements influence the aerodynamic properties of the Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Many extant studies have examined properties, such as solidity, pitching axis position (x/c), length of chord (c), blade quantity (N), diameter (d) of the rotor, and aspect ratio. However, not many have examined the shape of the airfoil (AF), which is a vital property that remains to be thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this present study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate many airfoils blade characteristics, such as blade thickness (BT), maximum camber ratio (MCR), MCR location (MCRL), and air speed (AS), to determine their impact on VAWT performance. The results demonstrate a blade thickness BT of 10 to 12%, MCR of 0 to 22%, and MCRL of 24 to 23% yield a comparatively high coefficient of power, adequate optimal blade rotation to airspeed ratio (TSR), broader operational area, and high band efficiency while air velocities of 15 to 10% yield a comparatively higher power coefficient.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"11 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concrete roof-folded plates have been shown to be inherently resilient to earthquakes, despite limited research on the reasons for their apparent seismic resistance. It is possible to make very thin, folded concrete plates because of their high structural efficiency. It is implicitly resistant to earthquake forces because thin, folded plat structures are relatively lightweight. Typically, folded plate structures are designed to perform under ideal gravity loads that are transported primarily as a result of membrane activity across the surface. It is possible for concrete-folded plate structures to be damaged by bending stresses when earthquakes induce unexpected horizontal forces. Through a parametric analysis of an 8-cm-thick concrete roof folded plate structure, it has been shown that thin concrete roof folded plates with a span < 30 m can be intrinsically earthquake-resistant. Despite having a low mass and high geometric stiffness, these buildings have fundamental frequencies that are substantially higher than those connected to seismic events that actually occur. This characteristic causes the folded plate to behave elastically under earthquake excitation without exceeding the maximum concrete strength. The vertical components of earthquake vibrations exert greater stress on a shallow, folded plate than the horizontal components. The values of the stresses imposed by the changing span were relatively small. They ranged from (3.5-4.4) MPa for the Landers earthquake, while for the El Centro earthquake, they ranged from (2.7-8.6) MPa. In addition, by raising the folded big plates and inclining them to a greater angle, it will become more common and lessen the harm caused by earthquake shaking in the vertical direction. In general, this paper aims to present an examination of earthquakes and their consequences for folded concrete plates.
混凝土屋顶折叠板已被证明具有内在的抗震能力，尽管对其明显抗震的原因研究有限。由于混凝土折叠板具有很高的结构效率，因此可以制作非常薄的混凝土折叠板。由于薄折叠板结构相对较轻，因此它具有隐含的抗震性。通常情况下，折叠板结构设计用于承受理想的重力荷载，这些荷载主要是由于地表上的膜活动而产生的。当地震引起意外水平力时，混凝土折叠板结构有可能因弯曲应力而受损。通过对 8 厘米厚的混凝土屋顶折叠板结构进行参数分析，结果表明跨度小于 30 米的薄混凝土屋顶折叠板具有内在抗震性。尽管这些建筑物质量小、几何刚度大，但其基频却大大高于实际发生的地震事件的基频。这一特性使折叠板在地震激励下具有弹性行为，而不会超过混凝土的最大强度。地震振动的垂直分量对浅层折叠板施加的应力大于水平分量。跨度变化施加的应力值相对较小。Landers 地震的应力值为 (3.5-4.4) 兆帕，而 El Centro 地震的应力值为 (2.7-8.6) 兆帕。此外，通过提高折叠大板块并使其倾斜更大的角度，将使其变得更加普遍，并减轻地震在垂直方向上的摇晃所造成的危害。总之，本文旨在研究地震及其对折叠混凝土板的影响。
{"title":"Seismic Analysis of Concrete Folded Plates","authors":"Aqeel M. Hammood, David A. M. Jawad","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete roof-folded plates have been shown to be inherently resilient to earthquakes, despite limited research on the reasons for their apparent seismic resistance. It is possible to make very thin, folded concrete plates because of their high structural efficiency. It is implicitly resistant to earthquake forces because thin, folded plat structures are relatively lightweight. Typically, folded plate structures are designed to perform under ideal gravity loads that are transported primarily as a result of membrane activity across the surface. It is possible for concrete-folded plate structures to be damaged by bending stresses when earthquakes induce unexpected horizontal forces. Through a parametric analysis of an 8-cm-thick concrete roof folded plate structure, it has been shown that thin concrete roof folded plates with a span < 30 m can be intrinsically earthquake-resistant. Despite having a low mass and high geometric stiffness, these buildings have fundamental frequencies that are substantially higher than those connected to seismic events that actually occur. This characteristic causes the folded plate to behave elastically under earthquake excitation without exceeding the maximum concrete strength. The vertical components of earthquake vibrations exert greater stress on a shallow, folded plate than the horizontal components. The values of the stresses imposed by the changing span were relatively small. They ranged from (3.5-4.4) MPa for the Landers earthquake, while for the El Centro earthquake, they ranged from (2.7-8.6) MPa. In addition, by raising the folded big plates and inclining them to a greater angle, it will become more common and lessen the harm caused by earthquake shaking in the vertical direction. In general, this paper aims to present an examination of earthquakes and their consequences for folded concrete plates.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"18 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Visual pollution refers to the negative impact of various environmental elements on the visual experience of individuals and the quality of the surroundings. This includes unsightly buildings and other man-made structures that disrupt natural beauty. The design of building facades plays a significant role in determining visual pollution. This study aimed to assess the impact of facade design on visual pollution by testing which facade design considerations most contribute to visual pollution in Peshawa-Qazi Street (100 m) in Erbil City. An online survey was conducted with 283 participants in six architectural departments within engineering colleges and other online engineering platforms in Erbil, Duhok, and Suleimani. Respondents included architectural students from the 3rd to 5th stage, academic staff, and professional architects. They rated the impact of individual facade elements, contextual integration, and other factors on visual pollution. A one-sample T-test was used to compare mean scores to a test value of (2.5). Results showed that all three categories of façade design considerations significantly increase visual pollution compared to the test value (p < 0.05). Considerations regarding the overall context of a facade had the most significant impact (mean of 1.93 higher than the test value), followed by other factors (mean of 1.79 higher) and individual elements (mean of 0.71 higher). To decrease visual pollution, it is recommended to the policymakers and municipalities to develop regulations, façade design guidelines and for architects to follow the principles of architectural form and composition regarding the integration of building facades with their surroundings, façade practical considerations, and refined composition of façade elements.
{"title":"The Impact of Façade Design on Visual Pollution Case study: Peshawa-Qazi Street (100 m) in Erbil","authors":"Aamer Khalid Qaseem, Mahmood Khayat","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Visual pollution refers to the negative impact of various environmental elements on the visual experience of individuals and the quality of the surroundings. This includes unsightly buildings and other man-made structures that disrupt natural beauty. The design of building facades plays a significant role in determining visual pollution. This study aimed to assess the impact of facade design on visual pollution by testing which facade design considerations most contribute to visual pollution in Peshawa-Qazi Street (100 m) in Erbil City. An online survey was conducted with 283 participants in six architectural departments within engineering colleges and other online engineering platforms in Erbil, Duhok, and Suleimani. Respondents included architectural students from the 3rd to 5th stage, academic staff, and professional architects. They rated the impact of individual facade elements, contextual integration, and other factors on visual pollution. A one-sample T-test was used to compare mean scores to a test value of (2.5). Results showed that all three categories of façade design considerations significantly increase visual pollution compared to the test value (p < 0.05). Considerations regarding the overall context of a facade had the most significant impact (mean of 1.93 higher than the test value), followed by other factors (mean of 1.79 higher) and individual elements (mean of 0.71 higher). To decrease visual pollution, it is recommended to the policymakers and municipalities to develop regulations, façade design guidelines and for architects to follow the principles of architectural form and composition regarding the integration of building facades with their surroundings, façade practical considerations, and refined composition of façade elements.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"26 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zainab A. Ibrahim, Nathera A. Saleh, Murtadha A. Jabbar
Image segmentation is the process of automatically dividing an image into distinct, meaningful, and non-overlapping regions. The quality of the segmentation process determines the efficiency of other image processing tasks. Analyzing microstructural images is crucial since the mechanical properties are strongly dependent on the microstructural phases’ statistics. These images are considered one of the most difficult and challenging images to deal with due to their special characteristics, such as the convergence in pixels intensity values, overlapping in colors, boundaries and textures in phase regions, infinite shapes of grains and colonies, etc. As there is no generic technique suitable to be used with all microstructures, this work reviews techniques that have been effectively used and recommended to be employed in metallurgical research, with a brief description of their principles, advantages, and disadvantages, and discusses their applicability. The major aim of this work is to spare time and effort searching for and experimenting with all the available methods for future researchers.
{"title":"Microstructural Images Segmentation Techniques: A Review","authors":"Zainab A. Ibrahim, Nathera A. Saleh, Murtadha A. Jabbar","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Image segmentation is the process of automatically dividing an image into distinct, meaningful, and non-overlapping regions. The quality of the segmentation process determines the efficiency of other image processing tasks. Analyzing microstructural images is crucial since the mechanical properties are strongly dependent on the microstructural phases’ statistics. These images are considered one of the most difficult and challenging images to deal with due to their special characteristics, such as the convergence in pixels intensity values, overlapping in colors, boundaries and textures in phase regions, infinite shapes of grains and colonies, etc. As there is no generic technique suitable to be used with all microstructures, this work reviews techniques that have been effectively used and recommended to be employed in metallurgical research, with a brief description of their principles, advantages, and disadvantages, and discusses their applicability. The major aim of this work is to spare time and effort searching for and experimenting with all the available methods for future researchers.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A wind tunnel is a piece of equipment specifically designed for studying the influence of air passing over solid matters in aerodynamic research. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to conduct methodical research into the design and modeling of flow characteristic in a closed-loop wind tunnel. The necessary intake fan velocity was established using an analytical velocity model, and the test section's inlet conditions were produced by applying the Reynolds number equation, assuming that the Reynolds number was 500,000. Instead than using the traditional method, a full-scale CFD model of the complete wind tunnel was taken into consideration. This made it possible to improve the flow quality over the entire circuit as well as only in the test area. The test section flow quality was more impacted by upstream flow circumstances than downstream conditions, according to analysis of the guide vane designs. Therefore, careful consideration has to be done while constructing the vanes at upstream curves, especially corners that are parallel to the test section. The simulation results showed that, in the case of a fully configured wind tunnel, flow uniformity in the test section is successfully attained.
{"title":"A Numerical Evaluation for a Newly Designed Closed Loop Subsonic Wind Tunnel","authors":"Ridha Mohammed Ali, Ahmad A. Alsahlani","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"A wind tunnel is a piece of equipment specifically designed for studying the influence of air passing over solid matters in aerodynamic research. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to conduct methodical research into the design and modeling of flow characteristic in a closed-loop wind tunnel. The necessary intake fan velocity was established using an analytical velocity model, and the test section's inlet conditions were produced by applying the Reynolds number equation, assuming that the Reynolds number was 500,000. Instead than using the traditional method, a full-scale CFD model of the complete wind tunnel was taken into consideration. This made it possible to improve the flow quality over the entire circuit as well as only in the test area. The test section flow quality was more impacted by upstream flow circumstances than downstream conditions, according to analysis of the guide vane designs. Therefore, careful consideration has to be done while constructing the vanes at upstream curves, especially corners that are parallel to the test section. The simulation results showed that, in the case of a fully configured wind tunnel, flow uniformity in the test section is successfully attained.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139963336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study uses intelligent techniques to regulate brushless direct current speed (BLDC) motors. After these motors solved the problem of using brushes and commutators in traditional DC motors, they succeeded in replacing brushes and commutators with electronic commutators. Due to the use of electronic switching, brushless motor algorithms are more complex than those of conventional motors. In this study, to adjust the PID controller's settings (Kp, Ki, and Kd), a trial-and-error approach was taken, and a completely new method known as the settings of known PID controllers have been modified using the new Gray Wolf algorithm. A BLDC motor's main benefit is that it has easy speed adjustment across a broad range, whereas AC motors often cannot be controlled in this way. Through the use of Matlab/Simulink, the BLDC motor's mathematical model was developed and implemented. The simulation results show that in the first case, a PID controller effectively induces the turbulent dynamic behavior of BLDC under load and no-load conditions, and in the second case, the speed shows the lowest rise time, stability, overshoot, and stability conditions, and performs at its best. The characteristics of the traditional PID controller that regulates the engine speed must be regulated online to achieve the use of intelligent technologies, and the adjustment is done online using the neural network. The results showed that this technology, or feature - online tuning - is the most effective and reliable of all.
{"title":"A Review of Intelligent Techniques Based Speed Control of Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)","authors":"Husam Jawad Ali, Diyah Kammel Shary, Hayder Dawood Abbood","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses intelligent techniques to regulate brushless direct current speed (BLDC) motors. After these motors solved the problem of using brushes and commutators in traditional DC motors, they succeeded in replacing brushes and commutators with electronic commutators. Due to the use of electronic switching, brushless motor algorithms are more complex than those of conventional motors. In this study, to adjust the PID controller's settings (Kp, Ki, and Kd), a trial-and-error approach was taken, and a completely new method known as the settings of known PID controllers have been modified using the new Gray Wolf algorithm. A BLDC motor's main benefit is that it has easy speed adjustment across a broad range, whereas AC motors often cannot be controlled in this way. Through the use of Matlab/Simulink, the BLDC motor's mathematical model was developed and implemented. The simulation results show that in the first case, a PID controller effectively induces the turbulent dynamic behavior of BLDC under load and no-load conditions, and in the second case, the speed shows the lowest rise time, stability, overshoot, and stability conditions, and performs at its best. The characteristics of the traditional PID controller that regulates the engine speed must be regulated online to achieve the use of intelligent technologies, and the adjustment is done online using the neural network. The results showed that this technology, or feature - online tuning - is the most effective and reliable of all.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"25 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zahraa M. Baqir, Mayasah R. Abdali, Heba Abdul-Jaleel Al-Asady
The problem that still exists nowadays with the petrol station is the method of operation because the petrol station is currently operated manually. As it is a time-consuming process that increases manpower, other problems are related to accuracy, gasoline smuggling, fluctuations in global oil prices, sales, database management, environmental pollution and others. Traditional methods of monitoring fuel in petrol station by humans on site are unable to meet the expectations for efficiency, accuracy and cost. Therefore, this paper designs an intelligent system of three filling stations, where the three stations are simultaneously displayed on a single web application, and this IoT-based system is implemented to address all the problems. Therefore, this paper presents the design and implementation of three petrol stations in which we are going to measure the level of fuel and show it to central server. internet of things (IoT) based petrol station monitoring system is a good approach to improve monitoring efficiency and to improve management efficiency in stations remotely. simulation results presented in LabVIEW software showed the ability of the system to monitor levels of petrol, detect fire, evaporation and etc.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Smart Petrol Station","authors":"Zahraa M. Baqir, Mayasah R. Abdali, Heba Abdul-Jaleel Al-Asady","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The problem that still exists nowadays with the petrol station is the method of operation because the petrol station is currently operated manually. As it is a time-consuming process that increases manpower, other problems are related to accuracy, gasoline smuggling, fluctuations in global oil prices, sales, database management, environmental pollution and others. Traditional methods of monitoring fuel in petrol station by humans on site are unable to meet the expectations for efficiency, accuracy and cost. Therefore, this paper designs an intelligent system of three filling stations, where the three stations are simultaneously displayed on a single web application, and this IoT-based system is implemented to address all the problems. Therefore, this paper presents the design and implementation of three petrol stations in which we are going to measure the level of fuel and show it to central server. internet of things (IoT) based petrol station monitoring system is a good approach to improve monitoring efficiency and to improve management efficiency in stations remotely. simulation results presented in LabVIEW software showed the ability of the system to monitor levels of petrol, detect fire, evaporation and etc.","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"24 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ultimate objective of this study was to compare the performance of repaired edge cracks in steel plates before and after repair with patches made of steel patch and glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite patches (GFRP) in different shapes: circular, rectangular, and trapezoidal, under two conditions: unsymmetric patch (one patch) and symmetric patch (two patches). A three-dimensional finite element model of the one-sided and two-sided repaired examples is used to study how the steel and composite patch affect the stress intensity factor (SIF). Under uniaxial tensile loads, the use of steel patches and GFRP composite patches to repair cracks was studied. The results showed that the steel patch performs better than the GFRP patch because it significantly lowers the stress intensity factor (SIF). The symmetric patch arrangement (two patches) is better than the un-symmetric patch arrangement (one patch) because it significantly reduces the stress intensity factor (SIF).
{"title":"Investigation of Stress Intensity Factor Reduction using Steel and GFRP Patches for Repairing Edge Cracks in Steel Plates","authors":"Zainab Najih Jassam, Rafil M. Laftah","doi":"10.33971/bjes.24.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33971/bjes.24.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The ultimate objective of this study was to compare the performance of repaired edge cracks in steel plates before and after repair with patches made of steel patch and glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite patches (GFRP) in different shapes: circular, rectangular, and trapezoidal, under two conditions: unsymmetric patch (one patch) and symmetric patch (two patches). A three-dimensional finite element model of the one-sided and two-sided repaired examples is used to study how the steel and composite patch affect the stress intensity factor (SIF). Under uniaxial tensile loads, the use of steel patches and GFRP composite patches to repair cracks was studied. The results showed that the steel patch performs better than the GFRP patch because it significantly lowers the stress intensity factor (SIF). The symmetric patch arrangement (two patches) is better than the un-symmetric patch arrangement (one patch) because it significantly reduces the stress intensity factor (SIF).","PeriodicalId":150774,"journal":{"name":"Basrah journal for engineering science","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139962845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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