Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i3.12034
Mehdi Khoobdel, Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Hasan Bakhshi, Amirsajad Jafari, Mohammad Moradi
Background: Scabies is referred to the infestation of skin by an ectoparasite, Sarcoptes scabiei. Having considerable financial consequences, this disease is a public health concern in several countries. In this review, we aimed to determine the current status of scabies in different provinces of Iran.
Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), Sci-explore, Civilica, Magiran, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology and Elmnet databases were searched to find the related data in the time period within 2000-2022. To have a better insight into the status of prevalence of scabies in Iran, a meta-analysis and meta-regression was performed.
Results: A total of 943 relevant studies were retrieved from the databases, and 62 eligible studies met all the needed criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Scabies was investigated and reported in at least 22 and 21 provinces of Iran respectively. Most of the studies were conducted in Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, Hormozgan, Fars and Guilan Provinces. Positive samples of scabies belonged to humans, sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits, mice and gazelles. Meta-analysis showed that the overall estimated presence of scabies in Iran during 2000-2022 was 7% (95% CI 4.7-10.3%, P< 0.001).
Conclusion: Infestations due to S. scabiei in Iran occur in different geographical locations and different climates. As a neglected tropical disease, the literature about the burden of scabies in Iran is inadequate. The present review highlights the importance of development of comprehensive strategies for the diagnosis and control of scabies, especially the provinces with high infestation rates.
背景:疥疮是指皮肤被一种体外寄生虫疥疮感染。这种疾病造成了相当大的经济后果,在一些国家已成为一个公共卫生问题。在这篇综述中,我们旨在确定疥疮在伊朗不同省份的现状。方法:检索Google Scholar、PubMed、Scopus、Science Direct、Scientific Information Database (SID)、Sci-explore、Civilica、Magiran、伊朗信息科学技术研究所和Elmnet等数据库,检索2000-2022年的相关数据。为了更好地了解伊朗疥疮流行状况,进行了荟萃分析和荟萃回归。结果:从数据库中共检索到943项相关研究,其中62项符合纳入本系统评价所需的所有标准。分别在伊朗至少22个省和21个省调查和报告了疥疮。大多数研究是在德黑兰、呼罗珊、霍尔木兹甘、法尔斯和吉兰等省进行的。疥疮阳性样本来自人类、绵羊、山羊、狗、兔子、老鼠和瞪羚。荟萃分析显示,2000-2022年期间伊朗疥疮的总体估计存在率为7% (95% CI 4.7-10.3%, P< 0.001)。结论:伊朗不同地理位置、不同气候条件下均有疥螨的发生。作为一种被忽视的热带疾病,有关伊朗疥疮负担的文献是不充分的。本综述强调了制定疥疮诊断和控制综合战略的重要性,特别是在疥疮高发省份。
{"title":"Scabies as a Neglected Tropical Disease in Iran: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis, during 2000-2022.","authors":"Mehdi Khoobdel, Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Hasan Bakhshi, Amirsajad Jafari, Mohammad Moradi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i3.12034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Scabies is referred to the infestation of skin by an ectoparasite, <i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i>. Having considerable financial consequences, this disease is a public health concern in several countries. In this review, we aimed to determine the current status of scabies in different provinces of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), Sci-explore, Civilica, Magiran, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology and Elmnet databases were searched to find the related data in the time period within 2000-2022. To have a better insight into the status of prevalence of scabies in Iran, a meta-analysis and meta-regression was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 943 relevant studies were retrieved from the databases, and 62 eligible studies met all the needed criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Scabies was investigated and reported in at least 22 and 21 provinces of Iran respectively. Most of the studies were conducted in Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, Hormozgan, Fars and Guilan Provinces. Positive samples of scabies belonged to humans, sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits, mice and gazelles. Meta-analysis showed that the overall estimated presence of scabies in Iran during 2000-2022 was 7% (95% CI 4.7-10.3%, P< 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Infestations due to <i>S. scabiei</i> in Iran occur in different geographical locations and different climates. As a neglected tropical disease, the literature about the burden of scabies in Iran is inadequate. The present review highlights the importance of development of comprehensive strategies for the diagnosis and control of scabies, especially the provinces with high infestation rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/09/6f/JAD-16-180.PMC10086448.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i3.12042
Fenik Hussen, Hamid Kachel, Gzng Hama, Edi Kachal, Masoud Slo, Ihsan Hiwil, Ayoub Ahmed
Background: Annually, thousands of scorpion stings and rare mortalities are recorded in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In the present study, we prepared a checklist for the geographical distribution of scorpion fauna composition, new localities data, and scorpion sting profile for the years 2019-2020 in the region.
Methods: Random field surveys for scorpion collection were carried out in 22 localities in the Kurdistan Region from June 2020 to October 2021. Clinical data related to scorpion stings in 2019 and 2020 were obtained from the medical records of public health offices in the region.
Results: In this survey, 166 specimens were collected. They were composed of seven scorpion species belonging to three families including: Buthidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Scorpionidae. The collected species were Androctonus crassicauda, Compsobuthus matthiesseni, Hottentotta saulcyi, Mesobuthus mesopotamicus, Orthochirus fomichevi, Hemiscorpius lepturus, and Scorpio kruglovi. Moreover, three scorpion species comprising Buthacus tadmorensis, Hottentotta mesopotamicus, and Calchas anlasi were recorded in the previous study conducted in the Kurdistan region. In 2019-2020, 3726 scorpion stings were reported, with a peak in the summer season. Most of the patients were 15-49 years old. In the current study, medically significant scorpion species have been identified.
Conclusion: The outcome of the present work will increase the awareness of the Kurdish community regarding the distribution of dangerous scorpion species and consequently reduce their stings.
{"title":"Epidemiological Characterizations, New Localities, and a Checklist of the Known Scorpions in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq.","authors":"Fenik Hussen, Hamid Kachel, Gzng Hama, Edi Kachal, Masoud Slo, Ihsan Hiwil, Ayoub Ahmed","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i3.12042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Annually, thousands of scorpion stings and rare mortalities are recorded in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In the present study, we prepared a checklist for the geographical distribution of scorpion fauna composition, new localities data, and scorpion sting profile for the years 2019-2020 in the region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Random field surveys for scorpion collection were carried out in 22 localities in the Kurdistan Region from June 2020 to October 2021. Clinical data related to scorpion stings in 2019 and 2020 were obtained from the medical records of public health offices in the region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this survey, 166 specimens were collected. They were composed of seven scorpion species belonging to three families including: Buthidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Scorpionidae. The collected species were <i>Androctonus crassicauda</i>, <i>Compsobuthus matthiesseni</i>, <i>Hottentotta saulcyi</i>, <i>Mesobuthus mesopotamicus</i>, <i>Orthochirus fomichevi</i>, <i>Hemiscorpius lepturus</i>, and <i>Scorpio kruglovi</i>. Moreover, three scorpion species comprising <i>Buthacus tadmorensis</i>, <i>Hottentotta mesopotamicus</i>, and <i>Calchas anlasi</i> were recorded in the previous study conducted in the Kurdistan region. In 2019-2020, 3726 scorpion stings were reported, with a peak in the summer season. Most of the patients were 15-49 years old. In the current study, medically significant scorpion species have been identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The outcome of the present work will increase the awareness of the Kurdish community regarding the distribution of dangerous scorpion species and consequently reduce their stings.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/83/6e/JAD-16-251.PMC10086451.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Due to the outbreak of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), a disease caused by Leishmania major and mainly transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi, in Damghan City, Semnan Province, the probable vectors of the disease were investigated in the city from 20 March 2016 to 20 January 2018.
Methods: Sand flies were collected from indoors and outdoors biweekly by sticky traps in different parts of the city. The trapped sand flies were stored in 70% ethanol. They were identified and checked for Leishmania infections using nested-PCR method and specific primers; CSB1XR, CSB2XF, LiR, and 13Z.
Results: Overall, 1862 phlebotomine sand flies of Ph. papatasi (48.8%), Ph. andrejevi (8.3%), Ph. caucasicus (7.7), Ph. mongolensis (2%), Ph. sergenti (1.2%), Ph. alexandri (0.7%), Sergentomyia murgabiensis sintoni (29.3%), and Se. sumbarica (2%) were collected indoors (31.1%) and outdoors (68.9%). The highest and lowest numbers of collected sand flies were belonging to Ph. papatasi (48.8%) and Ph. alexandri (0.7%) respectively. 2.2% of the examined sand flies were shown to be infected with L. major and all were belonging to Ph. papatasi.
Conclusion: This study confirms the report of Ph. papatasi infection with L. major and also the existence of Ph. sergenti and Ph. alexandri, the potential vectors of L. tropica and L. infantum respectively, in Damghan City. According to the findings, it is necessary for health officials to plan and take action to prevent the occurrence of ZCL epidemic in the city as well as the occurrence of other forms of leishmaniasis.
{"title":"Molecular Detection of <i>Leishmania</i> Infection in Phlebotomine Sand Flies from an Endemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran.","authors":"Sadegh Mohammadi-Azni, Mohsen Kalantari, Behrad Pourmohammadi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i3.12040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to the outbreak of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), a disease caused by <i>Leishmania major</i> and mainly transmitted by <i>Phlebotomus papatasi</i>, in Damghan City, Semnan Province, the probable vectors of the disease were investigated in the city from 20 March 2016 to 20 January 2018.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sand flies were collected from indoors and outdoors biweekly by sticky traps in different parts of the city. The trapped sand flies were stored in 70% ethanol. They were identified and checked for <i>Leishmania</i> infections using nested-PCR method and specific primers; CSB1XR, CSB2XF, LiR, and 13Z.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 1862 phlebotomine sand flies of <i>Ph. papatasi</i> (48.8%), <i>Ph. andrejevi</i> (8.3%), <i>Ph. caucasicus</i> (7.7), <i>Ph. mongolensis</i> (2%), <i>Ph. sergenti</i> (1.2%), <i>Ph. alexandri</i> (0.7%), <i>Sergentomyia murgabiensis sintoni</i> (29.3%), and <i>Se. sumbarica</i> (2%) were collected indoors (31.1%) and outdoors (68.9%). The highest and lowest numbers of collected sand flies were belonging to <i>Ph. papatasi</i> (48.8%) and <i>Ph. alexandri</i> (0.7%) respectively. 2.2% of the examined sand flies were shown to be infected with <i>L. major</i> and all were belonging to <i>Ph. papatasi</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirms the report of <i>Ph. papatasi</i> infection with <i>L. major</i> and also the existence of <i>Ph. sergenti</i> and <i>Ph. alexandri</i>, the potential vectors of <i>L. tropica</i> and <i>L. infantum</i> respectively, in Damghan City. According to the findings, it is necessary for health officials to plan and take action to prevent the occurrence of ZCL epidemic in the city as well as the occurrence of other forms of leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/a8/JAD-16-233.PMC10086449.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i3.12036
Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Seyed-Mohammad Omrani
Background: Culex theileri (Diptera: Culicidae) is a known vector of pathogens that cause dirofilariasis, Sindbis fever and West Nile fever in Iran. The species is one of the country's most abundant and widely distributed species.
Methods: In order to conduct a faunistic and bionomic study of mosquitoes, larval collection was carried out in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province of western Iran using dipping method.
Results: In total, some 2096 larvae of Cx. theileri were identified. Among the larvae, 1024 (48.9%) displayed aberrations and anomalies in the development of cranial seta 1-C (preclypeal seta). Morphological aberrations and anomalies of seta 1-C in the third- and fourth-instar larvae and abdominal terga of the adults of Cx. theileri collected in Iran are discussed and illustrated.
Conclusion: More studies are needed throughout the distribution of Cx. theileri to analyze the variation of the species, especially using both morphological and molecular data.
{"title":"Morphological Aberrations of the Dirofilariasis, Sindbis Fever and West Nile Fever Vector <i>Culex Theileri</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran.","authors":"Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Seyed-Mohammad Omrani","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i3.12036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Culex theileri</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) is a known vector of pathogens that cause dirofilariasis, Sindbis fever and West Nile fever in Iran. The species is one of the country's most abundant and widely distributed species.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In order to conduct a faunistic and bionomic study of mosquitoes, larval collection was carried out in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province of western Iran using dipping method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, some 2096 larvae of <i>Cx. theileri</i> were identified. Among the larvae, 1024 (48.9%) displayed aberrations and anomalies in the development of cranial seta 1-C (preclypeal seta). Morphological aberrations and anomalies of seta 1-C in the third- and fourth-instar larvae and abdominal terga of the adults of <i>Cx. theileri</i> collected in Iran are discussed and illustrated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>More studies are needed throughout the distribution of <i>Cx. theileri</i> to analyze the variation of the species, especially using both morphological and molecular data.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e1/5c/JAD-16-206.PMC10086447.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The painful bite of Pulex irritans; causes wound on the host body and is a vector for Bartonella bacteria species, which can cause trench fever, Rickettsia species, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Mediterranean spotted fever. We conducted a study to find out the hosts, abundance, as well as the molecular characteristics of this flea species in Meshkin-Shahr County, Ardabil Province, northwest of Iran.
Methods: After collecting fleas from different reservoir hosts and transferring them to the laboratory, identification was done using different morphological characters as well as the internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1) molecular marker.
Results: This morphological study indicated that from the 1053 fleas, which were collected from 162 different animals, including cats and dogs, 74 specimens belonged to human flea, Pulex irritans. In addition, in molecular analysis showed a high sequence similarity (99.5%) with the P. irritans counterparts from Spain country and Zanjan of Iran available in GenBank.
Conclusion: Pulex irritans species is an obligatory hematophagous ectoparasite of human and animals. Therefore, considering the relatively high frequency of this species on the body of cats and dogs, it is suggested to conduct more studies on its distribution and the possibility of being a vector of pathogens among these animals and human. The results of these studies will be used to compile and review the control programs of this vector.
{"title":"<i>Pulex irritans</i> on Dogs and Cats: Morphological and Molecular Approach.","authors":"Amrollah Azarm, Abdolhossin Dalimi, Majied Pirestani, Anita Mohammadiha, Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani, Narges Marvi-Moghaddam, Esmaiel Amiri","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i3.12035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The painful bite of <i>Pulex irritans</i>; causes wound on the host body and is a vector for <i>Bartonella</i> bacteria species, which can cause trench fever, <i>Rickettsia</i> species, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Mediterranean spotted fever. We conducted a study to find out the hosts, abundance, as well as the molecular characteristics of this flea species in Meshkin-Shahr County, Ardabil Province, northwest of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After collecting fleas from different reservoir hosts and transferring them to the laboratory, identification was done using different morphological characters as well as the internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1) molecular marker.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This morphological study indicated that from the 1053 fleas, which were collected from 162 different animals, including cats and dogs, 74 specimens belonged to human flea, <i>Pulex irritans</i>. In addition, in molecular analysis showed a high sequence similarity (99.5%) with the <i>P. irritans</i> counterparts from Spain country and Zanjan of Iran available in GenBank.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Pulex irritans</i> species is an obligatory hematophagous ectoparasite of human and animals. Therefore, considering the relatively high frequency of this species on the body of cats and dogs, it is suggested to conduct more studies on its distribution and the possibility of being a vector of pathogens among these animals and human. The results of these studies will be used to compile and review the control programs of this vector.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/03/82/JAD-16-196.PMC10086450.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i3.12039
Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy, Habibollah Kooshki, Hamideh Edalat, Hassan Vatandoost, Hasan Bakhshi, Faezeh Faghihi, Asadollah Hosseini-Chegeni, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
Background: Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of many vertebrates and act as vectors of a wide range of vector-borne diseases. Alongside pathogens transmission, ticks also cause economic losses in animal industry such as production loss, physical damage, anemia, and poisoning. This study aimed to determine the fauna, geographical distribution and seasonal activity of ticks collected from animals in Lorestan Province, west of Iran.
Methods: Ticks were collected from domestic animals including cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, turkeys, pigeons, as well as wild animals such as jackals in 2017-2018. Then, they were identified based on morphological characteristics using valid identification keys.
Results: Out of a total of 706 ticks, 433 (61.33%), 104 (14.73%), 33 (4.67%) and 136 (19.26%) ticks were collected in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. In terms of hard ticks, 4 genera and 6 species were identified: Hyalomma asiaticum (22.80%), Hyalomma anatolicum (3.68%), Hyalomma marginatum (2.40%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.84%), Dermacentor marginatus (1.13%), and Haemaphysalis sulcata (0.64%). Additionally, two genera and four species fell into soft ticks: Argas persicus (60.48%), Argas reflexus (6.65%), Ornithodoros canstrini (0.70%) and Ornithodoros erraticus (0.42%). There was significant variation in the seasonal activity and abundance of ticks in different seasons but in the tick abundancy among different regions.
Conclusion: The present study provides a perspective of the distribution status of ticks in Lorestan Province, their seasonal activity and the likelihood of emergence of related diseases.
{"title":"Study on Hard and Soft Ticks of Domestic and Wild Animals in Western Iran.","authors":"Zakkyeh Telmadarraiy, Habibollah Kooshki, Hamideh Edalat, Hassan Vatandoost, Hasan Bakhshi, Faezeh Faghihi, Asadollah Hosseini-Chegeni, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i3.12039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of many vertebrates and act as vectors of a wide range of vector-borne diseases. Alongside pathogens transmission, ticks also cause economic losses in animal industry such as production loss, physical damage, anemia, and poisoning. This study aimed to determine the fauna, geographical distribution and seasonal activity of ticks collected from animals in Lorestan Province, west of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ticks were collected from domestic animals including cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, turkeys, pigeons, as well as wild animals such as jackals in 2017-2018. Then, they were identified based on morphological characteristics using valid identification keys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of a total of 706 ticks, 433 (61.33%), 104 (14.73%), 33 (4.67%) and 136 (19.26%) ticks were collected in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. In terms of hard ticks, 4 genera and 6 species were identified: <i>Hyalomma asiaticum</i> (22.80%), <i>Hyalomma anatolicum</i> (3.68%), <i>Hyalomma marginatum</i> (2.40%), <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> (0.84%), <i>Dermacentor marginatus</i> (1.13%), and <i>Haemaphysalis sulcata</i> (0.64%). Additionally, two genera and four species fell into soft ticks: <i>Argas persicus</i> (60.48%), <i>Argas reflexus</i> (6.65%), <i>Ornithodoros canstrini</i> (0.70%) and <i>Ornithodoros erraticus</i> (0.42%). There was significant variation in the seasonal activity and abundance of ticks in different seasons but in the tick abundancy among different regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study provides a perspective of the distribution status of ticks in Lorestan Province, their seasonal activity and the likelihood of emergence of related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e2/84/JAD-16-225.PMC10086445.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9298347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Phlebotomus and Sergentomya are distributed in the old-world regions and transmit leishmaniases through mammalian and reptile hosts. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important diseases in Iran. Iranian sand flies belong to three Oriental, Palearctic, and Afrotropical Regions. Fars Province is located in Palearctic, but southern parts are affected Oriental region situations on phglebotomine population variety. Therefore, a comprehensive study was required on the vectors of the disease in this Province.
Methods: Regarding the approved role of the environmental factors in creating the fauna and distribution of living creatures, the "de martonne climate method" was used, and the climate was noticed as an important environmental factor for the determination of vector distribution. Accordingly, 14 sampling sites were selected from 10 foci in different climates of Fars Province. 19648 sand flies were collected from the studied areas in this Province during 2016.
Results: Phlebotomus papatasi and Se. antennata were the most frequent species, which were caught from in/outdoor areas. Phlebotomus sergenti and Ph. alexandri were caught from both Palearctic and Oriental zones but were more prevalent in the cold semi-arid climate of the Palearctic zone. Moreover, they were not caught from the hot desert and summer Mediterranean climates of the Oriental zone.
Conclusions: It seems that Ph. papatasi as the main vector of CL could be well distributed in different climates in Fars. Moreover, some species like Ph. sergenti preferred especial climates in the Palearctic zone. Therefore, these data could be helpful to control leishmaniases more efficiently.
{"title":"Bionomics of Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Different Climates of Leishmaniasis in Fars Province, Southern Iran.","authors":"Kourosh Azizi, Zahra Soltani, Mohsen Aliakbarpour, Hassan Rezanezhad, Mohsen Kalantari","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i2.11805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Phlebotomus</i> and <i>Sergentomya</i> are distributed in the old-world regions and transmit leishmaniases through mammalian and reptile hosts. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important diseases in Iran. Iranian sand flies belong to three Oriental, Palearctic, and Afrotropical Regions. Fars Province is located in Palearctic, but southern parts are affected Oriental region situations on phglebotomine population variety. Therefore, a comprehensive study was required on the vectors of the disease in this Province.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Regarding the approved role of the environmental factors in creating the fauna and distribution of living creatures, the \"de martonne climate method\" was used, and the climate was noticed as an important environmental factor for the determination of vector distribution. Accordingly, 14 sampling sites were selected from 10 foci in different climates of Fars Province. 19648 sand flies were collected from the studied areas in this Province during 2016.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>Phlebotomus papatasi</i> and <i>Se. antennata</i> were the most frequent species, which were caught from in/outdoor areas. <i>Phlebotomus sergenti</i> and <i>Ph. alexandri</i> were caught from both Palearctic and Oriental zones but were more prevalent in the cold semi-arid climate of the Palearctic zone. Moreover, they were not caught from the hot desert and summer Mediterranean climates of the Oriental zone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It seems that <i>Ph. papatasi</i> as the main vector of CL could be well distributed in different climates in Fars. Moreover, some species like <i>Ph. sergenti</i> preferred especial climates in the Palearctic zone. Therefore, these data could be helpful to control leishmaniases more efficiently.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/70/JAD-16-148.PMC10082409.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9652635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i2.11802
Rajendra K Baharia, Jaspreet Kaur, Ankita Sindhania, Gunjan Sharma, Harish C Srivastava, Chandra S Pant, Manju Rahi, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Om P Singh
Background: Gujarat State has been witnessing large scale urbanization, in last two decades, resulting changes in local environment and microclimate may have also influenced the resting, feeding habits and development of Anopheles culicifacies sensu 1ato. Therefore, a systematic longitudinal study was undertaken to know the bionomics of An. culicifacies s.l. in present study.
Methods: The study was conducted in four sentinel villages in Kheda and Panchmahal Districts. The mosquitoes resting indoors and outdoors were collected in early morning hours, using mouth aspirator, pyrethrum space spray and light traps. Mosquito landing collections on human volunteers was carried out from dusk to dawn. Species composition, abundance, seasonal prevalence, resting behavior (Endophily and Exophily), sibling species composition, vector potential and insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors was studied.
Results: Six Anopheles species were collected, An. subpictus s.l. was the predominant species followed by An. culicifacies s.l., a known malaria vector was resting indoor and zoophagic behaviour. Anopheles culicifacies, sibling species B (89%) was found. The sporozoite rate (%) and entomological inoculation rate in Kheda was 2.33%, 3.09 per bite/person/annum and they were 1.05% and 0.475 bite/person/annum in Panchmahal, respectively. Anopheles culicifacies s.l. was found possible resistance to alpha-cypermethrin.
Conclusion: Anopheles culicifacies s.l. showed endophillic, zoophagic behaviour and found possible resistance to alpha-cypermethrin. Early biting behaviour of An. culicifacies s.l. in this area is a cause of concern. Therefore, there is need for frequent monitoring and evaluation of vector control measures in order to achieve the elimination target of malaria in this area.
{"title":"Bionomics of <i>Anopheles culicifacies</i> Sensu Lato in two Malaria Endemic Districts of Central Gujarat, India.","authors":"Rajendra K Baharia, Jaspreet Kaur, Ankita Sindhania, Gunjan Sharma, Harish C Srivastava, Chandra S Pant, Manju Rahi, Kamaraju Raghavendra, Om P Singh","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i2.11802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gujarat State has been witnessing large scale urbanization, in last two decades, resulting changes in local environment and microclimate may have also influenced the resting, feeding habits and development of <i>Anopheles culicifacies</i> sensu 1ato. Therefore, a systematic longitudinal study was undertaken to know the bionomics of <i>An. culicifacies</i> s.l. in present study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was conducted in four sentinel villages in Kheda and Panchmahal Districts. The mosquitoes resting indoors and outdoors were collected in early morning hours, using mouth aspirator, pyrethrum space spray and light traps. Mosquito landing collections on human volunteers was carried out from dusk to dawn. Species composition, abundance, seasonal prevalence, resting behavior (Endophily and Exophily), sibling species composition, vector potential and insecticide susceptibility status of malaria vectors was studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six <i>Anopheles</i> species were collected, <i>An. subpictus</i> s.l. was the predominant species followed by <i>An. culicifacies</i> s.l., a known malaria vector was resting indoor and zoophagic behaviour. <i>Anopheles culicifacies</i>, sibling species B (89%) was found. The sporozoite rate (%) and entomological inoculation rate in Kheda was 2.33%, 3.09 per bite/person/annum and they were 1.05% and 0.475 bite/person/annum in Panchmahal, respectively. <i>Anopheles culicifacies</i> s.l. was found possible resistance to alpha-cypermethrin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Anopheles culicifacies</i> s.l. showed endophillic, zoophagic behaviour and found possible resistance to alpha-cypermethrin. Early biting behaviour of <i>An. culicifacies</i> s.l. in this area is a cause of concern. Therefore, there is need for frequent monitoring and evaluation of vector control measures in order to achieve the elimination target of malaria in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c9/17/JAD-16-108.PMC10082408.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9637921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i2.11799
Mohammad Bagher Ghavami, Zohreh Alibabaei, Fatemeh Ghavami
Background: Androctonus crassicauda is the most medically relevant scorpion and understanding its genetic forms is essential for improvement of anti-venom sera, and risk management of scorpionism. Present study was designed to identify the variations of mitochondrial genes in different populations of A. crassicauda.
Methods: Adults of A. crassicauda were collected from Zanjan Province during 2016-2017. Genomic DNA of samples was extracted and fragments of mitochondrial 16S, COI and ND1 genes were amplified and some of the amplicons were sequenced. Haplotype of samples were identified by multiple alignment of sequences, then phylogenetic trees of haplotypes were constructed.
Results: Fragments of 352bp, 618bp and 680bp were amplified from 16S, COI and ND1 genes respectively. Nucleotide sequence in COI fragments was conserved, however, five haplotypes with some specific polymorphic sites were detected in 16S and ND1 fragments. Haplotype I was dominant and found in all areas. Other haplotypes were rare and limited to specific regions. Analysis of the phylogenetic trees inferred from 16S and COI genes, confirmed a strong positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance.
Conclusion: Mitochondrial COI, 16S and ND1 genes were detected suitable for identifying the population structure. Five genotypes were found using 16S and ND1 genes. To prepare and improve the anti-venoms quality, additional studies are necessary to identify the toxin electrophoretic profile and geographical/ecological niche models of these genotypes in future.
{"title":"Molecular Survey of Mitochondrial Genes in Different Populations of the Black Fat-Tailed Scorpion, <i>Androctonus crassicauda</i>.","authors":"Mohammad Bagher Ghavami, Zohreh Alibabaei, Fatemeh Ghavami","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i2.11799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Androctonus crassicauda</i> is the most medically relevant scorpion and understanding its genetic forms is essential for improvement of anti-venom sera, and risk management of scorpionism. Present study was designed to identify the variations of mitochondrial genes in different populations of <i>A. crassicauda</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adults of <i>A. crassicauda</i> were collected from Zanjan Province during 2016-2017. Genomic DNA of samples was extracted and fragments of mitochondrial 16S, COI and ND1 genes were amplified and some of the amplicons were sequenced. Haplotype of samples were identified by multiple alignment of sequences, then phylogenetic trees of haplotypes were constructed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fragments of 352bp, 618bp and 680bp were amplified from 16S, COI and ND1 genes respectively. Nucleotide sequence in COI fragments was conserved, however, five haplotypes with some specific polymorphic sites were detected in 16S and ND1 fragments. Haplotype I was dominant and found in all areas. Other haplotypes were rare and limited to specific regions. Analysis of the phylogenetic trees inferred from 16S and COI genes, confirmed a strong positive correlation between geographic and genetic distance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mitochondrial COI, 16S and ND1 genes were detected suitable for identifying the population structure. Five genotypes were found using 16S and ND1 genes. To prepare and improve the anti-venoms quality, additional studies are necessary to identify the toxin electrophoretic profile and geographical/ecological niche models of these genotypes in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6c/98/JAD-16-84.PMC10082414.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9282838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.18502/jad.v16i2.11803
Sahar Azarmi, Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani, Mehdi Mohebali, Yavar Rassi, Amir Ahmad Akhavan, Amrollah Azarm, Omid Dehghan, Samira Elikaee, Rahimeh Abdoli, Mohsen Mahmoudi
Background: Various arthropods, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ctenocephalides felis felis have been suggested as secondary vectors of Leishmania spp. many years ago. This study was conducted to determine zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) PCR positivity of reservoir hosts and their ectoparasites for Leishmania spp. in Segzi plain in Esfahan Province from October 2016 to October 2017.
Methods: Microscopic examination and nested PCR were used to detect and identify Leishmania spp. isolated from rodents' ears and ectoparasites, and then, the results were confirmed by two methods, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing.
Results: Totally, 93 rodents (92 Rhombomys opimus and one Nesokia indica) and nine different species of ectoparasites (n=527) including fleas, mites, and ticks were collected during different seasons in the study area. Fourteen R. opimus were positive for Leishmania spp. by microscopic examination while one N. indica and 77 R. opimus were positive by nested PCR. The infection rate of rodents with Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica was 39.79% (n=37) and 15.05% (n=14), respectively. Mixed natural infections with L. major and L. turanica were seen in rodents. Moreover, 72.22% of fleas (39/54), 75.0% of mites (5/8), and 100% of tick nymph (1/1) were PCR positive for Leishmania parasites.
Conclusions: The highest rate of infection with L. major and L. turanica in R. opimus populations was observed in summer and spring, respectively. It is suggested that the role of L. turanica and the probable role of ectoparasites in the epidemiology of disease should be investigated. A Xenodiagnostic test is recommended for future study.
{"title":"PCR Positivity of Gerbils and Their Ectoparasites for <i>Leishmania</i> Spp. in a Hyperendemic Focus of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Iran.","authors":"Sahar Azarmi, Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani, Mehdi Mohebali, Yavar Rassi, Amir Ahmad Akhavan, Amrollah Azarm, Omid Dehghan, Samira Elikaee, Rahimeh Abdoli, Mohsen Mahmoudi","doi":"10.18502/jad.v16i2.11803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i2.11803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Various arthropods, including <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> and <i>Ctenocephalides felis felis</i> have been suggested as secondary vectors of <i>Leishmania</i> spp. many years ago. This study was conducted to determine zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) PCR positivity of reservoir hosts and their ectoparasites for <i>Leishmania</i> spp. in Segzi plain in Esfahan Province from October 2016 to October 2017.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Microscopic examination and nested PCR were used to detect and identify <i>Leishmania</i> spp. isolated from rodents' ears and ectoparasites, and then, the results were confirmed by two methods, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totally, 93 rodents (92 <i>Rhombomys opimus</i> and one <i>Nesokia indica</i>) and nine different species of ectoparasites (n=527) including fleas, mites, and ticks were collected during different seasons in the study area. Fourteen <i>R. opimus</i> were positive for <i>Leishmania</i> spp. by microscopic examination while one <i>N. indica</i> and 77 <i>R. opimus</i> were positive by nested PCR. The infection rate of rodents with <i>Leishmania major</i> and <i>Leishmania turanica</i> was 39.79% (n=37) and 15.05% (n=14), respectively. Mixed natural infections with <i>L. major</i> and <i>L. turanica</i> were seen in rodents. Moreover, 72.22% of fleas (39/54), 75.0% of mites (5/8), and 100% of tick nymph (1/1) were PCR positive for <i>Leishmania</i> parasites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The highest rate of infection with <i>L. major</i> and <i>L. turanica</i> in <i>R. opimus</i> populations was observed in summer and spring, respectively. It is suggested that the role of <i>L. turanica</i> and the probable role of ectoparasites in the epidemiology of disease should be investigated. A Xenodiagnostic test is recommended for future study.</p>","PeriodicalId":15095,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d4/04/JAD-16-124.PMC10082411.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9282842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}