Nafiseh Keshtgar, M. Pahlavani, Seyed Hossein Mirjalili
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis (2007-2009), policymakers in the developing countries and emerging economies have generally relied on macroprudential policies to achieve financial stability. Since the banking system's vulnerability plays an essential role in financial instability, and the banking system's stability is exposed to vulnerability, we examine macroprudential policies' effectiveness in reducing banking vulnerability and economic instability through containing credit growth. We estimated a dynamic panel for 14 Iranian banks using GMM and Arellano-Bovar / Blundell-bond two-stage estimators during 2009-2018. The results indicate that the increase in lending rates in the interbank market leads to the banking system's contraction of lending capacity. The positive and significant effect of the economic growth index indicates the banks' procyclical behavior. That financial institutions in the business cycles behave procyclical in lending. The diminishing effect of the macroprudential policy index on the bank credit expansion indicates that macroprudential authority and policy tools' application reduces the banking system's instability and vulnerability. Therefore, to reduce financial intermediation instability, the financial sector regulator can institutionalize macroprudential policies.
{"title":"The Impact of Macroprudential Policies on the Vulnerability of the Banking System: Dynamic Panel Model","authors":"Nafiseh Keshtgar, M. Pahlavani, Seyed Hossein Mirjalili","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.4.357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.4.357","url":null,"abstract":"In the aftermath of the global financial crisis (2007-2009), policymakers in the developing countries and emerging economies have generally relied on macroprudential policies to achieve financial stability. Since the banking system's vulnerability plays an essential role in financial instability, and the banking system's stability is exposed to vulnerability, we examine macroprudential policies' effectiveness in reducing banking vulnerability and economic instability through containing credit growth. We estimated a dynamic panel for 14 Iranian banks using GMM and Arellano-Bovar / Blundell-bond two-stage estimators during 2009-2018. The results indicate that the increase in lending rates in the interbank market leads to the banking system's contraction of lending capacity. The positive and significant effect of the economic growth index indicates the banks' procyclical behavior. That financial institutions in the business cycles behave procyclical in lending. The diminishing effect of the macroprudential policy index on the bank credit expansion indicates that macroprudential authority and policy tools' application reduces the banking system's instability and vulnerability. Therefore, to reduce financial intermediation instability, the financial sector regulator can institutionalize macroprudential policies.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127904927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manochehr Hazrati, Alireza Bafandeh Zendeh, S. Aali
This study aims to design a model to realize real estate income tax in Tabriz city with due attention to the tax collection process. According to the related literature, the variables of "tax payment," "real estate," "tax evasion," "investment incentive," "rent and real estate speculation," and "advertisement in tax collection" are considered as key variables, affecting the conceptual model of real estate tax system. According to the dynamic systems method, the interaction and relationships between variables are shown by state-flow diagrams based on the literature and experts' opinions. These relationships are finally simulated by Vensim software. The results show that advertisement has a significant effect on the amount of taxes paid by taxpayers. Tax transparency has also reduced rents for taxpayers and ultimately reduced tax evasion and timely tax collection in the estimated budget of real estate resources and single-occupancy jobs. Scenarios show that lowering the tax rate in the trading and business market and large corporations and businesses' rental income are strongly influenced by tax revenues.
{"title":"Modeling of Real Estate Income Tax: System Dynamics Approach","authors":"Manochehr Hazrati, Alireza Bafandeh Zendeh, S. Aali","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.4.463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.4.463","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to design a model to realize real estate income tax in Tabriz city with due attention to the tax collection process. According to the related literature, the variables of \"tax payment,\" \"real estate,\" \"tax evasion,\" \"investment incentive,\" \"rent and real estate speculation,\" and \"advertisement in tax collection\" are considered as key variables, affecting the conceptual model of real estate tax system. According to the dynamic systems method, the interaction and relationships between variables are shown by state-flow diagrams based on the literature and experts' opinions. These relationships are finally simulated by Vensim software. The results show that advertisement has a significant effect on the amount of taxes paid by taxpayers. Tax transparency has also reduced rents for taxpayers and ultimately reduced tax evasion and timely tax collection in the estimated budget of real estate resources and single-occupancy jobs. Scenarios show that lowering the tax rate in the trading and business market and large corporations and businesses' rental income are strongly influenced by tax revenues.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127026444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The merger of banks is one of the methods for reforming the structure of banks, which has attracted Iranian banking policymakers in recent years. In the process of merging, paying attention to its effects can help to integrate banks. In Iran's banking network, financing of production is one of the main concerns of banking policymakers. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of banks' integration on financing. In this paper, considering the importance of this issue, using the financial statements of banks in the period 2006-2018, and the Panel Data method, the effect of the merger of banks on financing has been investigated. The static method has been used to integrate banks. For this reason, banks have been considered in terms of size and health. The results of the survey indicate that the merger of small banks with large banks and the merger of healthy banks, as compared to other options, have a more positive effect on the supply of facilities.
{"title":"The Effect of Iranian Banks' Merger on Financing","authors":"A. Ahmadyan","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.3.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.3.273","url":null,"abstract":"The merger of banks is one of the methods for reforming the structure of banks, which has attracted Iranian banking policymakers in recent years. In the process of merging, paying attention to its effects can help to integrate banks. In Iran's banking network, financing of production is one of the main concerns of banking policymakers. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of banks' integration on financing. In this paper, considering the importance of this issue, using the financial statements of banks in the period 2006-2018, and the Panel Data method, the effect of the merger of banks on financing has been investigated. The static method has been used to integrate banks. For this reason, banks have been considered in terms of size and health. The results of the survey indicate that the merger of small banks with large banks and the merger of healthy banks, as compared to other options, have a more positive effect on the supply of facilities.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"304 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Financial markets are one of the most fundamental markets in any country. In the financial markets, the securities market and the foreign exchange market are sensitive sectors. These two markets are affected by fluctuations and economic cycles, so reflect economic changes rapidly. Changes in the returns of one market due to arbitrage conditions during time lead to changes in the performances of other markets. This paper by dividing the spillover effect into two parts, mean effect and volatility effect, employing DCC-GARCH method, aimed to capture the spillover effects of dollar return, global market, and Iran financial market in the period 1394-1398. Mean conditional results show that stock returns react negatively to dollar returns. In other words, there is a substitution between dollar returns and stock returns among economic agents. For the global economy, the stock market returns decrease with the fluctuations of the global economy index. Still, for the dollar, the relationship is reversed, so that increase in the global economy index volatility increases the dollar return. For the volatility spillover, the results also supported substantial spillover between each market pairs.
{"title":"Volatility Spillover of the Exchange Rate and the Global Economy on Iran Stock Market","authors":"A. Gholami, Ehsan Salimi Soderjani","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.3.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.3.343","url":null,"abstract":"Financial markets are one of the most fundamental markets in any country. In the financial markets, the securities market and the foreign exchange market are sensitive sectors. These two markets are affected by fluctuations and economic cycles, so reflect economic changes rapidly. Changes in the returns of one market due to arbitrage conditions during time lead to changes in the performances of other markets. This paper by dividing the spillover effect into two parts, mean effect and volatility effect, employing DCC-GARCH method, aimed to capture the spillover effects of dollar return, global market, and Iran financial market in the period 1394-1398. Mean conditional results show that stock returns react negatively to dollar returns. In other words, there is a substitution between dollar returns and stock returns among economic agents. For the global economy, the stock market returns decrease with the fluctuations of the global economy index. Still, for the dollar, the relationship is reversed, so that increase in the global economy index volatility increases the dollar return. For the volatility spillover, the results also supported substantial spillover between each market pairs.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134233412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, policymakers have generally relied on regulatory policies to address financial stability concerns. However, our understanding of these policies and their efficacy in curbing housing prices is limited. In this paper, we examine the impact of three regulatory tools, i.e., LTV (loan to value) ratio, reserve requirement rate (RR), and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) on housing price inflation in Iran for 1993: Q2 to 2017:Q1 period. We investigate whether tightening the policy tools are useful in curbing the housing price inflation by using a vector autoregressive model. The results indicate that all three regulatory policy tools exhibit counter-cyclical impact on housing inflation, but with varying degrees of influence. While the impact of CAR tightening in curbing housing prices is quite trivial, the effects of RR and LTV tightening are roughly significant.
{"title":"The Effectiveness of Regulatory Policies in Curbing the Housing Price in Iran","authors":"Z. Afshari, Zahra Salimi","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.3.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.3.253","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, policymakers have generally relied on regulatory policies to address financial stability concerns. However, our understanding of these policies and their efficacy in curbing housing prices is limited. In this paper, we examine the impact of three regulatory tools, i.e., LTV (loan to value) ratio, reserve requirement rate (RR), and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) on housing price inflation in Iran for 1993: Q2 to 2017:Q1 period. We investigate whether tightening the policy tools are useful in curbing the housing price inflation by using a vector autoregressive model. The results indicate that all three regulatory policy tools exhibit counter-cyclical impact on housing inflation, but with varying degrees of influence. While the impact of CAR tightening in curbing housing prices is quite trivial, the effects of RR and LTV tightening are roughly significant.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127942120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The household equivalent scale is an index to measure the impact of household demographic characteristics, such as the householder's age and gender, the number of household members, etc. It plays a significant role in measuring poverty and inequality. By taking into account demographic characteristics differences, this index facilitates the reasonable comparison of households' welfare and functions as a coefficient for the target household with a reference household. Using income and expenditures data of Iranian urban households in 2012-2018, this study measures the relative child cost of each urban household in Iran while estimating the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QAIDS) and price scaling utilizing Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression. This model provides significantly more accurate and efficient estimates than the linear model. Also, it calculates the elasticity of income and price of electric power goods. The results illustrate that the relative child cost in Iranian urban households is 33% of an adult cost, and electric power in Iranian urban households is a necessary yet low elasticity commodity. Therefore, pricing policies may not significantly influence the demand for this product.
{"title":"Estimating Electric Power's Equivalent Scale for the Urban Iranian Household","authors":"A. Salem, Ali Fridzad, M. Amini","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.3.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.3.295","url":null,"abstract":"The household equivalent scale is an index to measure the impact of household demographic characteristics, such as the householder's age and gender, the number of household members, etc. It plays a significant role in measuring poverty and inequality. By taking into account demographic characteristics differences, this index facilitates the reasonable comparison of households' welfare and functions as a coefficient for the target household with a reference household. Using income and expenditures data of Iranian urban households in 2012-2018, this study measures the relative child cost of each urban household in Iran while estimating the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QAIDS) and price scaling utilizing Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression. This model provides significantly more accurate and efficient estimates than the linear model. Also, it calculates the elasticity of income and price of electric power goods. The results illustrate that the relative child cost in Iranian urban households is 33% of an adult cost, and electric power in Iranian urban households is a necessary yet low elasticity commodity. Therefore, pricing policies may not significantly influence the demand for this product.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121150194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sohrabi, Ahmad Khalili Jafarabad, Ardalan Hadizadeh
Today, social media networks are fast and dynamic communication intermediaries that are vital business tools, as well. This study aims to examine the views of those who are involved in Facebook stocks to understand the pattern and opinion about the intended future stock price. Yet another goal of this paper is to create a more accurate forecasting pattern compared to the previous ones. Two datasets are used in this paper; the first contains 1.6 million tweets that have already been emotionally tagged, and the second has all the tweets about Facebook stock in eighty days. We conclude that positive news about a company excites people to have definite opinions about it, which results in encouraging them to buy or keep that specific stock. Also, some news can hurt users' views as most of the time, things get more complicated, and uncertainties make it harder to forecast the direction of stock movement. By using text mining and python programming language, we could create a system to be operable in those situations.
{"title":"Forecasting Stock Price Movements Based on Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis: An Application of Support Vector Machine and Twitter Data","authors":"B. Sohrabi, Ahmad Khalili Jafarabad, Ardalan Hadizadeh","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.3.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.3.235","url":null,"abstract":"Today, social media networks are fast and dynamic communication intermediaries that are vital business tools, as well. This study aims to examine the views of those who are involved in Facebook stocks to understand the pattern and opinion about the intended future stock price. Yet another goal of this paper is to create a more accurate forecasting pattern compared to the previous ones. Two datasets are used in this paper; the first contains 1.6 million tweets that have already been emotionally tagged, and the second has all the tweets about Facebook stock in eighty days. We conclude that positive news about a company excites people to have definite opinions about it, which results in encouraging them to buy or keep that specific stock. Also, some news can hurt users' views as most of the time, things get more complicated, and uncertainties make it harder to forecast the direction of stock movement. By using text mining and python programming language, we could create a system to be operable in those situations.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127612958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates causal relations between economic growth, income inequality, and transmission channels from 1972 to 2016. These channels include saving rate, investment rate, redistribution policies, human capital, and conspicuous consumption. There is no strong evidence that supports uni-directional or bi-directional causality. Besides, some of the transmission channels lead to the improvement of economic growth and equality simultaneously. It is concluded that rapid economic growth and income inequality alleviation are not necessarily conflicting objectives. Hence, the strategy of “Redistribution with growth” is a more effective and perhaps politically more acceptable approach than “growth before redistribution” or “redistribution before growth” strategies.
{"title":"Analyzing the Causal Relationships between Economic Growth, Income Inequality, and Transmission Channels: New Empirical Evidences from Iran","authors":"Mehdi Hajamini","doi":"10.52547/jme.15.3.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52547/jme.15.3.313","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates causal relations between economic growth, income inequality, and transmission channels from 1972 to 2016. These channels include saving rate, investment rate, redistribution policies, human capital, and conspicuous consumption. There is no strong evidence that supports uni-directional or bi-directional causality. Besides, some of the transmission channels lead to the improvement of economic growth and equality simultaneously. It is concluded that rapid economic growth and income inequality alleviation are not necessarily conflicting objectives. Hence, the strategy of “Redistribution with growth” is a more effective and perhaps politically more acceptable approach than “growth before redistribution” or “redistribution before growth” strategies.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133677018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Price limits set up are adopted by many securities markets in countries such as the USA, Canada, Japan, and various other countries in Europe and Asia, to increase the stability of the financial market. These limits confine the price of the financial asset during any trading day to a range, usually determined based on the previous day's closing price. In this paper, we study the portfolio optimization problem while taking into account the price limit constraint. The dynamic programming technique is applied to derive the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, and the method of Lagrange multiplier is used to tackle the constraint. Optimization problem solution results and numerical method show that the equilibrium path of wealth and investment in risky assets has a different pattern than the absence of price limits.
{"title":"Optimal portfolio allocation with imposed price limit constraint","authors":"Gholamreza Keshavarz Haddad, H. Heidari, Monetary","doi":"10.29252/JME.15.2.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/JME.15.2.123","url":null,"abstract":"Price limits set up are adopted by many securities markets in countries such as the USA, Canada, Japan, and various other countries in Europe and Asia, to increase the stability of the financial market. These limits confine the price of the financial asset during any trading day to a range, usually determined based on the previous day's closing price. In this paper, we study the portfolio optimization problem while taking into account the price limit constraint. The dynamic programming technique is applied to derive the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, and the method of Lagrange multiplier is used to tackle the constraint. Optimization problem solution results and numerical method show that the equilibrium path of wealth and investment in risky assets has a different pattern than the absence of price limits.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128269675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atefeh Kahfi, R. Sadeghian, Nasim Darabi, Bank Mellat
Due to its role in the identification of inefficient branches and deciding the consistency of their activities, evaluating the performance of a bank's branches is one of the most important decisions in the field of development and regulation of branch network. In this paper, the satisfactory functions based on game theory strategies have been utilized in order to evaluate the individual and within-group performance of the bank's branches. The proposed approach is based on a cooperative game theory, and the number of players is equal to the number of units which must be evaluated. The satisficing equilibrium set includes the options which are qualified as “good enough” or the efficient units which are both individually and within-group efficient. By applying our analytical method to the bank Mellat case study, we have presented solutions to improve the efficiency of inefficient branches and the branches which are only individually or within-group efficient using sensitivity analysis techniques. Lastly, if efficiency improvement is not possible, we have suggested omitting the branch.
{"title":"Using Satisficing Game Theory for Performance Evaluation of Banks’ Branches (Case Study in the Mellat Bank)","authors":"Atefeh Kahfi, R. Sadeghian, Nasim Darabi, Bank Mellat","doi":"10.29252/JME.15.2.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29252/JME.15.2.135","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its role in the identification of inefficient branches and deciding the consistency of their activities, evaluating the performance of a bank's branches is one of the most important decisions in the field of development and regulation of branch network. In this paper, the satisfactory functions based on game theory strategies have been utilized in order to evaluate the individual and within-group performance of the bank's branches. The proposed approach is based on a cooperative game theory, and the number of players is equal to the number of units which must be evaluated. The satisficing equilibrium set includes the options which are qualified as “good enough” or the efficient units which are both individually and within-group efficient. By applying our analytical method to the bank Mellat case study, we have presented solutions to improve the efficiency of inefficient branches and the branches which are only individually or within-group efficient using sensitivity analysis techniques. Lastly, if efficiency improvement is not possible, we have suggested omitting the branch.","PeriodicalId":151574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money and Economy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129705998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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