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Fatigue properties of acrylic bone cements: review of the literature. 丙烯酸骨水泥的疲劳性能:文献综述。
W Krause, R S Mathis
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引用次数: 0
Wear, creep, and frictional heating of femoral implant articulating surfaces and the effect on long-term performance--Part II, Friction, heating, and torque. 股骨植入物关节表面的磨损、蠕变和摩擦加热及其对长期性能的影响——第二部分,摩擦、加热和扭矩。
J A Davidson, G Schwartz, G Lynch, S Gir

In Part I, (J.A. Davidson and G. Schwartz, "Wear, creep, and frictional heating of femoral implant articulating surfaces and the effect on long-term performance--Part I, A review," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 21, 000-000 (1987) it was shown that lubrication of the artificial hip joint was complex and that long-term performance is governed by the combined wear, creep, and to a lesser extent, oxidation degradation of the articulating materials. Importantly, it was shown that a tendency for heating exists during articulation in the hip joint and that elevated temperatures can increase the wear, creep, and oxidation degradation rate of UHMWPE. The present study was performed to examine closely the propensity to generate heat during articulation in a hip joint simulator. The systems investigated were polished Co-Cr-Mo alloy articulating against UHMWPE, polished alumina ceramic against UHMWPE, and polished alumina against itself. Frictional torque was also evaluated for each system at various levels of applied loads. A walking load history was used in both the frictional heating and torque tests. The majority of tests were performed with 5 mL of water lubricant. However, the effect of various concentrations of hyaluronic acid was also evaluated. Results showed frictional heating to occur in all three systems, reaching an equilibrium after roughly 30 min articulation time. Ceramic systems showed reduced levels of heating compared to the cobalt alloy-UHMWPE system. The level of frictional torque for each system ranked similar to their respective tendencies to generate heat. Hyaluronic acid had little effect, while dry conditions and the presence of small quantities of bone cement powder in water lubricant significantly increased frictional torque.

第一部分,J.A. Davidson和G. Schwartz,“股骨假体关节表面的磨损、蠕变和摩擦加热及其对长期性能的影响——第一部分,综述”,J. Biomed。板牙。Res., 21 000-000(1987)表明,人工髋关节的润滑是复杂的,其长期性能受关节材料的磨损、蠕变和较小程度的氧化降解的综合影响。重要的是,研究表明,在髋关节的关节中存在加热的趋势,升高的温度会增加UHMWPE的磨损、蠕变和氧化降解率。目前的研究是在髋关节模拟器中进行的,以仔细检查在关节过程中产生热量的倾向。所研究的体系是抛光Co-Cr-Mo合金与UHMWPE粘合,抛光氧化铝陶瓷与UHMWPE粘合,抛光氧化铝与自身粘合。还评估了每个系统在不同水平的施加载荷下的摩擦扭矩。在摩擦加热和扭矩试验中都使用了行走负荷历史。大多数试验是用5毫升水润滑剂进行的。然而,不同浓度的透明质酸的影响也进行了评估。结果显示,所有三个系统都发生摩擦加热,在大约30分钟的接合时间后达到平衡。与钴合金-超高分子量聚乙烯系统相比,陶瓷系统显示出较低的加热水平。每个系统的摩擦扭矩水平与其各自产生热量的倾向相似。透明质酸几乎没有影响,而干燥条件和少量骨水泥粉在水润滑剂中的存在显着增加了摩擦扭矩。
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引用次数: 0
Biomaterial-associated calcification: pathology, mechanisms, and strategies for prevention. 生物材料相关钙化:病理、机制和预防策略。
F J Schoen, H Harasaki, K M Kim, H C Anderson, R J Levy

Deposition of calcium-containing apatite mineral occurs widely in association with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular medical devices and biomaterials, is the leading cause of failure of contemporary bioprosthetic heart valves, and limits the functional lifetime of experimental (and potentially clinical) mechanical blood pumps and polymeric heart valves. Calcification of bioprosthetic tissue is primarily intrinsic, related to cuspal connective tissue cells and fragments, and collagen. In contrast, the predominant site of calcific crystals on flexing polymeric surfaces in blood pumps or valve prostheses is extrinsic, associated with adherent cells, thrombus, or pseudointima. Pathologic calcification shares key features with physiologic skeletal mineralization, including crystal initiation through the mediation of cell membranes, usually in the form of extracellular vesicles. This suggests a unified hypothesis for normal and abnormal mineralization. Several approaches are being studied experimentally for the inhibition of bioprosthetic heart valve calcification. Controlled-release diphosphonate therapy, perhaps in conjunction with an anticalcification cuspal pretreatment, appears most effective. Research objectives in biomaterial-associated calcification include (1) development of animal models, (2) determination of initial crystal nucleation events and sites, (3) elucidation of the relative roles of host, implant, and mechanical determinants, and (4) development of approaches for the inhibition of mineralization.

含钙磷灰石矿物的沉积与心血管和非心血管医疗器械和生物材料广泛相关,是当代生物假体心脏瓣膜失效的主要原因,并限制了实验性(和潜在的临床)机械血泵和聚合物心脏瓣膜的功能寿命。生物假体组织的钙化主要是内在的,与尖结缔组织细胞和碎片以及胶原蛋白有关。相反,在血泵或瓣膜假体的弯曲聚合物表面上,钙化晶体的主要部位是外源性的,与粘附细胞、血栓或假内膜有关。病理性钙化与生理性骨骼矿化具有共同的关键特征,包括通过细胞膜介导的晶体起始,通常以细胞外囊泡的形式出现。这为正常矿化和异常矿化提出了统一的假设。几种方法正在实验研究抑制生物人工心脏瓣膜钙化。控释二膦酸盐治疗,可能结合抗钙化尖端预处理,似乎是最有效的。生物材料相关钙化的研究目标包括:(1)建立动物模型;(2)确定初始晶体成核事件和位置;(3)阐明宿主、植入物和机械决定因素的相对作用;(4)开发抑制矿化的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The combined anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament replacement by various materials: a comparative animal study. 不同材料联合前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带置换:一项比较动物研究。
L Claes, L Dürselen, H Kiefer, W Mohr

On 30 sheep, a combined replacement of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament of the right knee was performed with four different materials. Dacron prostheses and glutaraldehyde-preserved bovine tendon prostheses as well as braided ligament prostheses made of carbon fibers and braided resorbable polydioxanone fibers surrounded by lyophilized dura in their intra-articular part were used. Ten unoperated sheep served as a control group. After 1 year the animals were sacrificed and the knee joints were explanted and biomechanically as well as histomorphologically investigated. The gross inspection of the joints showed no ruptured medial collateral ligament replacement but did show partially and totally ruptured anterior cruciate ligament replacements. The Dacron prosthesis was broken in 50% of the cases, whereas for the other materials one ruptured ligament replacement each (12.5%) could be observed. The anterior drawer test and the determination of the tensile stiffness of the remaining ligament replacements revealed that none of the operated knees achieved the properties of the normal control knees. However, the carbon fiber implants had the best result of all prostheses tested. For all materials except the resorbable polydioxanone, abrasion particles could be found in the anterior cruciate ligament and in the synovial membrane. The tissue reaction to these particles was a mild synovitis for carbon fragments, a strong synovitis for Dacron particles, and a chronic inflammatory response to bovine tendon fragments with macrophage granulomas and fibrosis.

在30只羊身上,用四种不同的材料进行了右膝前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带的联合置换。采用涤纶假体和戊二醛保存的牛肌腱假体以及碳纤维和编织可吸收聚二恶酮纤维制成的编织韧带假体,关节内部分采用冻干硬脑膜包裹。10只未手术的羊作为对照组。1年后处死,移植膝关节,进行生物力学和组织形态学研究。关节的大体检查显示没有断裂的内侧副韧带置换,但确实显示部分和完全断裂的前交叉韧带置换。涤纶假体在50%的病例中断裂,而其他材料的假体各有一例韧带置换断裂(12.5%)。前抽屉试验和剩余韧带替代物的拉伸刚度测定显示,没有一个手术膝关节达到正常对照膝关节的特性。然而,碳纤维假体在所有测试的假体中效果最好。除可吸收聚二恶酮外,所有材料均可见前交叉韧带和滑膜内的磨损颗粒。对这些颗粒的组织反应是碳碎片的轻度滑膜炎,涤纶颗粒的强烈滑膜炎,对牛肌腱碎片的慢性炎症反应伴巨噬细胞肉芽肿和纤维化。
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引用次数: 0
Corrosion and degradation of a polyurethane/Co-Ni-Cr-Mo pacemaker lead. 聚氨酯/Co-Ni-Cr-Mo起搏器引线的腐蚀和降解。
P Sung, A C Fraker

An investigation to study changes in the metal surfaces and the polyurethane insulation of heart pacemaker leads under controlled in vitro conditions was conducted. A polyurethane (Pellethane 2363-80A)/Co-Ni-Cr-Mo (MP35N) wire lead was exposed in Hanks' physiological saline solution for 14 months and then analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive analysis, and small angle x-ray scattering. Results showed that some leakage of solution into the lead had occurred and changes were present on both the metal and the polyurethane surfaces.

在体外条件下,研究了心脏起搏器导线金属表面和聚氨酯绝缘层的变化。将一种聚氨酯(Pellethane 2363-80A)/Co-Ni-Cr-Mo (MP35N)引线暴露在Hanks生理盐水溶液中14个月,然后用扫描电镜、x射线能量色散分析和小角x射线散射对其进行分析。结果表明,溶液有部分渗漏到铅中,金属表面和聚氨酯表面都发生了变化。
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引用次数: 0
The design and analysis of a laminated partially degradable composite bone plate for fracture fixation. 骨折固定用层状部分可降解复合接骨板的设计与分析。
M Zimmerman, J R Parsons, H Alexander

During the early stages of fracture healing, rigid internal fixation maintains alignment and promotes primary osseous union. Unfortunately, as healing progresses rigid fixation from bone plating can cause bone in the region of the plate to undergo stress protection atrophy. This can result in significant loss of bone mass and osteoporosis. Refracture of the bone upon device removal is a widely reported complication. In an effort to minimize or eliminate stress protection atrophy, we have designed a partially absorbable, fiber-reinforced bone plate. Ideally, such a plate gradually loses rigidity as the fracture heals, increasingly transferring stress to the bone. Stress protection may be avoided and removal of the device after healing may be unnecessary. Composite theory was used to determine an optimum fiber layup for a composite bone plate. Composite analysis suggested the mechanical superiority of a 0 degree/ +/ -45 degree laminae layup. Given this laminated design, a thermoplastic absorbable polymer (polylactic acid polymer) was reinforced with high-modulus carbon fiber to produce a semiabsorbable composite. Implant evaluation included optimizing fabrication techniques, thorough mechanical device testing, and implantation on canine femurs to determine biocompatibility and efficacy. The composite design proved to have superior static and fatigue properties to laminated or random fiber designs used previously. Two techniques for hole fabrication were tested. The production of screw holes during the molding process rather than machining postmolding, improved the mechanical integrity of the finished plate. Although the 0 degree/ +/- 45 degree carbon/polylactic acid composite possessed superior mechanical properties, it was unsuccessful in the in vivo environment. Water absorption and subsequent delamination made the plate flexible. Hypertrophic nonunions developed. Further development to prevent water intrusion and premature loss of mechanical properties is necessary.

在骨折愈合的早期阶段,刚性内固定维持骨位并促进骨的初步愈合。不幸的是,随着愈合的进展,骨钢板的刚性固定会导致钢板区域的骨发生应力保护萎缩。这会导致骨质流失和骨质疏松。取出器械后的骨再骨折是一个广泛报道的并发症。为了尽量减少或消除应力保护萎缩,我们设计了一种部分可吸收的纤维增强骨板。理想情况下,随着骨折愈合,这种钢板逐渐失去刚性,越来越多地将压力传递给骨骼。应力保护可以避免,愈合后不需要取出装置。采用复合材料理论确定了复合骨板的最佳纤维层数。综合分析表明,0°/ +/ -45°层压板层的力学性能较好。鉴于这种层压设计,热塑性可吸收聚合物(聚乳酸聚合物)与高模量碳纤维增强,以产生半可吸收复合材料。植入物评估包括优化制造技术,彻底的机械装置测试,以及植入犬股骨以确定生物相容性和疗效。与之前使用的层压或随机纤维设计相比,复合材料设计具有优越的静态和疲劳性能。测试了两种制孔工艺。在成型过程中生产螺孔而不是加工后成型,提高了成品板的机械完整性。0℃/ +/- 45℃的碳/聚乳酸复合材料虽然具有优异的力学性能,但在体内环境中表现不佳。吸水和随后的分层使板材具有弹性。肥厚性骨不连出现。进一步开发防止水侵入和过早丧失机械性能是必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Managing the regulation of orthopedic devices. 管理骨科器械的法规。
H R Asher
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引用次数: 0
Applied biomaterials standards report. 应用生物材料标准报告。
A U Daniels
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引用次数: 0
FDA applications--in relation to carbon fibre. FDA的申请——与碳纤维有关。
D H Jenkins
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引用次数: 0
Wear, creep, and frictional heat of femoral implant articulating surfaces and the effect on long-term performance--Part I, A review. 股骨假体关节表面的磨损、蠕变和摩擦热及其对长期性能的影响——第一部分,综述。
J A Davidson, G Schwartz

Creep and wear of articulating reconstructed joints is a complex process, resulting in adverse tissue response, decreased range of motion, and eventual revision. As improvements are made in the design and surgical techniques of reconstructed joints, the long-term performance of the articulating system and materials becomes more important, particularly for younger, heavier, and more active patients. One aspect previously ignored in the long-term performance of articulating systems is the tendency for these systems to generate heat during articulation, particularly for extended periods of relatively strenuous activity. The present study reviews the various aspects of joint lubrication, friction, wear, and overall system performance. Local heating can increase the creep, wear, and oxidation degradation of UHMWPE, thus, specific attention is given to the effect that heat generation can have on long-term performance of these systems. Because of the complexity of this issue, the treatment of these various performance aspects is divided into two parts. The present part, Part I, reviews the various aspects of articulation performance. Part II presents results of friction, heating, and torque testing of various metal and ceramic hip systems. Criteria for frictional heating is also presented, along with discussion related to the various heat transfer mechanisms involved with heat dissipation.

重建关节的蠕变和磨损是一个复杂的过程,导致不良的组织反应,活动范围减小,最终进行翻修。随着重建关节的设计和手术技术的改进,关节系统和材料的长期性能变得更加重要,特别是对于年轻、体重更重和更活跃的患者。以前在发音系统的长期表现中忽略的一个方面是这些系统在发音过程中产生热量的趋势,特别是在长时间的相对剧烈的活动中。本研究回顾了关节润滑、摩擦、磨损和整体系统性能的各个方面。局部加热会增加超高分子量聚乙烯的蠕变、磨损和氧化降解,因此,特别关注热量产生对这些系统长期性能的影响。由于这个问题的复杂性,对这些不同性能方面的处理分为两个部分。本部分,第一部分,回顾了发音表现的各个方面。第二部分介绍了摩擦,加热和扭矩测试的各种金属和陶瓷髋关节系统的结果。还提出了摩擦加热的标准,并讨论了与散热有关的各种传热机制。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of biomedical materials research
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