Objective: The essence of research is accuracy, an objective protocol, and the secured transfer of data. Accuracy is directly related to the Methodology, at present, there are two major options available for research. Double-Blind Methodology which has a recognized significant conscious and/or unconscious bias. The second Quadrupled-Blind Methodology recognized to have a zero bias. An absence of bias ensures a true and accurate clinical finding. We have developed a software platform and computerize the entire research study. A true zero bias study. To consider evidence that indicates disc desiccation occurs with regularity in young individuals, despite reports to the contrary. Clinical trial features: The clinical histories of 168 chiropractic patients under the age of 50 were reviewed in such a manner that individual patients cannot be identified. Outcome: 20 individuals under the age of 50 were found to exhibit disc desiccation, an occurrence of approximately 12%. It was also indicated that disc desiccation appears to occur with slightly greater frequency in women. Conclusion: Disc desiccation is more prevalent in young trauma victims than was previously believed. Concern regarding sample size was discussed, as were suggestions for further research, such as larger sample size, consideration of the direction of impact, the effects of health or obesity upon the occurrence and/or degree of injury.
{"title":"Diagnoses of Young Trauma Victims with Disc Desiccation a Quadruple-Blind Methodology","authors":"Michael Burgio, Osita E Onyejekwe","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000368","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The essence of research is accuracy, an objective protocol, and the secured transfer of data. Accuracy is directly related to the Methodology, at present, there are two major options available for research. Double-Blind Methodology which has a recognized significant conscious and/or unconscious bias. The second Quadrupled-Blind Methodology recognized to have a zero bias. An absence of bias ensures a true and accurate clinical finding. We have developed a software platform and computerize the entire research study. A true zero bias study. To consider evidence that indicates disc desiccation occurs with regularity in young individuals, despite reports to the contrary. \u0000Clinical trial features: The clinical histories of 168 chiropractic patients under the age of 50 were reviewed in such a manner that individual patients cannot be identified. Outcome: 20 individuals under the age of 50 were found to exhibit disc desiccation, an occurrence of approximately 12%. It was also indicated that disc desiccation appears to occur with slightly greater frequency in women. \u0000Conclusion: Disc desiccation is more prevalent in young trauma victims than was previously believed. Concern regarding sample size was discussed, as were suggestions for further research, such as larger sample size, consideration of the direction of impact, the effects of health or obesity upon the occurrence and/or degree of injury.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79534494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0975-0851.1000E86
S. Ayrapetyan
An abnormal (hyper) excitation of neuronal and muscle membranes, which is transmitted into central nervous system (CNS) and generates pain sensation. Hence, the bioequivalence of the water by the cells in the body determines the phenomenon. Since pain can be generated by different phenomena, starting from mechanical damage to the breakdown of different metabolic pathways, there must be a common cellular mechanism through which various physical, chemical and metabolic factors generate abnormal excitation of cell membrane. It is known that pain sensation can be changed upon the effect of extremely weak chemical and physical signals, having intensity even less than thermal threshold and non-linear dose-dependent character.
{"title":"The net water uptake by excitable cells is a primary mechanism for pain signal generation","authors":"S. Ayrapetyan","doi":"10.4172/0975-0851.1000E86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-0851.1000E86","url":null,"abstract":"An abnormal (hyper) excitation of neuronal and muscle membranes, which is transmitted into central nervous system (CNS) and generates pain sensation. Hence, the bioequivalence of the water by the cells in the body determines the phenomenon. Since pain can be generated by different phenomena, starting from mechanical damage to the breakdown of different metabolic pathways, there must be a common cellular mechanism through which various physical, chemical and metabolic factors generate abnormal excitation of cell membrane. It is known that pain sensation can be changed upon the effect of extremely weak chemical and physical signals, having intensity even less than thermal threshold and non-linear dose-dependent character.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"248 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77250596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0975-0851.1000378
A. Kushwaha
Propofol is a highly lipophilic anesthetic drug used to induce sedation, predictable amnesia and anxiolysis. In this project, several permeation enhancers were screened to improve the permeation of propofol across the porcine full thickness skin. The screening studies of permeation enhancers was performed in two phases. As a result of the first phase of screening studies, DMSO, Laureth-4 and transcutol were found to be the potential penetration enhancers which improved the permeation of propofol across the skin ~ 4, 3.5 and 4.5-fold more compared to control. A 100% propofol was used as a control. In the second phase, the combination of DMSO and Laureth-L4 (F1) delivered 278.6 ± 20.3 µg/cm2 propofol across the skin which were found to be ~ 18 more compared to control (15.68 ± 2.6 µg/cm2 ). The studies in this project concluded that the combination of DMSO and Laureth-L4 can be used for the development of transdermal propofol product in the future.
{"title":"A Screening of Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Delivery of Propofol","authors":"A. Kushwaha","doi":"10.4172/0975-0851.1000378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-0851.1000378","url":null,"abstract":"Propofol is a highly lipophilic anesthetic drug used to induce sedation, predictable amnesia and anxiolysis. In this project, several permeation enhancers were screened to improve the permeation of propofol across the porcine full thickness skin. The screening studies of permeation enhancers was performed in two phases. As a result of the first phase of screening studies, DMSO, Laureth-4 and transcutol were found to be the potential penetration enhancers which improved the permeation of propofol across the skin ~ 4, 3.5 and 4.5-fold more compared to control. A 100% propofol was used as a control. In the second phase, the combination of DMSO and Laureth-L4 (F1) delivered 278.6 ± 20.3 µg/cm2 propofol across the skin which were found to be ~ 18 more compared to control (15.68 ± 2.6 µg/cm2 ). The studies in this project concluded that the combination of DMSO and Laureth-L4 can be used for the development of transdermal propofol product in the future.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80180489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khan, S. Ali, S. Alam, R. Fatima, S. Kashif, R. Bushra, F. Zafar, H. Ali, M. Hassan, S. Jahan
In this present study prescription patterns were assessed at outpatient chest departments in a tertiary care Government hospital. A prospective study was conducted at outpatient’s chest department of a tertiary care Government hospital in Karachi. The study was conducted from November 2013 to February 2014. The study sampled the prescriptions randomly. Inclusive criteria were based on those patients suffering from respiratory diseases were included in the study and treatment at outpatient chest department, whereas exclusive criteria were based on patients with other than respiratory diseases were not included in the study. Data was obtained from the prescription of the outpatients and these prescriptions were obtained from the pharmacy of the outpatient pharmacy. Data was analysed statistically by using SPSS version 20. In the present study total 241 patients were included in the study and their prescription containing at least one antibiotics were analysed. About 140 (58.09%) patients were females and 101(41.91%) were males. Out of 600 prescribed drugs, 169 were antibiotics in which mostly prescribed antibiotics group was 84(14% B-Lactam), 135(22.5%) bronchodilator, 89(14.8%) anti-allergy, 115(19.2%) analgesic and 48(8%) were antiulcerant. The drug utilization studies are important tool to sensitize and increases awareness among physicians, which ultimately improves rational prescribing and patient care.
在本研究评估处方模式门诊胸科在三级政府医院。一项前瞻性研究是在卡拉奇一家三级政府医院的门诊部进行的。该研究于2013年11月至2014年2月进行。该研究对处方进行了随机抽样。纳入标准是基于那些患有呼吸系统疾病的患者被纳入研究并在门诊胸科接受治疗，而排除标准是基于非呼吸系统疾病的患者未被纳入研究。数据来自门诊患者的处方，这些处方来自门诊药房的药房。数据采用SPSS version 20进行统计学分析。本研究共纳入241例患者，分析其处方中含有至少一种抗生素。女性140例(58.09%)，男性101例(41.91%)。600种处方药物中抗生素169种，其中以b -内酰胺84种(14%)、支气管扩张剂135种(22.5%)、抗过敏药89种(14.8%)、镇痛药115种(19.2%)、抗溃疡药48种(8%)为主。药物利用研究是提高医生用药意识的重要工具，最终提高合理处方和患者护理水平。
{"title":"Assessment of Prescribing Trend of Drugs at Out Patient’s Chest Ward of Government Tertiary Care Hospital Situated in Karachi","authors":"M. Khan, S. Ali, S. Alam, R. Fatima, S. Kashif, R. Bushra, F. Zafar, H. Ali, M. Hassan, S. Jahan","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000370","url":null,"abstract":"In this present study prescription patterns were assessed at outpatient chest departments in a tertiary care Government hospital. A prospective study was conducted at outpatient’s chest department of a tertiary care Government hospital in Karachi. The study was conducted from November 2013 to February 2014. The study sampled the prescriptions randomly. Inclusive criteria were based on those patients suffering from respiratory diseases were included in the study and treatment at outpatient chest department, whereas exclusive criteria were based on patients with other than respiratory diseases were not included in the study. Data was obtained from the prescription of the outpatients and these prescriptions were obtained from the pharmacy of the outpatient pharmacy. Data was analysed statistically by using SPSS version 20. In the present study total 241 patients were included in the study and their prescription containing at least one antibiotics were analysed. About 140 (58.09%) patients were females and 101(41.91%) were males. Out of 600 prescribed drugs, 169 were antibiotics in which mostly prescribed antibiotics group was 84(14% B-Lactam), 135(22.5%) bronchodilator, 89(14.8%) anti-allergy, 115(19.2%) analgesic and 48(8%) were antiulcerant. The drug utilization studies are important tool to sensitize and increases awareness among physicians, which ultimately improves rational prescribing and patient care.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77477281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0975-0851.1000385
V. Parkash, Saurabh Maan, ana Chaudhary, Vikas Jogpal, G. Mittal, V. Jain
The present study was aimed to deal with development and optimization of transfersomal system for enhancement of transdermal drug delivery of tacrolimus drug for the treatment of psoriasis. Transfersomes containing tacrolimus was prepared by rotary evaporation method using Box- Behnken design. The levels of the drug, phosphatidylcholine and sodium desoxycholate (independent variables) were varied to study the influence on particle size, % entrapment efficiency and flux. The results of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies proved that transfersomes were significantly superior in terms of drug permeation across the rat skin, with mean residence time of 52.58 ± 3.62 min. This was further confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopic study. Transfersomes showed better antipsoriatic activities, compared to liposomes by virtue of better permeation through Wistar albino rat skin. Finally, it was concluded that the transfersomes accentuates the transdermal flux of tacrolimus and could be used for the management of psoriasis.
{"title":"Implementation of Design of Experiments in Development and Optimization of Transfersomal Carrier system of Tacrolimus for the Dermal Management of Psoriasis in Albino Wistar Rat","authors":"V. Parkash, Saurabh Maan, ana Chaudhary, Vikas Jogpal, G. Mittal, V. Jain","doi":"10.4172/0975-0851.1000385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-0851.1000385","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed to deal with development and optimization of transfersomal system for enhancement of transdermal drug delivery of tacrolimus drug for the treatment of psoriasis. Transfersomes containing tacrolimus was prepared by rotary evaporation method using Box- Behnken design. The levels of the drug, phosphatidylcholine and sodium desoxycholate (independent variables) were varied to study the influence on particle size, % entrapment efficiency and flux. The results of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies proved that transfersomes were significantly superior in terms of drug permeation across the rat skin, with mean residence time of 52.58 ± 3.62 min. This was further confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopic study. Transfersomes showed better antipsoriatic activities, compared to liposomes by virtue of better permeation through Wistar albino rat skin. Finally, it was concluded that the transfersomes accentuates the transdermal flux of tacrolimus and could be used for the management of psoriasis.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"20 1","pages":"98-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81330362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Debate on Bioavailability and Bioequivalence (BA/BE) Studies Using Limited Sampling Strategy: Views and Perspectives","authors":"N. Srinivas","doi":"10.4172/JBB.10000E82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.10000E82","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"58 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89145007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0975-0851.1000374
Sekhar Jyoti Deka, C. Baruah
A pulmonary consolidation is a case where the lung tissues gets filled with fluid instead of air. The person suffers from a condition of induration (inflammation or thickening of soft tissue) of lung where left lower lobe (LLL) is more prone to consolidation. The case includes all the examination leading to the findings of the disease, symptoms, and the treatment. The patient’s records have been kept confidential and private.
{"title":"Case Presentation on Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Consolidation","authors":"Sekhar Jyoti Deka, C. Baruah","doi":"10.4172/0975-0851.1000374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-0851.1000374","url":null,"abstract":"A pulmonary consolidation is a case where the lung tissues gets filled with fluid instead of air. The person suffers from a condition of induration (inflammation or thickening of soft tissue) of lung where left lower lobe (LLL) is more prone to consolidation. The case includes all the examination leading to the findings of the disease, symptoms, and the treatment. The patient’s records have been kept confidential and private.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"26 1","pages":"33-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76135247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/0975-0851.1000377
E. Eilat
Fierce competition and public pressure on pharmaceutical companies pose challenges for ethical and generic pharma companies. 7-10% annual price erosion for generic companies leads to decrease profitability With increased competition combined with pressure from payers, pushes margins lower. Competition made its mark of some global generic players and led to the rise of Indian players, however price erosion also affects these players. The ability of the generic players to increase their margins are the key elements in their survivor and thrive. The way to achieve that is by utilizing drug delivery technologies, that can introduce added-value within limited investments (as low as US$ 10-20M), through the 505(b)2 regulatory process (a similar process has been adopted by the European agency and recently by the Chinese authority). Herein I will share my views on the inevitable future of generic pharmaceutical companies.
{"title":"The Inevitable Future of Generic Pharma Drugs Companies","authors":"E. Eilat","doi":"10.4172/0975-0851.1000377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/0975-0851.1000377","url":null,"abstract":"Fierce competition and public pressure on pharmaceutical companies pose challenges for ethical and generic pharma companies. 7-10% annual price erosion for generic companies leads to decrease profitability With increased competition combined with pressure from payers, pushes margins lower. Competition made its mark of some global generic players and led to the rise of Indian players, however price erosion also affects these players. The ability of the generic players to increase their margins are the key elements in their survivor and thrive. The way to achieve that is by utilizing drug delivery technologies, that can introduce added-value within limited investments (as low as US$ 10-20M), through the 505(b)2 regulatory process (a similar process has been adopted by the European agency and recently by the Chinese authority). Herein I will share my views on the inevitable future of generic pharmaceutical companies.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"123 14 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81296430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：