Oxiconazole loaded Unsaturated Fatty Acid Liposomes (UFL) was used as a transdermal formulation in treatment of chronic fungal infections. Oxiconazole has low oral bioavailability of drug and short half-life that’s why preferring this transdermal route for proper treatment against fungal infections. UFL was made by using oleic acid and tween 80 in different proportion, batches were developed by using a central composite design. The optimal UFL-6 formulation has shown maximum entrapment efficiency (61.05%) and good vesicle size (215 nm). The oxiconazole release from UFLG-6 gels, follow Higuchi model and drug permeation via a cellophane membrane was maximum in comparison to other gel formulations. The UFLG-6 formulation also shows maximum antifungal activity against Candida albicans fungus.
{"title":"Optimization and Evaluation of Oleic Acid Based Unsaturated Fatty AcidLiposomes Gel","authors":"N. Kaur, R. Garg","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000336","url":null,"abstract":"Oxiconazole loaded Unsaturated Fatty Acid Liposomes (UFL) was used as a transdermal formulation in treatment of chronic fungal infections. Oxiconazole has low oral bioavailability of drug and short half-life that’s why preferring this transdermal route for proper treatment against fungal infections. UFL was made by using oleic acid and tween 80 in different proportion, batches were developed by using a central composite design. The optimal UFL-6 formulation has shown maximum entrapment efficiency (61.05%) and good vesicle size (215 nm). The oxiconazole release from UFLG-6 gels, follow Higuchi model and drug permeation via a cellophane membrane was maximum in comparison to other gel formulations. The UFLG-6 formulation also shows maximum antifungal activity against Candida albicans fungus.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"24 1","pages":"424-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81013767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction of Atypical Antipsychotics (AAP) has improved the treatment of many psychiatric disorders by reducing the incidence of extrapyramidal side effects, but it has come at the expense of developing severe metabolic disturbances. Although the AAP were initially developed for the treatment of schizophrenia, their use has been expanded to include treatment of bipolar disorder, autism, posttraumatic stress disorder, dementia, and as ‘off label’ therapy for major depression. The current dogma posits that both therapeutic and negative side-effects of the AAP are due to their exclusive actions within the brain. Here we argue that very little consideration has been given to the potential actions of the AAP in peripheral sites, constituting a serious deficit in our understanding of the full spectrum of the biological action of these drugs.
{"title":"Atypical Antipsychotics: Do Their Direct Actions on Adipocytes Contribute to Metabolic Disturbances?","authors":"Hugo Er, Ben Jonathan N","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000334","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of Atypical Antipsychotics (AAP) has improved the treatment of many psychiatric disorders by reducing the incidence of extrapyramidal side effects, but it has come at the expense of developing severe metabolic disturbances. Although the AAP were initially developed for the treatment of schizophrenia, their use has been expanded to include treatment of bipolar disorder, autism, posttraumatic stress disorder, dementia, and as ‘off label’ therapy for major depression. The current dogma posits that both therapeutic and negative side-effects of the AAP are due to their exclusive actions within the brain. Here we argue that very little consideration has been given to the potential actions of the AAP in peripheral sites, constituting a serious deficit in our understanding of the full spectrum of the biological action of these drugs.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"17 1","pages":"416-417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79107279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extrapyramidal symptoms are adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotic drugs which are generally used to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. These adverse effects are due to the D2 receptor blockade. Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide alterations in the mesolimbic system and in the extrapyramidal system and the derived neural networks are described. M4 antagonists, GABAA agonists or NMDA antagonists can be used to treat the extrapyramidal symptoms because they improve the dopaminergic-cholinergic neurotransmitter imbalance in this neural system. Recently developed antipsychotic drugs such as aripiprazole and cariprazine cause less often and, to a lesser extent, extrapyramidal symptoms because they exert a partial agonism at the D2 receptor.
{"title":"Extrapyramidal Symptoms in Patients Treated with Antipsychotic Drugs","authors":"F. Werner","doi":"10.4172/jbb.1000333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/jbb.1000333","url":null,"abstract":"Extrapyramidal symptoms are adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotic drugs which are generally used to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. These adverse effects are due to the D2 receptor blockade. Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide alterations in the mesolimbic system and in the extrapyramidal system and the derived neural networks are described. M4 antagonists, GABAA agonists or NMDA antagonists can be used to treat the extrapyramidal symptoms because they improve the dopaminergic-cholinergic neurotransmitter imbalance in this neural system. Recently developed antipsychotic drugs such as aripiprazole and cariprazine cause less often and, to a lesser extent, extrapyramidal symptoms because they exert a partial agonism at the D2 receptor.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"14 1","pages":"412-415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79687198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nazma Morde, J. Rebello, B. Brashier, M. Garg, Raghu K. Naidu, A. Birhade, K. Iyer, R. Jadhav
Introduction: To compare the Pharmacokinetic (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of two Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of salmeterol xinafoate (Test HFA formulation, Cipla Ltd., India; Reference HFA formulation, Allen and Hanburys, UK) administered using pressurized metered dose inhalers. Methods: Three separate randomized, crossover, PK studies and one PD study comparing the efficacy and safety of the two HFA formulations of salmeterol xinafoate (25 μg per actuation) in healthy subjects were conducted. The PK assessments of the two formulations were done without charcoal blockade, with charcoal blockade, and with a Volumatic spacer device using a single dose. A PD study was also conducted to evaluate the systemic exposure of the two formulations using three different doses (50 μg, 150 μg and 300 μg). Results: In the PK study without charcoal, the 90% CI for the difference between the two formulations for AUC0-t was within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125%; however, Cmax marginally exceeded the upper bioequivalence limit to 136%. In the PK study with charcoal, the 90% CI for the difference between the two formulations for Cmax was within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125%; however, AUC0-t marginally exceeded the upper bioequivalence limit to 128%. The impact of marginally higher systemic exposure was therefore further evaluated in the PD study. The PD study confirmed there were no greater systemic safety effects of the test formulation on the primary PD endpoints such as heart rate and serum potassium as well as on other safety PD endpoints such as blood glucose and QTc interval. The PK study with spacer demonstrated bioequivalence between the test and reference formulations. Both formulations were safe and well tolerated. Conclusion: The test HFA formulation of salmeterol was therapeutically equivalent to the reference HFA formulation of salmeterol when used with and without a spacer.
{"title":"Comparison of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Two Hydrofluoroalkane Formulations of Salmeterol","authors":"Nazma Morde, J. Rebello, B. Brashier, M. Garg, Raghu K. Naidu, A. Birhade, K. Iyer, R. Jadhav","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000332","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: To compare the Pharmacokinetic (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of two Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of salmeterol xinafoate (Test HFA formulation, Cipla Ltd., India; Reference HFA formulation, Allen and Hanburys, UK) administered using pressurized metered dose inhalers. Methods: Three separate randomized, crossover, PK studies and one PD study comparing the efficacy and safety of the two HFA formulations of salmeterol xinafoate (25 μg per actuation) in healthy subjects were conducted. The PK assessments of the two formulations were done without charcoal blockade, with charcoal blockade, and with a Volumatic spacer device using a single dose. A PD study was also conducted to evaluate the systemic exposure of the two formulations using three different doses (50 μg, 150 μg and 300 μg). Results: In the PK study without charcoal, the 90% CI for the difference between the two formulations for AUC0-t was within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125%; however, Cmax marginally exceeded the upper bioequivalence limit to 136%. In the PK study with charcoal, the 90% CI for the difference between the two formulations for Cmax was within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125%; however, AUC0-t marginally exceeded the upper bioequivalence limit to 128%. The impact of marginally higher systemic exposure was therefore further evaluated in the PD study. The PD study confirmed there were no greater systemic safety effects of the test formulation on the primary PD endpoints such as heart rate and serum potassium as well as on other safety PD endpoints such as blood glucose and QTc interval. The PK study with spacer demonstrated bioequivalence between the test and reference formulations. Both formulations were safe and well tolerated. Conclusion: The test HFA formulation of salmeterol was therapeutically equivalent to the reference HFA formulation of salmeterol when used with and without a spacer.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"15 1","pages":"405-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89382247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Garg, Raghu K. Naidu, A. Birhade, K. Iyer, R. Jadhav, J. Rebello, Nazma Morde, B. Brashier
Fluticasone Propionate (FP) is a topically active corticosteroid which shows little or no systemic activity after oral administration and is indicated for the prophylactic management of asthma of all severities. The aim of these studies was to evaluate systemic exposure and pulmonary deposition of two Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of fluticasone propionate with and without a spacer device in, healthy volunteers. Study-1 was a, randomized, single dose, laboratory-blinded, 2-sequence, 4-period, crossover replicate design without volumatic spacer in 32 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions. Study-2 was a randomized, single dose, laboratory-blinded, 2-sequence, 2-period, crossover design with volumatic spacer in 28 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions. A washout period of 14 days was included in both the studies. Blood samples were collected up to 36 h post-dose for pharmacokinetic profiling. Safety evaluations included assessment of vital signs, clinical laboratory parameters and monitoring of adverse events. A validated LC-MS/MS method was used to measure the plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate. The 90% CI of the difference between the test (T) and reference (R) for fluticasone propionate was 97.46-112.34 and 98.55-113.06 for Cmax, and AUC0-t respectively in study-1. The 90% CI of the difference between the test and reference for fluticasone propionate was 88.13-104.88, and 96.21-111.22 for Cmax, and AUC0-t respectively in study-2. The 90% CI (T/R) for fluticasone propionate for both Cmax and AUC0-t was within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125% in both the studies. Hence, it was concluded that test and reference formulations of fluticasone propionate HFA pMDI 250 mcg per actuation are equivalent in the systemic exposure and pulmonary deposition with and without a spacer device.
丙酸氟替卡松(FP)是一种局部活性皮质类固醇，口服后显示很少或没有全身活性，适用于所有严重程度哮喘的预防性治疗。这些研究的目的是评估两种丙酸氟替卡松氢氟烷烃(HFA)制剂在健康志愿者中有或没有间隔装置的全身暴露和肺沉积。研究1是一项随机、单剂量、实验室盲法、2序列、4周期、无体积间隔的交叉重复设计，在32名健康志愿者空腹条件下进行。研究2是一项随机、单剂量、实验室盲法、2序列、2期、有容量间隔的交叉设计，在28名健康志愿者空腹条件下进行。两项研究都有14天的洗脱期。给药后36小时采集血样进行药代动力学分析。安全性评估包括生命体征评估、临床实验室参数评估和不良事件监测。采用经验证的LC-MS/MS法测定丙酸氟替卡松血药浓度。研究1中丙酸氟替卡松Cmax和AUC0-t的试验(T)与参考(R)差异的90% CI分别为97.46-112.34和98.55-113.06。研究2中丙酸氟替卡松的Cmax、AUC0-t与对照差异的90% CI分别为88.13 ~ 104.88、96.21 ~ 111.22。两项研究中，丙酸氟替卡松Cmax和AUC0-t的90% CI (T/R)均在80-125%的生物等效性范围内。因此，得出的结论是，试验配方和参考配方丙酸氟替卡松HFA pMDI每次250微克在系统暴露和肺部沉积中是相同的，有无间隔装置。
{"title":"Comparison of Systemic and Pulmonary Bioavailability of Fluticasone Propionate HFA pMDI 250 Mcg per Actuation With and Without Spacer Device in Healthy Volunteers","authors":"M. Garg, Raghu K. Naidu, A. Birhade, K. Iyer, R. Jadhav, J. Rebello, Nazma Morde, B. Brashier","doi":"10.4172/jbb.1000331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/jbb.1000331","url":null,"abstract":"Fluticasone Propionate (FP) is a topically active corticosteroid which shows little or no systemic activity after oral administration and is indicated for the prophylactic management of asthma of all severities. The aim of these studies was to evaluate systemic exposure and pulmonary deposition of two Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of fluticasone propionate with and without a spacer device in, healthy volunteers. Study-1 was a, randomized, single dose, laboratory-blinded, 2-sequence, 4-period, crossover replicate design without volumatic spacer in 32 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions. Study-2 was a randomized, single dose, laboratory-blinded, 2-sequence, 2-period, crossover design with volumatic spacer in 28 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions. A washout period of 14 days was included in both the studies. Blood samples were collected up to 36 h post-dose for pharmacokinetic profiling. Safety evaluations included assessment of vital signs, clinical laboratory parameters and monitoring of adverse events. A validated LC-MS/MS method was used to measure the plasma concentrations of fluticasone propionate. The 90% CI of the difference between the test (T) and reference (R) for fluticasone propionate was 97.46-112.34 and 98.55-113.06 for Cmax, and AUC0-t respectively in study-1. The 90% CI of the difference between the test and reference for fluticasone propionate was 88.13-104.88, and 96.21-111.22 for Cmax, and AUC0-t respectively in study-2. The 90% CI (T/R) for fluticasone propionate for both Cmax and AUC0-t was within the bioequivalence limits of 80-125% in both the studies. Hence, it was concluded that test and reference formulations of fluticasone propionate HFA pMDI 250 mcg per actuation are equivalent in the systemic exposure and pulmonary deposition with and without a spacer device.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"26 1","pages":"399-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75886321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tulsi is a Sanskrit word that means “matchless one”. Ocimum sanctum is a plant of family Lamiaceae, is commonly known as Holy Basil. Characteristically, the plant imparts a pungent, bitter, hot, light and dry effect. Holy Basil is extensively famous and has been used since centuries in Ayurvedic and Greek medicines owing to its beneficially diverse properties. O. sanctum (Tulsi in Hindi) has a significant place in Hindu culture, being used in an array of traditional medicaments and as a condiment. Online published articles, journals, internet sites, Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar were explored for data collection. Since Ayurveda times, various parts such as leaves, roots, seeds and whole plant has been recommended for treatment of a spectrum of diseases including bronchitis, dysentery, malaria, diarrhea, eye ailments, dermatological issues, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Scientifically, it has been proven that O. sanctum possesses anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, antifungal, antimicrobial, cardio protective, analgesic, antispasmodic and adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, antipyretic, antiviral, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and anti-arthritis activities. Its biologically active constituent is known as Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene) which is responsible for the mediation of therapeutic characteristics. This review is an attempt to summarize the botanical, pharmacological, phytochemical, ethno medicinal, and toxicological information. This is an effort to help researchers and clinicians to be aware of the magical properties and the effectiveness of Tulsi.
{"title":"Pharmacological Evaluation of Ocimum sanctum","authors":"Bano N, A. A, Tanveer M, Khandaker Gm, Ansari Mt","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000330","url":null,"abstract":"Tulsi is a Sanskrit word that means “matchless one”. Ocimum sanctum is a plant of family Lamiaceae, is commonly known as Holy Basil. Characteristically, the plant imparts a pungent, bitter, hot, light and dry effect. Holy Basil is extensively famous and has been used since centuries in Ayurvedic and Greek medicines owing to its beneficially diverse properties. O. sanctum (Tulsi in Hindi) has a significant place in Hindu culture, being used in an array of traditional medicaments and as a condiment. Online published articles, journals, internet sites, Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar were explored for data collection. Since Ayurveda times, various parts such as leaves, roots, seeds and whole plant has been recommended for treatment of a spectrum of diseases including bronchitis, dysentery, malaria, diarrhea, eye ailments, dermatological issues, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Scientifically, it has been proven that O. sanctum possesses anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-fertility, antifungal, antimicrobial, cardio protective, analgesic, antispasmodic and adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, antipyretic, antiviral, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant and anti-arthritis activities. Its biologically active constituent is known as Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene) which is responsible for the mediation of therapeutic characteristics. This review is an attempt to summarize the botanical, pharmacological, phytochemical, ethno medicinal, and toxicological information. This is an effort to help researchers and clinicians to be aware of the magical properties and the effectiveness of Tulsi.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"67 1","pages":"387-392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83849634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2) Basic biology events of normal cycling cells [5], and principals involved in cancer pathogenesis named "hallmarks of cancer," including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, and recently expanded to include also reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction [6,7];
{"title":"The Hidden Ingredients Affecting Cancer Patients Outcome and the Mathematical Journey to Their Uncover","authors":"Siegelmann Danieli N, Siegelmann H","doi":"10.4172/jbb.1000329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/jbb.1000329","url":null,"abstract":"2) Basic biology events of normal cycling cells [5], and principals involved in cancer pathogenesis named \"hallmarks of cancer,\" including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, and recently expanded to include also reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction [6,7];","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"1 1","pages":"385-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88900416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methotrexate (MTX) is used as a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat many cancer types. Methotrexate was known for its toxic effects involving most of the body organs including liver, kidney, intestines and blood components. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant status during oxidative stress via biological, biochemical and haematological parameters in rats subjected to oral high-doses of methotrexate. Forty male albino rats were equally divided at random into four groups; the first group was the control and the other three groups were treated per os for 7 days with three different doses (1/10, 2/10 and 3/10 of an LD50) of MTX respectively. The methotrexate-treatment of rats caused critical changes in the biological, biochemical and haematological markers. Mainly, an increase in the organo-somatic indexes (organo-megaly), a decrease in urine output value (nephotoxicity) and also a perturbation in most blood components (haematoxicity) were appeared. In addition, MTX has a prooxidant effect, which was indicated by a decrease of the antioxidant parameters in different studied tissues. In view of these results, a close relationship was shown between the increasing MTX-doses and the oxidative stress intensity, characterized by perturbations in biochemical and haematological markers.
{"title":"The Investigation of the Oxidative Stress-Related Parameters in High Doses Methotrexate-Induced Albino Wistar Rats","authors":"S. Saka, O. Aouacheri","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000327","url":null,"abstract":"Methotrexate (MTX) is used as a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat many cancer types. Methotrexate was known for its toxic effects involving most of the body organs including liver, kidney, intestines and blood components. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant status during oxidative stress via biological, biochemical and haematological parameters in rats subjected to oral high-doses of methotrexate. Forty male albino rats were equally divided at random into four groups; the first group was the control and the other three groups were treated per os for 7 days with three different doses (1/10, 2/10 and 3/10 of an LD50) of MTX respectively. The methotrexate-treatment of rats caused critical changes in the biological, biochemical and haematological markers. Mainly, an increase in the organo-somatic indexes (organo-megaly), a decrease in urine output value (nephotoxicity) and also a perturbation in most blood components (haematoxicity) were appeared. In addition, MTX has a prooxidant effect, which was indicated by a decrease of the antioxidant parameters in different studied tissues. In view of these results, a close relationship was shown between the increasing MTX-doses and the oxidative stress intensity, characterized by perturbations in biochemical and haematological markers.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"8 1","pages":"372-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87314553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colloidal nanocarriers have provided a plethora of opportunities in terms of advancing the drug delivery field based on their immense biocompatibility, size, target-specific delivery and increased efficacy. The current passage entails an in-depth discussion regarding the varied types of nanocarriers such as dendrimers, polymeric micelles, solid-lipid nanoparticles along with their conventional formulation strategies and their specific applications. These nanoparticles have been extensively researched, till date, for their different diagnostic as well as therapeutic uses and their recent developments have been covered in this short review.
{"title":"Wakaskar RR (2017) Types of Nanocarriers–Formulation Method and Applications.","authors":"Wakaskar Rr","doi":"10.4172/JBB.10000E77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.10000E77","url":null,"abstract":"Colloidal nanocarriers have provided a plethora of opportunities in terms of advancing the drug delivery field based on their immense biocompatibility, size, target-specific delivery and increased efficacy. The current passage entails an in-depth discussion regarding the varied types of nanocarriers such as dendrimers, polymeric micelles, solid-lipid nanoparticles along with their conventional formulation strategies and their specific applications. These nanoparticles have been extensively researched, till date, for their different diagnostic as well as therapeutic uses and their recent developments have been covered in this short review.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"82 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84345915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyaniline (PANI) has number of electronic structure and it depends on the doping. PANI composites containing Fe3O4NPs are regularly studied as the PANI having electrical and magnetic features. Herein, PANI was prepared from aniline and HCl by means of solution mixing using ammonium persulphate as oxidizing agent and catalyst. Composites of polyaniline with calcium carbonate and Au/Ag NPs were prepared. Nanocomposites of PANI were characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDX, electrical conductivity measurement techniques. The incorporation of CaCO3 and Au/Ag NPs in polyaniline matrix was confirmed by SEM, FT-IR and EDX results. CaCO3 act as binder and provide strength to the composite which can be clearly understood by SEM microgram. Electrochemical study of composite has been done which showed that on decorating PANI with gold/silver NPs, the conducting properties increases. We successfully tested the antimicrobial activity of nanocomposite via paper disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
{"title":"Au/Ag NPS Decorated PANI For Electrochemical and Biomedical Applications","authors":"P. Singh, Rajan Patel, K. Kumari, G. K. Mehrotra","doi":"10.4172/JBB.1000328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/JBB.1000328","url":null,"abstract":"Polyaniline (PANI) has number of electronic structure and it depends on the doping. PANI composites containing Fe3O4NPs are regularly studied as the PANI having electrical and magnetic features. Herein, PANI was prepared from aniline and HCl by means of solution mixing using ammonium persulphate as oxidizing agent and catalyst. Composites of polyaniline with calcium carbonate and Au/Ag NPs were prepared. Nanocomposites of PANI were characterized using FTIR, SEM, EDX, electrical conductivity measurement techniques. The incorporation of CaCO3 and Au/Ag NPs in polyaniline matrix was confirmed by SEM, FT-IR and EDX results. CaCO3 act as binder and provide strength to the composite which can be clearly understood by SEM microgram. Electrochemical study of composite has been done which showed that on decorating PANI with gold/silver NPs, the conducting properties increases. We successfully tested the antimicrobial activity of nanocomposite via paper disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.","PeriodicalId":15184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability","volume":"81 1","pages":"377-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82663531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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