This article examines the connections between forced disappearances in Argentina, the public visibility of perpetrators, and the role of photographic images. It focuses on Alfredo Astiz, who was identified during the dictatorship for his involvement in two internationally renowned abduction cases: the disappearance of the Swedish teenager Dagmar Hagelin and the abduction of the French nuns Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet, who were taken to the Navy Mechanics School or ESMA (Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada). By analysing two series of photographs of Astiz that were published during the dictatorship, along with the accompanying texts and paratexts circulating at the time, and within the contexts, settings, and media that facilitated the identification and visibility of this perpetrator, this article sheds light on the dynamics, limitations, tensions, and opportunities presented by images of the figure of the perpetrator. The article proposes to understand visibility dispositifs as specific tools for investigating the visual representation of perpetrators and the complex processes involved in constructing meanings around perpetration over time. In the more specific field of forced disappearance studies, this text aims to discuss the role of images in making perpetrators visible, thus shifting the research focus away from the photographs of victims, which have been extensively examined in previous work. Its uniqueness also lies in considering this issue within a dictatorial rather than a transitional or post-conflict context.
{"title":"How Do Perpetrators Become Visible? Photographs and Visibility Dispositifs in the Identification of a Perpetrator During the Argentine Dictatorship","authors":"Claudia Feld","doi":"10.21039/jpr.6.1.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.135","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the connections between forced disappearances in Argentina, the public visibility of perpetrators, and the role of photographic images. It focuses on Alfredo Astiz, who was identified during the dictatorship for his involvement in two internationally renowned abduction cases: the disappearance of the Swedish teenager Dagmar Hagelin and the abduction of the French nuns Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet, who were taken to the Navy Mechanics School or ESMA (Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada). By analysing two series of photographs of Astiz that were published during the dictatorship, along with the accompanying texts and paratexts circulating at the time, and within the contexts, settings, and media that facilitated the identification and visibility of this perpetrator, this article sheds light on the dynamics, limitations, tensions, and opportunities presented by images of the figure of the perpetrator. The article proposes to understand visibility dispositifs as specific tools for investigating the visual representation of perpetrators and the complex processes involved in constructing meanings around perpetration over time. In the more specific field of forced disappearance studies, this text aims to discuss the role of images in making perpetrators visible, thus shifting the research focus away from the photographs of victims, which have been extensively examined in previous work. Its uniqueness also lies in considering this issue within a dictatorial rather than a transitional or post-conflict context.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"35 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: Doris L. Bergen, Between God and Hitler: Military Chaplains in Nazi Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2023). ISBN: 978-11-084-8770-2, $35 (online edition), 334 p.p.
评论Doris L. Bergen, Between God and Hitler：纳粹德国的军事牧师》（剑桥大学出版社，2023 年）。国际标准书号：978-11-084-8770-2，35 美元（网络版），334 页。
{"title":"Christian Chaplains and the Holocaust","authors":"Catharine Aretakis","doi":"10.21039/jpr.6.1.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.144","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Doris L. Bergen, Between God and Hitler: Military Chaplains in Nazi Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2023). ISBN: 978-11-084-8770-2, $35 (online edition), 334 p.p.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"2 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
REVIEW OF: Eva Van Roekel, Phenomenal Justice: Violence and Morality in Argentina (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2020). 196 pp. (paperback). ISBN 978-1-978-80026-7.
评论：Eva Van Roekel, Phenomenal Justice：阿根廷的暴力与道德》（新不伦瑞克：罗格斯大学出版社，2020 年）。196 pp.(平装本）。ISBN978-1-978-80026-7。
{"title":"On Argentina's Crimes against Humanity Trials","authors":"Erin Jessee","doi":"10.21039/jpr6.1.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr6.1.141","url":null,"abstract":"REVIEW OF: Eva Van Roekel, Phenomenal Justice: Violence and Morality in Argentina (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2020). 196 pp. (paperback). ISBN 978-1-978-80026-7.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"30 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between 2004 and 2007, I conducted fieldwork to analyze the memories and commemorative practices of retired officers of the Argentine Army, who were on active duty during the state terrorism executed by the armed forces during the military dictatorship (1976-1983) in Argentina. I conducted a series of open and semi-structured interviews with officers who participated in Operation Independence (Operativo Independencia) in Tucumán Province and made observations during public events in military churches and military clubs that paid tribute to officers who were assassinated by nonstate armed organizations during the 1970s. This ethnographic methodology has allowed me, first, to address the manifestations of the past as constructed, staged, and transmitted by the retired officers; second, to identify the meanings and values that these officers evoke to justify state terrorism; and third, how they constructed a retrospective relationship with violence and dealt with the criticisms they received from society. The aim of this article is to highlight the vicissitudes, difficulties, and controversies that framed my fieldwork with retired officers of the Argentine Army at three moments: before, when I was designing the methodology to delve into the military world; during, when I established contact and conducted the interviews with retired officers; and after, when I presented the results of my work on their memories to colleagues in academia. In sum, the article reflects on the conditions for the production of knowledge about perpetrators in Argentina. I explore the problems related to understanding the memories of the officers and interpreting their words: both what is said and what remains unsaid in the interviews, and how this can contribute to knowledge about processes of mass violence based on the memories of the perpetrators.
{"title":"Before, During, After: Difficulties and Controversies in Fieldwork with Retired Officers from the Argentine Army","authors":"Valentina Salvi","doi":"10.21039/jpr.6.1.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.137","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2004 and 2007, I conducted fieldwork to analyze the memories and commemorative practices of retired officers of the Argentine Army, who were on active duty during the state terrorism executed by the armed forces during the military dictatorship (1976-1983) in Argentina. I conducted a series of open and semi-structured interviews with officers who participated in Operation Independence (Operativo Independencia) in Tucumán Province and made observations during public events in military churches and military clubs that paid tribute to officers who were assassinated by nonstate armed organizations during the 1970s. This ethnographic methodology has allowed me, first, to address the manifestations of the past as constructed, staged, and transmitted by the retired officers; second, to identify the meanings and values that these officers evoke to justify state terrorism; and third, how they constructed a retrospective relationship with violence and dealt with the criticisms they received from society. The aim of this article is to highlight the vicissitudes, difficulties, and controversies that framed my fieldwork with retired officers of the Argentine Army at three moments: before, when I was designing the methodology to delve into the military world; during, when I established contact and conducted the interviews with retired officers; and after, when I presented the results of my work on their memories to colleagues in academia. In sum, the article reflects on the conditions for the production of knowledge about perpetrators in Argentina. I explore the problems related to understanding the memories of the officers and interpreting their words: both what is said and what remains unsaid in the interviews, and how this can contribute to knowledge about processes of mass violence based on the memories of the perpetrators.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"89 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction to the special section on Perpetrators in Argentina.
阿根廷犯罪者特别章节导言。
{"title":"Special Section on Perpetrators in Argentina: Introduction","authors":"A. Robben, Valentina Salvi","doi":"10.21039/jpr.6.1.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.139","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction to the special section on Perpetrators in Argentina.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"56 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reflects on fieldwork with Argentine perpetrators who were tried between 2015 and 2017 for crimes against humanity. The majority of these retired officials were interviewed while they were in prison, subject to widespread social condemnation, and no longer held positions of power. Consequently, this article focuses on how these conditions influenced the power dynamics between the interviewees and the researcher, the type of data collected, and the production of knowledge. Additionally, it examines how the emotions that emerged in the interaction with perpetrators affected the researcher and the course of the research.
{"title":"Between What They Are and What They Were: Power Dynamics and Knowledge Production in Fieldwork with Argentine Perpetrators","authors":"Analia Goldentul","doi":"10.21039/jpr.6.1.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.138","url":null,"abstract":"This article reflects on fieldwork with Argentine perpetrators who were tried between 2015 and 2017 for crimes against humanity. The majority of these retired officials were interviewed while they were in prison, subject to widespread social condemnation, and no longer held positions of power. Consequently, this article focuses on how these conditions influenced the power dynamics between the interviewees and the researcher, the type of data collected, and the production of knowledge. Additionally, it examines how the emotions that emerged in the interaction with perpetrators affected the researcher and the course of the research.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay aims, first, to put forth two new forms of genocide documentaries: The Duel and the Quiet Interview (my terms). These forms emerged from two of the major non-Western catastrophes of twentieth-century Communism — the Cambodian autogenocide and the Chinese Maoist Revolution (respectively). In both the Duel and the Quiet Interview, the directors search for historical truth, which, in both societies, has been silenced, taboo-ized and censored for circa 40 years. Second, despite the obvious differences between their historical-traumatic-cultural contexts, and their addressees, I contend that both forms shed light on the failure of post-Holocaust Western paradigmatic literature – initiated most prominently by Felman and Laub (1992), Hilberg (1993), LaCapra (2001), Felman (2002) and Wieviorka (2006) - to recognize these non-Western catastrophes as an immanent part of the Age of Testimony. I further contend that both forms expand the ethical boundaries of trauma, trauma cinema studies and related fields of research. Finally, dealing with collaboration as an undertheorized subject position in the West, this essay calls for the constitution of collaboration studies alongside perpetrator studies.
{"title":"New Forms of Genocide Documentaries: The Duel and the Quiet Interview","authors":"R. Morag","doi":"10.21039/jpr.6.1.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.133","url":null,"abstract":"This essay aims, first, to put forth two new forms of genocide documentaries: The Duel and the Quiet Interview (my terms). These forms emerged from two of the major non-Western catastrophes of twentieth-century Communism — the Cambodian autogenocide and the Chinese Maoist Revolution (respectively). In both the Duel and the Quiet Interview, the directors search for historical truth, which, in both societies, has been silenced, taboo-ized and censored for circa 40 years. Second, despite the obvious differences between their historical-traumatic-cultural contexts, and their addressees, I contend that both forms shed light on the failure of post-Holocaust Western paradigmatic literature – initiated most prominently by Felman and Laub (1992), Hilberg (1993), LaCapra (2001), Felman (2002) and Wieviorka (2006) - to recognize these non-Western catastrophes as an immanent part of the Age of Testimony. I further contend that both forms expand the ethical boundaries of trauma, trauma cinema studies and related fields of research. Finally, dealing with collaboration as an undertheorized subject position in the West, this essay calls for the constitution of collaboration studies alongside perpetrator studies.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"39 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I will analyse a seldom-heard voice in the recent history of the Southern Cone: testimonies from soldiers and former gendarmes who witnessed state crimes and, years later, found the courage to share their experiences in court. This is an unusual approach in Argentina to the study of perpetrators, which so far has prioritised public statements, official memories, and the experiences of career personnel in the Armed Forces. Instead, this research aligns with those works that seek to (re)think political disappearance from the margins and focuses on Operation Independence (Operativo Independencia), a military campaign carried out between 1975 and 1977 in the province of Tucumán. During this Operation, an institutional policy of forced disappearance of persons and of clandestine detention centres was put into practice for the first time; after the military government took power on March 24, 1976, it would spread to the rest of the country. I will examine an intermediate category between victims and perpetrators, namely the low-ranking personnel that occupied auxiliary functions, and argue that such stories from the margins of the terrorist State will allow us to access key aspects of the use of violence in that military campaign.
{"title":"The Terrorist State and Its Margins: The Repressive Experience of Subordinate Personnel in the Armed and Security Forces in Operation Independence, Tucumán, Argentina, 1975–1977","authors":"Santiago Garaño","doi":"10.21039/jpr.6.1.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.136","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I will analyse a seldom-heard voice in the recent history of the Southern Cone: testimonies from soldiers and former gendarmes who witnessed state crimes and, years later, found the courage to share their experiences in court. This is an unusual approach in Argentina to the study of perpetrators, which so far has prioritised public statements, official memories, and the experiences of career personnel in the Armed Forces. Instead, this research aligns with those works that seek to (re)think political disappearance from the margins and focuses on Operation Independence (Operativo Independencia), a military campaign carried out between 1975 and 1977 in the province of Tucumán. During this Operation, an institutional policy of forced disappearance of persons and of clandestine detention centres was put into practice for the first time; after the military government took power on March 24, 1976, it would spread to the rest of the country. I will examine an intermediate category between victims and perpetrators, namely the low-ranking personnel that occupied auxiliary functions, and argue that such stories from the margins of the terrorist State will allow us to access key aspects of the use of violence in that military campaign.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This reflection piece sheds light on expanded state violence in global narcotic governance, offering valuable insights to perpetrator studies. It expands the focus by acknowledging the state as a collective perpetrator within the framework of global narcotic regulation. With its near-monopoly on the use of force, the state possesses significant resources to inflict violence on citizens, leading to increased number of civilian fatalities, suffering, and other forms of physical integrity rights abuses. Additionally, this piece highlights the role of structural factors in facilitating state violence and the spread of narcotic drugs, emphasizing socioeconomic inequalities and systemic discrimination perpetuated by a militaristic approach to narcotic politics. Lastly, it emphasizes the disproportionate impact of state violence and drug policies on marginalized communities, urging an examination of how coercive state agencies deliberately target minoritized groups.
{"title":"State Violence in Narcotic Drug Governance: A Call for Harm Reduction and Human Rights Protection","authors":"S. Regilme","doi":"10.21039/jpr.5.1.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.5.1.131","url":null,"abstract":"This reflection piece sheds light on expanded state violence in global narcotic governance, offering valuable insights to perpetrator studies. It expands the focus by acknowledging the state as a collective perpetrator within the framework of global narcotic regulation. With its near-monopoly on the use of force, the state possesses significant resources to inflict violence on citizens, leading to increased number of civilian fatalities, suffering, and other forms of physical integrity rights abuses. Additionally, this piece highlights the role of structural factors in facilitating state violence and the spread of narcotic drugs, emphasizing socioeconomic inequalities and systemic discrimination perpetuated by a militaristic approach to narcotic politics. Lastly, it emphasizes the disproportionate impact of state violence and drug policies on marginalized communities, urging an examination of how coercive state agencies deliberately target minoritized groups.","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121272829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: Daniela Koleva, Memory Archipelago of the Communist past: Public Narratives and Personal Recollections (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), 296 pp. EUR 108.99 ISBN: 978-3-031-04657-5
{"title":"An Archipelago of Post-communist Memory","authors":"B. Manolova","doi":"10.21039/jpr.5.1.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21039/jpr.5.1.129","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Daniela Koleva, Memory Archipelago of the Communist past: Public Narratives and Personal Recollections (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), 296 pp. EUR 108.99 ISBN: 978-3-031-04657-5","PeriodicalId":152877,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Perpetrator Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125759447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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