Tomotaka Ugai, Takashi Shimizu, Hidetaka Kawamura, Satoko Ugai, Yasutoshi Takashima, Genki Usui, Juha P V?yrynen, Kazuo Okadome, Koichiro Haruki, Naohiko Akimoto, Yohei Masugi, Annacarolina da Silva, Kosuke Mima, Xuehong Zhang, Andrew T Chan, Molin Wang, Wendy S Garrett, Gordon J Freeman, Jeffrey A Meyerhardt, Jonathan A Nowak, Mingyang Song, Marios Giannakis, Shuji Ogino
Objectives
The CD274 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1)/PDCD1 (programmed cell death 1, PD-1) immune checkpoint axis is known to regulate the antitumor immune response. Evidence also supports an immunosuppressive effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum. We hypothesised that tumor CD274 overexpression might be inversely associated with abundance of F. nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma.
Methods
We assessed tumor CD274 expression by immunohistochemistry and F. nucleatum DNA within tumor tissue by quantitative PCR in 812 cases among 4465 incident rectal and colon cancer cases that had occurred in two prospective cohort studies. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with inverse probability weighting were used to adjust for selection bias because of tissue data availability and potential confounders including microsatellite instability status, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation level and KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations.
Results
Fusobacterium nucleatum DNA was detected in tumor tissue in 109 (13%) cases. Tumor CD274 expression level was inversely associated with the amount of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer tissue (P = 0.0077). For one category-unit increase in three ordinal F. nucleatum categories (negative vs. low vs. high), multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (with 95% confidence interval) of the low, intermediate and high CD274 categories (vs. negative) were 0.78 (0.41–1.51), 0.64 (0.32–1.28) and 0.50 (0.25–0.99), respectively (Ptrend = 0.032).
Conclusions
Tumor CD274 expression level was inversely associated with the amount of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting that different immunosuppressive mechanisms (i.e. PDCD1 immune checkpoint activation and tumor F. nucleatum enrichment) tend to be used by different tumor subgroups.
{"title":"Inverse relationship between Fusobacterium nucleatum amount and tumor CD274 (PD-L1) expression in colorectal carcinoma","authors":"Tomotaka Ugai, Takashi Shimizu, Hidetaka Kawamura, Satoko Ugai, Yasutoshi Takashima, Genki Usui, Juha P V?yrynen, Kazuo Okadome, Koichiro Haruki, Naohiko Akimoto, Yohei Masugi, Annacarolina da Silva, Kosuke Mima, Xuehong Zhang, Andrew T Chan, Molin Wang, Wendy S Garrett, Gordon J Freeman, Jeffrey A Meyerhardt, Jonathan A Nowak, Mingyang Song, Marios Giannakis, Shuji Ogino","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1453","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The CD274 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1)/PDCD1 (programmed cell death 1, PD-1) immune checkpoint axis is known to regulate the antitumor immune response. Evidence also supports an immunosuppressive effect of <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>. We hypothesised that tumor CD274 overexpression might be inversely associated with abundance of <i>F. nucleatum</i> in colorectal carcinoma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed tumor CD274 expression by immunohistochemistry and <i>F. nucleatum</i> DNA within tumor tissue by quantitative PCR in 812 cases among 4465 incident rectal and colon cancer cases that had occurred in two prospective cohort studies. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with inverse probability weighting were used to adjust for selection bias because of tissue data availability and potential confounders including microsatellite instability status, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation level and <i>KRAS</i>, <i>BRAF</i> and <i>PIK3CA</i> mutations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i> DNA was detected in tumor tissue in 109 (13%) cases. Tumor CD274 expression level was inversely associated with the amount of <i>F. nucleatum</i> in colorectal cancer tissue (<i>P</i> = 0.0077). For one category-unit increase in three ordinal <i>F. nucleatum</i> categories (negative vs. low vs. high), multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (with 95% confidence interval) of the low, intermediate and high CD274 categories (vs. negative) were 0.78 (0.41–1.51), 0.64 (0.32–1.28) and 0.50 (0.25–0.99), respectively (<i>P</i><sub>trend</sub> = 0.032).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tumor CD274 expression level was inversely associated with the amount of <i>F. nucleatum</i> in colorectal cancer tissue, suggesting that different immunosuppressive mechanisms (i.e. PDCD1 immune checkpoint activation and tumor <i>F. nucleatum</i> enrichment) tend to be used by different tumor subgroups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1453","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6083231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syed Ali, Sharon Choo, Laine Hosking, Anthony Smith, Tiffany Hughes
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a common cause of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). While B cells are reservoirs for EBV, infection within T cells and NK cells in this disease can be difficult to treat.
{"title":"A case of T-cell-Epstein–Barr virus-haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and sustained remission following ruxolitinib therapy","authors":"Syed Ali, Sharon Choo, Laine Hosking, Anthony Smith, Tiffany Hughes","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1459","url":null,"abstract":"Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a common cause of secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). While B cells are reservoirs for EBV, infection within T cells and NK cells in this disease can be difficult to treat.","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1459","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5803734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viktoriya Zelikson, Roy Sabo, Myrna Serrano, Younus Aqeel, Savannah Ward, Taha Al Juhaishi, May Aziz, Elizabeth Krieger, Gary Simmons, Catherine Roberts, Jason Reed, Gregory Buck, Amir Toor
Objectives
Immune recovery following haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) functions as a dynamical system. Reducing the duration of intense immune suppression and augmenting antigen presentation has the potential to optimise T-cell reconstitution, potentially influencing long-term outcomes.
Methods
Based on donor-derived T-cell recovery, 26 patients were adaptively randomised between mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) administered for 30-day post-transplant with filgrastim for cytokine support (MMF30 arm, N = 11), or MMF given for 15 days with sargramostim (MMF15 arm, N = 15). All patients underwent in vivo T-cell depletion with 5.1 mg kg−1 antithymocyte globulin (administered over 3 days, Day −9 through to Day −7) and received reduced intensity 450 cGy total body irradiation (3 fractions on Day −1 and Day 0). Patients underwent HLA-matched related and unrelated donor haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).
Results
Clinical outcomes were equivalent between the two groups. The MMF15 arm demonstrated superior T-cell, as well as T-cell subset recovery and a trend towards superior T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity in the first month with this difference persisting through the first year. T-cell repertoire recovery was more rapid and sustained, as well as more diverse in the MMF15 arm.
Conclusion
The long-term superior immune recovery in the MMF15 arm, administered GMCSF, is consistent with a disproportionate impact of early interventions in HCT. Modifying the ‘immune-milieu’ following allogeneic HCT is feasible and may influence long-term T-cell recovery.
{"title":"Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplants as dynamical systems: influence of early-term immune milieu on long-term T-cell recovery","authors":"Viktoriya Zelikson, Roy Sabo, Myrna Serrano, Younus Aqeel, Savannah Ward, Taha Al Juhaishi, May Aziz, Elizabeth Krieger, Gary Simmons, Catherine Roberts, Jason Reed, Gregory Buck, Amir Toor","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1458","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Immune recovery following haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) functions as a dynamical system. Reducing the duration of intense immune suppression and augmenting antigen presentation has the potential to optimise T-cell reconstitution, potentially influencing long-term outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on donor-derived T-cell recovery, 26 patients were adaptively randomised between mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) administered for 30-day post-transplant with filgrastim for cytokine support (MMF30 arm, <i>N</i> = 11), or MMF given for 15 days with sargramostim (MMF15 arm, <i>N</i> = 15). All patients underwent <i>in vivo</i> T-cell depletion with 5.1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> antithymocyte globulin (administered over 3 days, Day −9 through to Day −7) and received reduced intensity 450 cGy total body irradiation (3 fractions on Day −1 and Day 0). Patients underwent HLA-matched related and unrelated donor haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Clinical outcomes were equivalent between the two groups. The MMF15 arm demonstrated superior T-cell, as well as T-cell subset recovery and a trend towards superior T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity in the first month with this difference persisting through the first year. T-cell repertoire recovery was more rapid and sustained, as well as more diverse in the MMF15 arm.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The long-term superior immune recovery in the MMF15 arm, administered GMCSF, is consistent with a disproportionate impact of early interventions in HCT. Modifying the ‘immune-milieu’ following allogeneic HCT is feasible and may influence long-term T-cell recovery.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5839002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wuji Zhang, Louise C Rowntree, Ramona Muttucumaru, Timon Damelang, Malet Aban, Aeron C Hurt, Maria Auladell, Robyn Esterbauer, Bruce Wines, Mark Hogarth, Stephen J Turner, Adam K Wheatley, Stephen J Kent, Sushrut Patil, Sharon Avery, Orla Morrissey, Amy W Chung, Marios Koutsakos, Thi HO Nguyen, Allen C Cheng, Tom C Kotsimbos, Katherine Kedzierska
Objectives
Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in high-risk populations. Although current vaccination regimens are the best method to combat annual influenza disease, vaccine efficacy can be low in high-risk groups, such as haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.
Methods
We comprehensively assessed humoral immunity, antibody landscapes, systems serology and influenza-specific B-cell responses, together with their phenotypes and isotypes, to the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in HSCT recipients in comparison to healthy controls.
Results
Inactivated influenza vaccine significantly increased haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titres in HSCT recipients, similar to healthy controls. Systems serology revealed increased IgG1 and IgG3 antibody levels towards the haemagglutinin (HA) head, but not to neuraminidase, nucleoprotein or HA stem. IIV also increased frequencies of total, IgG class-switched and CD21loCD27+ influenza-specific B cells, determined by HA probes and flow cytometry. Strikingly, 40% of HSCT recipients had markedly higher antibody responses towards A/H3N2 vaccine strain than healthy controls and showed cross-reactivity to antigenically drifted A/H3N2 strains by antibody landscape analysis. These superior humoral responses were associated with a greater time interval after HSCT, while multivariant analyses revealed the importance of pre-existing immune memory. Conversely, in HSCT recipients who did not respond to the first dose, the second IIV dose did not greatly improve their humoral response, although 50% of second-dose patients reached a seroprotective HAI titre for at least one of vaccine strains.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrates efficient, although time-dependent, immune responses to IIV in HSCT recipients, and provides insights into influenza vaccination strategies targeted to immunocompromised high-risk groups.
{"title":"Robust immunity to influenza vaccination in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients following reconstitution of humoral and adaptive immunity","authors":"Wuji Zhang, Louise C Rowntree, Ramona Muttucumaru, Timon Damelang, Malet Aban, Aeron C Hurt, Maria Auladell, Robyn Esterbauer, Bruce Wines, Mark Hogarth, Stephen J Turner, Adam K Wheatley, Stephen J Kent, Sushrut Patil, Sharon Avery, Orla Morrissey, Amy W Chung, Marios Koutsakos, Thi HO Nguyen, Allen C Cheng, Tom C Kotsimbos, Katherine Kedzierska","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1456","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in high-risk populations. Although current vaccination regimens are the best method to combat annual influenza disease, vaccine efficacy can be low in high-risk groups, such as haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We comprehensively assessed humoral immunity, antibody landscapes, systems serology and influenza-specific B-cell responses, together with their phenotypes and isotypes, to the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in HSCT recipients in comparison to healthy controls.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inactivated influenza vaccine significantly increased haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titres in HSCT recipients, similar to healthy controls. Systems serology revealed increased IgG1 and IgG3 antibody levels towards the haemagglutinin (HA) head, but not to neuraminidase, nucleoprotein or HA stem. IIV also increased frequencies of total, IgG class-switched and CD21<sup>lo</sup>CD27<sup>+</sup> influenza-specific B cells, determined by HA probes and flow cytometry. Strikingly, 40% of HSCT recipients had markedly higher antibody responses towards A/H3N2 vaccine strain than healthy controls and showed cross-reactivity to antigenically drifted A/H3N2 strains by antibody landscape analysis. These superior humoral responses were associated with a greater time interval after HSCT, while multivariant analyses revealed the importance of pre-existing immune memory. Conversely, in HSCT recipients who did not respond to the first dose, the second IIV dose did not greatly improve their humoral response, although 50% of second-dose patients reached a seroprotective HAI titre for at least one of vaccine strains.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study demonstrates efficient, although time-dependent, immune responses to IIV in HSCT recipients, and provides insights into influenza vaccination strategies targeted to immunocompromised high-risk groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5880939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: the dawn of a new age","authors":"Tri Giang Phan","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1457","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5741257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Callum AH Docherty, Anuruddika J Fernando, Sarah Rosli, Maggie Lam, Roland E Dolle, Manuel A Navia, Ronald Farquhar, Danny La France, Michelle D Tate, Christopher K Murphy, Adriano G Rossi, Ashley Mansell
Objectives
Inflammasomes induce maturation of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, whose activity is associated with the pathophysiology of a wide range of infectious and inflammatory diseases. As validated therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, there has been intense interest in developing small-molecule inhibitors to target inflammasome activity and reduce disease-associated inflammatory burden.
Methods
We examined the therapeutic potential of a novel small-molecule inhibitor, and associated derivatives, termed ADS032 to target and reduce inflammasome-mediated inflammation in vivo. In vitro, we characterised ADS032 function, target engagement and specificity.
Results
We describe ADS032 as the first dual NLRP1 and NLRP3 inhibitor. ADS032 is a rapid, reversible and stable inflammasome inhibitor that directly binds both NLRP1 and NLRP3, reducing secretion and maturation of IL-1β in human-derived macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells in response to the activation of NLPR1 and NLRP3. ADS032 also reduced NLRP3-induced ASC speck formation, indicative of targeting inflammasome formation. In vivo, ADS032 reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the serum of mice challenged i.p. with LPS and reduced pulmonary inflammation in an acute model of lung silicosis. Critically, ADS032 protected mice from lethal influenza A virus challenge, displayed increased survival and reduced pulmonary inflammation.
Conclusion
ADS032 is the first described dual inflammasome inhibitor and a potential therapeutic to treat both NLRP1- and NLRP3-associated inflammatory diseases and also constitutes a novel tool that allows examination of the role of NLRP1 in human disease.
{"title":"A novel dual NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory diseases","authors":"Callum AH Docherty, Anuruddika J Fernando, Sarah Rosli, Maggie Lam, Roland E Dolle, Manuel A Navia, Ronald Farquhar, Danny La France, Michelle D Tate, Christopher K Murphy, Adriano G Rossi, Ashley Mansell","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1455","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inflammasomes induce maturation of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, whose activity is associated with the pathophysiology of a wide range of infectious and inflammatory diseases. As validated therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, there has been intense interest in developing small-molecule inhibitors to target inflammasome activity and reduce disease-associated inflammatory burden.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We examined the therapeutic potential of a novel small-molecule inhibitor, and associated derivatives, termed ADS032 to target and reduce inflammasome-mediated inflammation <i>in vivo</i>. <i>In vitro</i>, we characterised ADS032 function, target engagement and specificity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We describe ADS032 as the first dual NLRP1 and NLRP3 inhibitor. ADS032 is a rapid, reversible and stable inflammasome inhibitor that directly binds both NLRP1 and NLRP3, reducing secretion and maturation of IL-1β in human-derived macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells in response to the activation of NLPR1 and NLRP3. ADS032 also reduced NLRP3-induced ASC speck formation, indicative of targeting inflammasome formation. <i>In vivo</i>, ADS032 reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the serum of mice challenged i.p. with LPS and reduced pulmonary inflammation in an acute model of lung silicosis. Critically, ADS032 protected mice from lethal influenza A virus challenge, displayed increased survival and reduced pulmonary inflammation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ADS032 is the first described dual inflammasome inhibitor and a potential therapeutic to treat both NLRP1- and NLRP3-associated inflammatory diseases and also constitutes a novel tool that allows examination of the role of NLRP1 in human disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5984407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Afrasiabi, Chantelle Ahlenstiel, Sanjay Swaminathan, Grant P Parnell
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative autoimmune disease, characterised by the demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system. Whilst it is unclear what precisely leads to MS, it is believed that genetic predisposition combined with environmental factors plays a pivotal role. It is estimated that close to half the disease risk is determined by genetic factors. However, the risk of developing MS cannot be attributed to genetic factors alone, and environmental factors are likely to play a significant role by themselves or in concert with host genetics. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is the strongest known environmental risk factor for MS. There has been increasing evidence that leaves little doubt that EBV is necessary, but not sufficient, for developing MS. One plausible explanation is EBV may alter the host immune response in the presence of MS risk alleles and this contributes to the pathogenesis of MS. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding how EBV infection may contribute to MS pathogenesis via interactions with genetic risk loci and discuss possible therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"The interaction between Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis genetic risk loci: insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities","authors":"Ali Afrasiabi, Chantelle Ahlenstiel, Sanjay Swaminathan, Grant P Parnell","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1454","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative autoimmune disease, characterised by the demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system. Whilst it is unclear what precisely leads to MS, it is believed that genetic predisposition combined with environmental factors plays a pivotal role. It is estimated that close to half the disease risk is determined by genetic factors. However, the risk of developing MS cannot be attributed to genetic factors alone, and environmental factors are likely to play a significant role by themselves or in concert with host genetics. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is the strongest known environmental risk factor for MS. There has been increasing evidence that leaves little doubt that EBV is necessary, but not sufficient, for developing MS. One plausible explanation is EBV may alter the host immune response in the presence of MS risk alleles and this contributes to the pathogenesis of MS. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding how EBV infection may contribute to MS pathogenesis via interactions with genetic risk loci and discuss possible therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6185344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long Chen, Ziwen Wang, Jie Wu, Quan Yao, Jingjing Peng, Chi Zhang, Hongdan Chen, Yingjie Li, Zhongyong Jiang, Yunsheng Liu, Chunmeng Shi
Objectives
Intestinal mucositis is the major side effect during abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy, but the underlying immunogen remains to be further characterised and few radioprotective agents are available. This study investigated the role of dsDNA-triggered inflammasomes in intestinal mucositis during radiotherapy.
Methods
Pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA. Radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice was analyzed by means of survival curves, body weight, HE staining of intestines, and intestinal barrier integrity. Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, co-immunoprecipitation assay and flow cytometry were used to investigate the regulatory role of dsDNA on inflammasomes.
Results
Here, we show that a high level of IL-1β and IL-18 is associated with diarrhoea in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients during radiotherapy, which accounts for intestinal radiotoxicity. Subsequently, we found that the dose-dependently released dsDNA from the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serves as the potential immunogenic molecule for radiation-induced intestinal mucositis. Our results further indicate that the released dsDNA transfers into the macrophages in an HMGB1/RAGE-dependent manner and then triggers absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation and the IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Finally, we show that the FDA-approved disulfiram (DSF), a newly identified inflammasome inhibitor, could mitigate intestinal radiotoxicity by controlling inflammasome.
Conclusion
These findings indicate that the extracellular self-dsDNA released from the irradiated IECs is a potential immunogen to stimulate immune cells and trigger the subsequent intestinal mucositis, while blunting the dsDNA-triggered inflammasome in macrophages may represent an exciting therapeutic strategy for side effects control during abdominal radiotherapy.
{"title":"Released dsDNA-triggered inflammasomes serve as intestinal radioprotective targets","authors":"Long Chen, Ziwen Wang, Jie Wu, Quan Yao, Jingjing Peng, Chi Zhang, Hongdan Chen, Yingjie Li, Zhongyong Jiang, Yunsheng Liu, Chunmeng Shi","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1452","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intestinal mucositis is the major side effect during abdominal or pelvic radiotherapy, but the underlying immunogen remains to be further characterised and few radioprotective agents are available. This study investigated the role of dsDNA-triggered inflammasomes in intestinal mucositis during radiotherapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA. Radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice was analyzed by means of survival curves, body weight, HE staining of intestines, and intestinal barrier integrity. Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, co-immunoprecipitation assay and flow cytometry were used to investigate the regulatory role of dsDNA on inflammasomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Here, we show that a high level of IL-1β and IL-18 is associated with diarrhoea in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients during radiotherapy, which accounts for intestinal radiotoxicity. Subsequently, we found that the dose-dependently released dsDNA from the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) serves as the potential immunogenic molecule for radiation-induced intestinal mucositis. Our results further indicate that the released dsDNA transfers into the macrophages in an HMGB1/RAGE-dependent manner and then triggers absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation and the IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Finally, we show that the FDA-approved disulfiram (DSF), a newly identified inflammasome inhibitor, could mitigate intestinal radiotoxicity by controlling inflammasome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings indicate that the extracellular self-dsDNA released from the irradiated IECs is a potential immunogen to stimulate immune cells and trigger the subsequent intestinal mucositis, while blunting the dsDNA-triggered inflammasome in macrophages may represent an exciting therapeutic strategy for side effects control during abdominal radiotherapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6185346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meng-Ru Ge, Chun-Lin Yang, Tao Li, Tong Du, Peng Zhang, Xiao-Li Li, Ying-Chun Dou, Rui-Sheng Duan
Objectives
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classic autoantibody-mediated disease in which pathogenic antibodies target postsynaptic membrane components, causing fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. Natural killer (NK) cells are heterogeneous lymphocytes that have gained increasing attention owing to their potential roles in autoimmune disorders. This study will investigate the relationship between the distinct NK cell subsets and MG pathogenesis.
Methods
A total of 33 MG patients and 19 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Circulating NK cells, their subtypes and follicular helper T cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody levels were determined by ELISA. The role of NK cells in the regulation of B cells was verified using a co-culture assay.
Results
Myasthenia gravis patients with acute exacerbations had a reduced number of total NK cells, CD56dim NK cells and IFN-γ-secreting NK cells in the peripheral blood, while CXCR5+ NK cells were significantly elevated. CXCR5+ NK cells expressed a higher level of ICOS and PD-1 and a lower level of IFN-γ than those in CXCR5− NK cells and were positively correlated with Tfh cell and AChR antibody levels. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NK cells suppressed plasmablast differentiation while promoting CD80 and PD-L1 expression on B cells in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Furthermore, CXCR5− NK cells inhibited plasmablast differentiation, while CXCR5+ NK cells could more efficiently promote B cell proliferation.
Conclusion
These results reveal that CXCR5+ NK cells exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions compared with CXCR5− NK cells and might participate in the pathogenesis of MG.
{"title":"Circulating CXCR5+ natural killer cells are expanded in patients with myasthenia gravis","authors":"Meng-Ru Ge, Chun-Lin Yang, Tao Li, Tong Du, Peng Zhang, Xiao-Li Li, Ying-Chun Dou, Rui-Sheng Duan","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1450","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classic autoantibody-mediated disease in which pathogenic antibodies target postsynaptic membrane components, causing fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. Natural killer (NK) cells are heterogeneous lymphocytes that have gained increasing attention owing to their potential roles in autoimmune disorders. This study will investigate the relationship between the distinct NK cell subsets and MG pathogenesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 33 MG patients and 19 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Circulating NK cells, their subtypes and follicular helper T cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody levels were determined by ELISA. The role of NK cells in the regulation of B cells was verified using a co-culture assay.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Myasthenia gravis patients with acute exacerbations had a reduced number of total NK cells, CD56<sup>dim</sup> NK cells and IFN-γ-secreting NK cells in the peripheral blood, while CXCR5<sup>+</sup> NK cells were significantly elevated. CXCR5<sup>+</sup> NK cells expressed a higher level of ICOS and PD-1 and a lower level of IFN-γ than those in CXCR5<sup>−</sup> NK cells and were positively correlated with Tfh cell and AChR antibody levels. <i>In vitro</i> experiments demonstrated that NK cells suppressed plasmablast differentiation while promoting CD80 and PD-L1 expression on B cells in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Furthermore, CXCR5<sup>−</sup> NK cells inhibited plasmablast differentiation, while CXCR5<sup>+</sup> NK cells could more efficiently promote B cell proliferation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results reveal that CXCR5<sup>+</sup> NK cells exhibit distinct phenotypes and functions compared with CXCR5<sup>−</sup> NK cells and might participate in the pathogenesis of MG.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5753590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivia G Thomas, Alan Rickinson, Umaimainthan Palendira
The link between Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has puzzled researchers since it was first discovered over 40 years ago. Until that point, EBV was primarily viewed as a cancer-causing agent, but the culmination of evidence now shows that EBV has a pivotal role in development of MS. Early MS disease is characterised by episodic neuroinflammation and focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) that over time develop into progressive neurodegeneration and disability. Risk of MS is vanishingly low in EBV seronegative individuals, history of infectious mononucleosis (acute symptomatic primary infection with EBV) significantly increases risk and elevated antibody titres directed against EBV antigens are well-characterised in patients. However, the underlying mechanism – or mechanisms – responsible for this interplay remains to be fully elucidated; how does EBV-induced immune dysregulation either trigger or drive MS in susceptible individuals? Furthermore, deep understanding of virological and immunological events during primary infection and long-term persistence in B cells will help to answer the many questions that remain regarding MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the current evidence and mechanisms surrounding EBV and MS, which have important implications for the future of MS therapies and prevention.
{"title":"Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: moving from questions of association to questions of mechanism","authors":"Olivia G Thomas, Alan Rickinson, Umaimainthan Palendira","doi":"10.1002/cti2.1451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1451","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The link between Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has puzzled researchers since it was first discovered over 40 years ago. Until that point, EBV was primarily viewed as a cancer-causing agent, but the culmination of evidence now shows that EBV has a pivotal role in development of MS. Early MS disease is characterised by episodic neuroinflammation and focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) that over time develop into progressive neurodegeneration and disability. Risk of MS is vanishingly low in EBV seronegative individuals, history of infectious mononucleosis (acute symptomatic primary infection with EBV) significantly increases risk and elevated antibody titres directed against EBV antigens are well-characterised in patients. However, the underlying mechanism – or mechanisms – responsible for this interplay remains to be fully elucidated; how does EBV-induced immune dysregulation either trigger or drive MS in susceptible individuals? Furthermore, deep understanding of virological and immunological events during primary infection and long-term persistence in B cells will help to answer the many questions that remain regarding MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the current evidence and mechanisms surrounding EBV and MS, which have important implications for the future of MS therapies and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":152,"journal":{"name":"Clinical & Translational Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cti2.1451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5905809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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