Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.25372
Tukiyat Tukiyat, A. E. Sakya, F. Widodo, Chandra Fadhillah
Peat and forest fire have become an annual disaster and one of which is due to low rainfall. The highest insecurity of forest and peatland fires thus occurs in the dry season, where rainfall is very low, and the intensity of the sun is high. The smoke and carbon emitted result in rising air temperatures and cause global warming. Mitigation and control measures before they happen are necessary. Weather Modification Technology (WMT) serves as one of the technological solutions to control forest fires by increasing rainfall in potentially affected locations. This study aims at examining the level of effectiveness of WMT performance in mitigating forest fires in Riau Province conducted in 2020 measured by rainfall intensity, hotspots decreased, and land water level increased. We used descriptive and inferential statistical approaches using Groundwater Level (GwL) measured data as the parameter for forest and land fire mitigation. The flammable peatland indicator is when the water level is lower than 40 cm below the surface of the peatland. In addition, we also utilized rainfall, surface peat water level, and hotspots. The study was conducted in Riau Province from July 24 – October 31, 2020. The results showed that the operation of WMT increased rainfall by 19.4% compared to the historical average in the same period. Rain triggered by WMT contributed to maintaining zero hotspots with a confidence level of 80%. The regression analysis of GwL to rainfall (RF) as depicted by Gwl = - 0.66 + 0.001 RF shows a positive correlation between the two. It thus confirms that WMT can be used as a technology to mitigate forest and land fire disasters.
{"title":"Contribution of Weather Modification Technology for Forest and Peatland Fire Mitigation in Riau Province","authors":"Tukiyat Tukiyat, A. E. Sakya, F. Widodo, Chandra Fadhillah","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.25372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.25372","url":null,"abstract":"Peat and forest fire have become an annual disaster and one of which is due to low rainfall. The highest insecurity of forest and peatland fires thus occurs in the dry season, where rainfall is very low, and the intensity of the sun is high. The smoke and carbon emitted result in rising air temperatures and cause global warming. Mitigation and control measures before they happen are necessary. Weather Modification Technology (WMT) serves as one of the technological solutions to control forest fires by increasing rainfall in potentially affected locations. This study aims at examining the level of effectiveness of WMT performance in mitigating forest fires in Riau Province conducted in 2020 measured by rainfall intensity, hotspots decreased, and land water level increased. We used descriptive and inferential statistical approaches using Groundwater Level (GwL) measured data as the parameter for forest and land fire mitigation. The flammable peatland indicator is when the water level is lower than 40 cm below the surface of the peatland. In addition, we also utilized rainfall, surface peat water level, and hotspots. The study was conducted in Riau Province from July 24 – October 31, 2020. The results showed that the operation of WMT increased rainfall by 19.4% compared to the historical average in the same period. Rain triggered by WMT contributed to maintaining zero hotspots with a confidence level of 80%. The regression analysis of GwL to rainfall (RF) as depicted by Gwl = - 0.66 + 0.001 RF shows a positive correlation between the two. It thus confirms that WMT can be used as a technology to mitigate forest and land fire disasters.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"8 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114034381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-07DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.25189
Shahpara Nawaz, Md. Humayain Kabir, Nazmul Hossen
Immediate relief distribution activities are primarily focused on after a cyclonic event in Bangladesh, where proper long-term recovery and rehabilitation efforts are not strategized with much significance. This study concentrated on understanding and assessing the status and effectiveness of the post-cyclone recovery programmes to improve the lives of cyclone-affected households in southwestern Bangladesh. This study aims to examine the status and efficiency of Government and Non-government organisations (NGO) led cyclone recovery programmes for cyclone SIDR and cyclone AILA and identify the challenges that hindered the successful implementation of effective recovery programmes. The study reviewed existing literature on cyclone recovery in Bangladesh, including government and NGO reports, and conducted focus group discussions on cyclone-affected Dacope Upazila of Khulna. The finding indicates that the cyclone-affected community in southwestern Bangladesh has not recovered satisfactorily across all sectors and timescales from cyclone damages and continues to live in vulnerable conditions even after a decade of cyclonic events. The adopted recovery measures were not efficient and effective in returning to the everyday lifestyle of the affected people. Planned and coordinated recovery efforts should be executed with proper monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of post-cyclone recovery programmes.
{"title":"Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Cyclone Recovery in Bangladesh","authors":"Shahpara Nawaz, Md. Humayain Kabir, Nazmul Hossen","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.25189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.25189","url":null,"abstract":"Immediate relief distribution activities are primarily focused on after a cyclonic event in Bangladesh, where proper long-term recovery and rehabilitation efforts are not strategized with much significance. This study concentrated on understanding and assessing the status and effectiveness of the post-cyclone recovery programmes to improve the lives of cyclone-affected households in southwestern Bangladesh. This study aims to examine the status and efficiency of Government and Non-government organisations (NGO) led cyclone recovery programmes for cyclone SIDR and cyclone AILA and identify the challenges that hindered the successful implementation of effective recovery programmes. The study reviewed existing literature on cyclone recovery in Bangladesh, including government and NGO reports, and conducted focus group discussions on cyclone-affected Dacope Upazila of Khulna. The finding indicates that the cyclone-affected community in southwestern Bangladesh has not recovered satisfactorily across all sectors and timescales from cyclone damages and continues to live in vulnerable conditions even after a decade of cyclonic events. The adopted recovery measures were not efficient and effective in returning to the everyday lifestyle of the affected people. Planned and coordinated recovery efforts should be executed with proper monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of post-cyclone recovery programmes.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128777268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-02DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.22207
Taufik Suryadi, Balqis Qonita, Hafni Andayani, A. Pranata
Disasters caused by natural hazards may harm the health sector. It needs physician preparedness as a significant step in disaster risk reduction efforts and is expected to obtain an adequate response when a disaster occurs. This study aimed to determine the level of physician preparedness at the public health center (PHC) to face a tsunami caused by an earthquake based on the vulnerability zones. This research method is observational analytic with a cross-sectional design using a questionnaire developed by LIPI-UNESCO/ISDR adjusted to the core competencies and sub-competencies for disaster medicine and public health. The samples were collected in total sampling. The results show that most respondents have a preparedness index with categories almost prepare and not prepare, each of 12 respondents from a total of 42 people who participated in this study (28.56%). The physician from zone III has the best preparedness, and the physician from zone I are at least prepared for disasters. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal Wallis test obtained p-value 0.646 (p 0.05). The conclusion was found that there was no significant difference between the levels of physician preparedness at the PHC facing tsunami disasters based on the tsunami vulnerability zone in Banda Aceh.
{"title":"The Levels of Physician Disaster Preparedness Based on the Tsunami Vulnerability Zones in Banda Aceh","authors":"Taufik Suryadi, Balqis Qonita, Hafni Andayani, A. Pranata","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.22207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.22207","url":null,"abstract":"Disasters caused by natural hazards may harm the health sector. It needs physician preparedness as a significant step in disaster risk reduction efforts and is expected to obtain an adequate response when a disaster occurs. This study aimed to determine the level of physician preparedness at the public health center (PHC) to face a tsunami caused by an earthquake based on the vulnerability zones. This research method is observational analytic with a cross-sectional design using a questionnaire developed by LIPI-UNESCO/ISDR adjusted to the core competencies and sub-competencies for disaster medicine and public health. The samples were collected in total sampling. The results show that most respondents have a preparedness index with categories almost prepare and not prepare, each of 12 respondents from a total of 42 people who participated in this study (28.56%). The physician from zone III has the best preparedness, and the physician from zone I are at least prepared for disasters. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal Wallis test obtained p-value 0.646 (p 0.05). The conclusion was found that there was no significant difference between the levels of physician preparedness at the PHC facing tsunami disasters based on the tsunami vulnerability zone in Banda Aceh. ","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"1994 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125547031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.24081
Saumya Chathuranga, Chandana Jayaratne
Researching on urban heat island (UHI) is a hot topic among urban designers due to its adverse impacts. This paper focuses on studying spatial and temporal dynamicity of surface UHI in the Colombo district based on correlations between land surface temperatures (LST) with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) using Landsat data from 1988 to 2019. Image processing and statistical analysis were done using QGIS Desktop 3.16.0 and RStudio softwares respectively. The mean of LSTs were continuously increasing from 1988 to 2019. The highest LSTs were observed at the Colombo harbour area in both 1997 and 2007. After initiation of the port city project in 2015, these values have been increased rapidly around the Colombo port city area. The expansion of UHI area was 71.55% between 1988 to 2019, and they were distributed from the western coastal belt to the east along with the central part of the district. The urban hot spots (UHS) were compacted at harbour and port city area. Additionally, new hot spots have been generated since 2017 adjacent to “Seethagama”. These small pockets are too hot and not very conducive for human settlements. Parking lots, compacted built-up areas, and ongoing industrial construction areas influence the formation of UHS. Considering this critical situation, it is highly recommended that to move mitigation strategies like urban greening methods, cooling pavements and cooling roofs, etc. These results could be used towards a well-designed urban planning system to maintain the ecological balance within the study area.
{"title":"Analytical Study of Urban Heat Spot Patterns in Colombo District from 1988 – 2019 based on Landsat Data","authors":"Saumya Chathuranga, Chandana Jayaratne","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.24081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.24081","url":null,"abstract":"Researching on urban heat island (UHI) is a hot topic among urban designers due to its adverse impacts. This paper focuses on studying spatial and temporal dynamicity of surface UHI in the Colombo district based on correlations between land surface temperatures (LST) with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) using Landsat data from 1988 to 2019. Image processing and statistical analysis were done using QGIS Desktop 3.16.0 and RStudio softwares respectively. The mean of LSTs were continuously increasing from 1988 to 2019. The highest LSTs were observed at the Colombo harbour area in both 1997 and 2007. After initiation of the port city project in 2015, these values have been increased rapidly around the Colombo port city area. The expansion of UHI area was 71.55% between 1988 to 2019, and they were distributed from the western coastal belt to the east along with the central part of the district. The urban hot spots (UHS) were compacted at harbour and port city area. Additionally, new hot spots have been generated since 2017 adjacent to “Seethagama”. These small pockets are too hot and not very conducive for human settlements. Parking lots, compacted built-up areas, and ongoing industrial construction areas influence the formation of UHS. Considering this critical situation, it is highly recommended that to move mitigation strategies like urban greening methods, cooling pavements and cooling roofs, etc. These results could be used towards a well-designed urban planning system to maintain the ecological balance within the study area.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124427884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-07DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.22919
Z. D. Meutia
Tsunami has changed the landscape of the area, the environmental order (spatial planning), and the structure of the Ulee Lheue Coastal area. The tsunami threat is substantial since the site's position is very close to the source of the disaster. The shape of the area is flat and does not have any protection (both natural and structural) to protect the land. Planning criteria in tsunami areas are essential to know and learn from previous disasters. Tsunami disasters have different characteristics in each site; thus, planning is mismanaged and ineffectively conducted. Planning is performed by applying the tsunami mitigation approach and the theory of landscape connectivity. One of the mitigation plans is planning a natural landscape in the form of vegetation. The vegetation in the research case study is in the coastal area of Uleu Lheue, which was still lacking after the tsunami hit this area in 2004. There are only mangroves in some areas, sea pine, tamarind trees, and low shrubs. Therefore, in planning a mitigation-based site, it is necessary to arrange vegetation to reduce the impact of a tsunami and condition the environment around the area. This research aims to integrate natural landscape planning based on tsunami mitigation and find natural vegetation or natural protection as a tsunami disaster mitigation and as a criterion in planning a coastal area based on tsunami disaster mitigation. From the results of the tsunami study, it is recommended that the case study area be freed from new development and mitigation strategies with buffers in the form of using vegetation zones (mangroves and the like). The planning applied using vegetation indicated to reduce the effects of the tsunami that hit the design area, among others, the tree category: Pandanus Odoratissimus, Casuarina equisetifolia, Hibiscus Tiliaceus, Tamarindus indica, Anacardium occidentale, bakau, nypah and waru.
{"title":"Natural Landscape Planning as Tsunami Disaster Mitigation: A Case in Uleu Lheue, Banda Aceh, Indonesia","authors":"Z. D. Meutia","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.22919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v5i1.22919","url":null,"abstract":"Tsunami has changed the landscape of the area, the environmental order (spatial planning), and the structure of the Ulee Lheue Coastal area. The tsunami threat is substantial since the site's position is very close to the source of the disaster. The shape of the area is flat and does not have any protection (both natural and structural) to protect the land. Planning criteria in tsunami areas are essential to know and learn from previous disasters. Tsunami disasters have different characteristics in each site; thus, planning is mismanaged and ineffectively conducted. Planning is performed by applying the tsunami mitigation approach and the theory of landscape connectivity. One of the mitigation plans is planning a natural landscape in the form of vegetation. The vegetation in the research case study is in the coastal area of Uleu Lheue, which was still lacking after the tsunami hit this area in 2004. There are only mangroves in some areas, sea pine, tamarind trees, and low shrubs. Therefore, in planning a mitigation-based site, it is necessary to arrange vegetation to reduce the impact of a tsunami and condition the environment around the area. This research aims to integrate natural landscape planning based on tsunami mitigation and find natural vegetation or natural protection as a tsunami disaster mitigation and as a criterion in planning a coastal area based on tsunami disaster mitigation. From the results of the tsunami study, it is recommended that the case study area be freed from new development and mitigation strategies with buffers in the form of using vegetation zones (mangroves and the like). The planning applied using vegetation indicated to reduce the effects of the tsunami that hit the design area, among others, the tree category: Pandanus Odoratissimus, Casuarina equisetifolia, Hibiscus Tiliaceus, Tamarindus indica, Anacardium occidentale, bakau, nypah and waru.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133886170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-26DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22814
Ndaru Nuridho Alfian, Damara Kartikasari, N. S. Widodo, Dwi Joko Suroso
The global COVID-19 outbreak has hit the world in the last two years. Indonesia itself recorded positive cases of COVID-19 of approximately 4 million cases as of September 15, 2021. In addition, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters in Indonesia, which is relatively high every year, requires our collective attention. In early 2021, there have been several natural disasters, including floods in South Kalimantan, earthquakes in West Sulawesi, and others. If the impact of the natural disaster makes residents must do the evacuation, a proper shelter (evacuee camp) and prioritizes health protocols are needed. Therefore, this study discusses the design innovation of disaster response shelters in the form of smart folding and floating shelters designed for a shelter with a capacity of one family (4-5 people). This capacity limitation is to maintain health protocols and suppress the transmission of the Coronavirus in evacuation areas. Our designed shelter prepared in a compact form to facilitate evacuation mobility and can be implemented in all types of disasters with a folding and floating structure system (the shelter can float and be folded). The material used is light steel as the main structure and cork wall as a material that allows the shelter to float. We designed natural ventilation to regulate air circulation, integrated with an ultraviolet C (UVC) lamp. The UVC lamp is intended as a disinfectant against the Coronavirus. Thus, the application of natural ventilation and disinfection using UVC can provide a cleaner air supply. This air supply and circulation are shown in our simulation results using ANSYS Fluent. These results show that smart folding and floating shelter designs can be used for disaster mitigation.
{"title":"Smart Folding and Floating Shelter Design for Disaster Mitigation with Natural Ventilation and UVC System","authors":"Ndaru Nuridho Alfian, Damara Kartikasari, N. S. Widodo, Dwi Joko Suroso","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22814","url":null,"abstract":"The global COVID-19 outbreak has hit the world in the last two years. Indonesia itself recorded positive cases of COVID-19 of approximately 4 million cases as of September 15, 2021. In addition, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters in Indonesia, which is relatively high every year, requires our collective attention. In early 2021, there have been several natural disasters, including floods in South Kalimantan, earthquakes in West Sulawesi, and others. If the impact of the natural disaster makes residents must do the evacuation, a proper shelter (evacuee camp) and prioritizes health protocols are needed. Therefore, this study discusses the design innovation of disaster response shelters in the form of smart folding and floating shelters designed for a shelter with a capacity of one family (4-5 people). This capacity limitation is to maintain health protocols and suppress the transmission of the Coronavirus in evacuation areas. Our designed shelter prepared in a compact form to facilitate evacuation mobility and can be implemented in all types of disasters with a folding and floating structure system (the shelter can float and be folded). The material used is light steel as the main structure and cork wall as a material that allows the shelter to float. We designed natural ventilation to regulate air circulation, integrated with an ultraviolet C (UVC) lamp. The UVC lamp is intended as a disinfectant against the Coronavirus. Thus, the application of natural ventilation and disinfection using UVC can provide a cleaner air supply. This air supply and circulation are shown in our simulation results using ANSYS Fluent. These results show that smart folding and floating shelter designs can be used for disaster mitigation.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127525557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-26DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21584
K. Balachandar
Though the possibility of terrorist groups obtaining chemical weapons and inflicting mass destruction are relatively low, the relevance of chemical agents still remains high since use of such chemical agents in causing potentially dangerous consequences remains very high. Sporadic chemical attacks and chemical disasters happen all over the world and they cause long lasting damages. Easy accessibility to variety of toxic industrial chemicals and the relatively simple know-how needed to synthesize chemical agents pose a serious threat. However, technological developments and the easy availability of information have empowered the security forces and the law enforcement agencies to formulate responsive mechanism to mitigate the ill effects of chemical disasters. Though the international and national agencies strive hard to ward off the debilitating effects of chemical agents and disasters, the capability of such efforts in addressing the potential risks remains doubtful. This review describes the characteristics and classification of chemical agents and toxic industrial chemicals, their physico – chemical properties, detection, decontamination and response by the security agencies and first responders in addressing the threat to mankind in the form of chemical terrorism and chemical disasters.
{"title":"Management of Chemical Terrorism and Chemical Disasters","authors":"K. Balachandar","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21584","url":null,"abstract":"Though the possibility of terrorist groups obtaining chemical weapons and inflicting mass destruction are relatively low, the relevance of chemical agents still remains high since use of such chemical agents in causing potentially dangerous consequences remains very high. Sporadic chemical attacks and chemical disasters happen all over the world and they cause long lasting damages. Easy accessibility to variety of toxic industrial chemicals and the relatively simple know-how needed to synthesize chemical agents pose a serious threat. However, technological developments and the easy availability of information have empowered the security forces and the law enforcement agencies to formulate responsive mechanism to mitigate the ill effects of chemical disasters. Though the international and national agencies strive hard to ward off the debilitating effects of chemical agents and disasters, the capability of such efforts in addressing the potential risks remains doubtful. This review describes the characteristics and classification of chemical agents and toxic industrial chemicals, their physico – chemical properties, detection, decontamination and response by the security agencies and first responders in addressing the threat to mankind in the form of chemical terrorism and chemical disasters.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130234899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22068
U. Maduranga, M. Edirisinghe
This study reported lightning climatology and human vulnerability to lightning in a 20 km × 20 km high-density school area in Colombo city in Sri Lanka from 1998 to 2014 using Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) flash data of NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). An average annual flash density recorded over the study area was 9.43 flashes km-2 year-1. A maximum of 49% lightning flashes happened during the first inter-monsoon season. There were only 4% lightning flashes that occurred during 06.00-12.00 LT and during 18.00-24.00 LT, it was 67%, whereas 94% of lightning flashes within a day had occurred after 14.00 LT. It is recommended that, without having proper lightning hazard preventive measures, schools in the study area should avoid or minimalize scheduling their outdoor activities in high lightning risk months of April and November. Especially, after-school outdoor activities should be planned with proper safety measures during the aforementioned months as per the diurnal analysis. Moreover, May to September and December to February were the months with the least lightning risk levels. It is recommended to follow the proposed five-level lightning safety guideline which includes, schedule outdoor activities by considering the variation of lightning activities, follow the 30-30 rule whenever required, avoid staying at the most hazardous locations which are vulnerable to lightning accidents, crouching action if required and providing first-aid whenever necessary. Not only for the Sri Lankan context but also the study is crucial and highly applicable for all schools and other institutes especially in other tropical countries.
本研究利用美国宇航局热带降雨测量任务(TRMM)的闪电成像传感器(LIS)闪电数据，报道了1998 - 2014年斯里兰卡科伦坡市20 km × 20 km高密度学区的闪电气候学和人类对闪电的脆弱性。研究区年平均闪密度为9.43闪/ km-2年。在第一个季风间季，最多有49%的闪电发生。06.00-12.00时段闪电发生率仅为4%，18.00-24.00时段闪电发生率为67%，而14.00时段之后一天内闪电发生率为94%。建议研究区学校在未采取相应雷害预防措施的情况下，应避免或尽量减少在4月和11月雷电高发月份开展户外活动。特别是，根据每日分析，在上述几个月中，应计划课外户外活动并采取适当的安全措施。此外，5月至9月和12月至2月是闪电风险最低的月份。建议市民遵循拟议的五级防雷安全指引，其中包括:根据雷击活动的变化来安排户外活动;有需要时遵循30-30规则;避免在最易发生雷击事故的危险地点逗留;有需要时蹲伏;以及在有需要时提供急救。这项研究不仅对斯里兰卡的情况至关重要，而且对所有学校和其他研究所都非常适用，特别是在其他热带国家。
{"title":"Lightning Climatology and Human Vulnerability to Lightning Hazards in a School Community: A Case Study in Sri Lanka using LIS Data from TRMM Satellite","authors":"U. Maduranga, M. Edirisinghe","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.22068","url":null,"abstract":"This study reported lightning climatology and human vulnerability to lightning in a 20 km × 20 km high-density school area in Colombo city in Sri Lanka from 1998 to 2014 using Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) flash data of NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). An average annual flash density recorded over the study area was 9.43 flashes km-2 year-1. A maximum of 49% lightning flashes happened during the first inter-monsoon season. There were only 4% lightning flashes that occurred during 06.00-12.00 LT and during 18.00-24.00 LT, it was 67%, whereas 94% of lightning flashes within a day had occurred after 14.00 LT. It is recommended that, without having proper lightning hazard preventive measures, schools in the study area should avoid or minimalize scheduling their outdoor activities in high lightning risk months of April and November. Especially, after-school outdoor activities should be planned with proper safety measures during the aforementioned months as per the diurnal analysis. Moreover, May to September and December to February were the months with the least lightning risk levels. It is recommended to follow the proposed five-level lightning safety guideline which includes, schedule outdoor activities by considering the variation of lightning activities, follow the 30-30 rule whenever required, avoid staying at the most hazardous locations which are vulnerable to lightning accidents, crouching action if required and providing first-aid whenever necessary. Not only for the Sri Lankan context but also the study is crucial and highly applicable for all schools and other institutes especially in other tropical countries.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"248 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128906193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21722
N. Alrehaili
Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is exposed to different natural hazards. However, flash floods have been the most common hazard during the previous few decades. Between 2000 and 2020, over 1,000 people lost their lives from flash floods, resulting in an economic loss amounting to billions of US dollars. By focusing on flash floods, a systematic review of the extracted data was conducted. They were analyzed based on the suitability of their content and data for emergency planning requirements and disaster management challenges in the KSA. A total of 104 articles, papers, and plans were reviewed, of which only 18 complete papers met the inclusion criteria, including one plan and the General Directorate of Civil Defense (GDCD) website. The author has concluded that: 1) the essential requirements for emergency planning in the KSA include: conducting studies that show potential natural hazards, their locations, and their implications, and taking appropriate measures that reduce the possible causes of natural hazards; 2) The challenges facing the disaster management in the KSA are: lack of policies; the ambiguity of legislation and plans; poor coordination between stakeholders; lack of databases. This is the first investigation into emergency planning requirements and challenges of disaster management in the KSA. Furthermore, a scientific consensus predicts an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in the KSA. Therefore, the gaps need to be addressed in order to reduce the impact on inhabitants and infrastructure.
{"title":"An Investigation into Emergency Planning Requirements and Challenges of Disaster Management in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"N. Alrehaili","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21722","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is exposed to different natural hazards. However, flash floods have been the most common hazard during the previous few decades. Between 2000 and 2020, over 1,000 people lost their lives from flash floods, resulting in an economic loss amounting to billions of US dollars. By focusing on flash floods, a systematic review of the extracted data was conducted. They were analyzed based on the suitability of their content and data for emergency planning requirements and disaster management challenges in the KSA. A total of 104 articles, papers, and plans were reviewed, of which only 18 complete papers met the inclusion criteria, including one plan and the General Directorate of Civil Defense (GDCD) website. The author has concluded that: 1) the essential requirements for emergency planning in the KSA include: conducting studies that show potential natural hazards, their locations, and their implications, and taking appropriate measures that reduce the possible causes of natural hazards; 2) The challenges facing the disaster management in the KSA are: lack of policies; the ambiguity of legislation and plans; poor coordination between stakeholders; lack of databases. This is the first investigation into emergency planning requirements and challenges of disaster management in the KSA. Furthermore, a scientific consensus predicts an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in the KSA. Therefore, the gaps need to be addressed in order to reduce the impact on inhabitants and infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133194760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21609
Sofyan Sufri, N. Nurhasanah, N. Nurhayati, Munazar Munazar, Ainal Mardhiah, Hermansyah Hermansyah, Saiful Bakri, Misbahul Jannah, Febi Dwirahmadi, S. Rutherford
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had catastrophic health and economic impacts worldwide. As of 20 September 2020, Indonesia ranked the third highest of fatalities due to COVID-19 infection in Asia and the second highest of confirmed cases in Southeast Asia. Aceh, a province in the westernmost of the country, has also been impacted by the virus infections.This study aims to investigate the current Central and Aceh provincial government-led responses to COVID-19 pandemic from January to May 2020. It utilises existing regulations, official reports and relevant websites in order to assess and analyse the responses. The findings identify delayed early responses taken by Central and Aceh governments to stop and prevent the virus transmission; the absence of lockdown implementation (border restrictions at entry points such as borderland areas, seaports and airports); premature introduction of the new normal era; the absence of checkpoints and village alert teams throughout 23 districts; and inadequate enforcement of the established regulations to halt the spread of the virus in the province.Various recommendations are provided to enhance the current responses to COVID-19 in the province in order to reduce the pandemic risk to the community going forward, and strengthen the pandemic preparedness and response system.
{"title":"Missed Opportunities in the Early Response to COVID-19 in Aceh Province: January to May 2020","authors":"Sofyan Sufri, N. Nurhasanah, N. Nurhayati, Munazar Munazar, Ainal Mardhiah, Hermansyah Hermansyah, Saiful Bakri, Misbahul Jannah, Febi Dwirahmadi, S. Rutherford","doi":"10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21609","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had catastrophic health and economic impacts worldwide. As of 20 September 2020, Indonesia ranked the third highest of fatalities due to COVID-19 infection in Asia and the second highest of confirmed cases in Southeast Asia. Aceh, a province in the westernmost of the country, has also been impacted by the virus infections.This study aims to investigate the current Central and Aceh provincial government-led responses to COVID-19 pandemic from January to May 2020. It utilises existing regulations, official reports and relevant websites in order to assess and analyse the responses. The findings identify delayed early responses taken by Central and Aceh governments to stop and prevent the virus transmission; the absence of lockdown implementation (border restrictions at entry points such as borderland areas, seaports and airports); premature introduction of the new normal era; the absence of checkpoints and village alert teams throughout 23 districts; and inadequate enforcement of the established regulations to halt the spread of the virus in the province.Various recommendations are provided to enhance the current responses to COVID-19 in the province in order to reduce the pandemic risk to the community going forward, and strengthen the pandemic preparedness and response system. ","PeriodicalId":153413,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Disaster Management","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133111727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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