Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology最新文献

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease leading to liver damage and potentially death. The first-line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), but some patients do not respond well. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a second-line treatment option. Fenofibrate (a predominantly PPAR-α agonist) and bezafibrate (a pan-PPAR agonist) are currently used in clinical practice as anticholestatic agents to improve serum biochemistry in PBC. Seladelpar, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARδ) agonist, has demonstrated potent anti-cholestatic effects in clinical studies. The aim of this analysis was to summarise the data available on efficacy and safety of seladelpar for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). We conducted a search in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for studies on seladelpar until June 1, 2024. The analysis included review articles, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies. Seladelpar is a once daily oral, potent and selective PPAR-δ agonist. Activation of PPAR-δ on hepatocytes and cholangiocytes improves cholestasis by downregulating the rate-limiting enzyme, CYP 7A1, used for bile synthesis, as well as reducing cholesterol synthesis and dietary absorption, leading to a reduction in bile acid pools. In this review, we have summarised the preclinical and clinical data on seladelpar. There is a need for additional phase III studies to provide sufficient clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of this investigational drug, as current evidence is limited to phase III studies and does not yet prove its worth in a larger population.

Mycoses (fungal infections) are highly emerging threat to public health globally. Among six million fungal species, less than 1 % is pathogenic and infects peoples. Most of them affecting skin, nail and hair, which are very common diseases known as superficial mycosis. These diseases include superficial candidiasis (vaginal, cutaneous, oropharyngeal), malasseziaspp (seborrhoeic, pityriasis versicolor) and dermatophytosis (ring warm, tinea pedis, tinea capitis). In particular cases, superficial infections may cause invasive infections, whose occurrence is growing partly owing to an escalation in at-risk populations. This review article aimed to provide information on the superficial fungal diseases, their types, some common fungal diseases, laboratory diagnosis, various anti-fungal drugs, new therapeutic options, herbal and conventional treatment, drug delivery, fungal drug-resistance and management.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient with multiple and complex effects on human health, including potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its most severe complications are the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Considering the fact that oxidative stress and inflammation are central to CVDs, this review focuses on different cardioprotective characteristics of Se with a special focus on molecular mechanisms. In this review, several databases, websites, and search engines, including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were searched using MeSH keywords of Se, Se compounds, CVD, oxidative stress, inflammation, coronary artery disease, and signaling pathway. The present study thoroughly explains the molecular pathways by which Se carries out its function to decrease cardiovascular and related diseases.

Introduction: Obesity is a major public health issue linked to various health complications. Retatrutide, a triple agonist peptide targeting the glucagon receptor, GIP receptor, and GLP-1 receptor, shows promise in addressing this need.

Content: This systematic review assessed the safety and efficacy of retatrutide for obesity treatment using available clinical trial data. We conducted a comprehensive search of databases, including PubMed, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov, from their inception until March 15, 2025 following PRISMA guidelines.

Summary: Three articles were included in this systematic review, screening a total of 1,082 patients, with 691 randomly assigned to groups. The average age of participants was 54.26 ± 9.9 years, consisting of 335 men (48 %) and 356 women (52 %). Retatrutide was administered to 510 participants, while 130 received a placebo. The 12 mg dosage of retatrutide showed the most significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. It also led to a higher percentage of patients achieving weight losses of ≥5 , 10, 15, and 20 %. Gastrointestinal adverse effects were the most commonly reported.

Outlook: Weekly subcutaneous injections of retatrutide in obese patients resulted in significant weight loss and metabolic improvements compared to a placebo.

Objectives: The effectiveness of diabetes management depends significantly on patients' knowledge of key concepts such as carbohydrate counting, bolus timing, duration of insulin action, and the interpretation of trend arrows. This study aims to evaluate the understanding of these concepts among patients with type 1 diabetes who are using advanced technologies.

Methods: From January 2024 to July 2024, consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire to assess their retention of key concepts for T1D management. Each patient completed the questionnaire independently in a private room before their medical appointment.

Results: This study evaluated therapeutic education in adult T1D patients in Campania, Italy, who use advanced diabetes technologies. Despite most patients having long-term diabetes, significant knowledge gaps were found in diabetes management. Only 40 % of CGM users correctly correlated sensor data with capillary glucose, and 19 % erroneously believed they were identical. Just 25 % patients knew their insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio, and only 56 % accurately calculated carbohydrates. Even among users of advanced hybrid closed-loop systems, similar deficiencies existed.

Conclusions: Understanding of key concepts necessary for effective management of diabetes using advanced technologies remains insufficient in a cohort of Italian patients.

Objectives: This study will identify strengths and weaknesses of ADR reporting forms of study countries.

Methods: This was an observational study conducted at the Department of Pharmacology at Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal. We obtained the WHO-UMC adverse event reporting guidance document for designing the ADR form for member countries. We similarly collected and analysed ADR forms from Australia, Canada, India, South Africa, the UK, and the US. Data fields were grouped into different subgroups.

Results: An analysis of ADR reporting forms from six countries revealed a total of 70 data fields. The US-FDA's FORM 3500 has the most fields at 50 (71 %), followed by India's CDSCO with 42 fields (60 %). According to WHO-UMC recommendations, Canada and Australia have the highest number of suggested fields at 10 (83 %). All forms were one page long except for the US-FDA's, which is five pages.

Conclusions: Improving patient feedback and organisational engagement is essential to raise awareness of the reporting system. A proposed generic ADR form provides detailed information for causality assessment and could serve as a basis for a standard global reporting form.

The application of natural occurring compounds in the treatment of human diseases has been increased in the recent decades due to the biocompatibility and pleiotropic impacts of these agents along with significant health-promoting effects. Among them, resveratrol has been shown to be of importance, since it can exert various biological and pharmacological activities. Moreover, resveratrol generally demonstrates good biosafety and biocompatibility that can further improve its application in clinical studies. In terms of biological activities, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of resveratrol has been of importance and they are useful in the prevention of diabetes and neurological diseases. The antioxidant activity of resveratrol can result from its function in enhancing levels of antioxidant factors such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, and reduction in ROS levels. Moreover, resveratrol can reduce inflammation and downregulate related pathways such as NF-κB. Beyond this, resveratrol has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of human diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer (suppressing tumorigenesis or acting as chemopreventive agent) and alleviation of neurological diseases, among others. Such protective impacts of resveratrol would be discussed in the current review with a focus on underlying molecular factors. In addition, nanoparticles have been significantly applied in the treatment of human disease through delivery of resveratrol and since pharmacokinetic profile of resveratrol is poor, the application of delivery systems can accelerate therapeutic index of this natural product. However, clinical application of resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles in the clinical level relies on the biocomaptibility and safety of these structures along with their efficacy.

Heart failure (HF) represents the final manifestation of various cardiovascular diseases, emerging as a significant global health challenge that impacts over 20 million individuals worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest pharmacological agents developed to address HF, focusing on their effectiveness in alleviating symptoms associated with the condition. It highlights the critical necessity for a more profound understanding of the multifaceted processes and pathways that contribute to HF pathogenesis. The methodology employed in this review demonstrates encouraging outcomes from numerous pharmaceutical agents evaluated for their ability to relieve HF symptoms, showcasing their effectiveness in improving patient experiences. However, a significant gap remains in tackling the fundamental issues underlying HF. The findings emphasize the intricate nature of HF and the obstacles faced in creating therapies that extend beyond mere symptomatic management. Currently, the predominant approach to HF treatment involves targeting the underlying mechanisms of the disease and addressing related neurohumoral imbalances. Despite the growing arsenal of treatments available for HF, patient outcomes continue to be suboptimal. Therefore, this review aims to illuminate potential therapeutic targets for more effective management strategies for HF, ultimately striving to enhance patient prognosis and quality of life.