Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology最新文献

Background: Mental toughness represents a crucial psychological construct in competitive sports. This narrative review examines the relationship between mental toughness and athletic performance across various sports domains.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review of empirical studies published between 2000 and 2024. Relevant articles were identified through database searches including PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Studies examining mental toughness in relation to performance outcomes in competitive athletes were included.

Results: Evidence consistently shows positive correlations between mental toughness and athletic performance (r=0.21-0.63). Mental toughness demonstrates stronger associations with performance in individual sports compared to team sports. Additionally, psychological interventions targeting mental toughness components show promise for enhancing athletic outcomes.

Conclusions: Mental toughness represents a significant psychological factor in athletic achievement. The construct influences performance through multiple pathways including resilience to pressure, emotional regulation, and focus maintenance. Practical applications for coaches and sport psychologists are discussed.

Objectives: The current study aims to evaluate the aptness of prescription in elderly along with looking out for polypharmacy, overprescribing and under prescribing in geriatric patients being treated at the tertiary care hospital.

Methods: This is a retrospective record-based study, data was collected from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2018 of all the patient which are falling in the inclusion criteria. Prescription appropriateness was assessed implementing 'Beers criteria'. Errors in prescription along with administration were checked by direct observation and analysis of prescriptions.

Results: Out of total 2,718 patients, 58.6 % were found to be males and 41.4 % were females. Most common comorbidities found were hypertension and coronary artery diseases (CAD). In the current study, 39 % of the prescription contained inappropriate medication and 11.20 % prescriptions were having adverse drug reaction. Error by attending nurse in prescription reading came out to be the most common error in this study.

Conclusions: Diclofenac was found to be the most commonly used inappropriate drug as per Beer's criteria. Clinicians should be more cautious when using drugs in old age patients.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of potential QT-prolonging drug-drug interactions (pQT-DDIs) in cancer patients, including identifying drug combinations contributing to QT prolongation and key predictors.

Methods: In this hospital-based, cross-sectional observational study, all types of cancer patients, irrespective of age or sex, were included over 1 year. pQT-DDIs were identified using four drug interaction checker software tools. Predictors were analyzed using univariate logistic regression.

Results: A total of 1,331 cancer patients were included. The prevalence of pQT-DDIs was 67.6 %. Of these, 606 (45.5 %) had 1-2 pQT-DDIs, 126 (9.5 %) had 3-4, and 78 (5.9 %) had 5-6. Overall, 163 drug combinations were identified as causing QT prolongation; 122 were detected by Drugs.com. Significant predictors included >8 drugs prescribed (OR=6.46; CI=4.87-8.56; p<0.0001), >2 anticancer drugs (OR=1.68; CI=1.14-2.46; p=0.008), >6 adjuvant drugs (OR=6.83; CI=5.17-9.03; p<0.0001), solid cancers (OR=6.59; CI=4.59-8.80; p<0.0001), and cytotoxic drug use (OR=2.40; CI=1.52-3.77; p=0.0001).

Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of pQT-DDIs in cancer patients. Those receiving multiple anticancer and adjuvant drugs are at higher risk. Routine interaction screening is recommended before chemotherapy.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease leading to liver damage and potentially death. The first-line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), but some patients do not respond well. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a second-line treatment option. Fenofibrate (a predominantly PPAR-α agonist) and bezafibrate (a pan-PPAR agonist) are currently used in clinical practice as anticholestatic agents to improve serum biochemistry in PBC. Seladelpar, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARδ) agonist, has demonstrated potent anti-cholestatic effects in clinical studies. The aim of this analysis was to summarise the data available on efficacy and safety of seladelpar for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). We conducted a search in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for studies on seladelpar until June 1, 2024. The analysis included review articles, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies. Seladelpar is a once daily oral, potent and selective PPAR-δ agonist. Activation of PPAR-δ on hepatocytes and cholangiocytes improves cholestasis by downregulating the rate-limiting enzyme, CYP 7A1, used for bile synthesis, as well as reducing cholesterol synthesis and dietary absorption, leading to a reduction in bile acid pools. In this review, we have summarised the preclinical and clinical data on seladelpar. There is a need for additional phase III studies to provide sufficient clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of this investigational drug, as current evidence is limited to phase III studies and does not yet prove its worth in a larger population.

Mycoses (fungal infections) are highly emerging threat to public health globally. Among six million fungal species, less than 1 % is pathogenic and infects peoples. Most of them affecting skin, nail and hair, which are very common diseases known as superficial mycosis. These diseases include superficial candidiasis (vaginal, cutaneous, oropharyngeal), malasseziaspp (seborrhoeic, pityriasis versicolor) and dermatophytosis (ring warm, tinea pedis, tinea capitis). In particular cases, superficial infections may cause invasive infections, whose occurrence is growing partly owing to an escalation in at-risk populations. This review article aimed to provide information on the superficial fungal diseases, their types, some common fungal diseases, laboratory diagnosis, various anti-fungal drugs, new therapeutic options, herbal and conventional treatment, drug delivery, fungal drug-resistance and management.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient with multiple and complex effects on human health, including potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its most severe complications are the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Considering the fact that oxidative stress and inflammation are central to CVDs, this review focuses on different cardioprotective characteristics of Se with a special focus on molecular mechanisms. In this review, several databases, websites, and search engines, including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were searched using MeSH keywords of Se, Se compounds, CVD, oxidative stress, inflammation, coronary artery disease, and signaling pathway. The present study thoroughly explains the molecular pathways by which Se carries out its function to decrease cardiovascular and related diseases.

Introduction: Obesity is a major public health issue linked to various health complications. Retatrutide, a triple agonist peptide targeting the glucagon receptor, GIP receptor, and GLP-1 receptor, shows promise in addressing this need.

Content: This systematic review assessed the safety and efficacy of retatrutide for obesity treatment using available clinical trial data. We conducted a comprehensive search of databases, including PubMed, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov, from their inception until March 15, 2025 following PRISMA guidelines.

Summary: Three articles were included in this systematic review, screening a total of 1,082 patients, with 691 randomly assigned to groups. The average age of participants was 54.26 ± 9.9 years, consisting of 335 men (48 %) and 356 women (52 %). Retatrutide was administered to 510 participants, while 130 received a placebo. The 12 mg dosage of retatrutide showed the most significant reductions in body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. It also led to a higher percentage of patients achieving weight losses of ≥5 , 10, 15, and 20 %. Gastrointestinal adverse effects were the most commonly reported.

Outlook: Weekly subcutaneous injections of retatrutide in obese patients resulted in significant weight loss and metabolic improvements compared to a placebo.

Objectives: To assess the belching-related esophageal events in healthy volunteers during and after fast-food meals.

Methods: Ten adult healthy volunteers had two lunches with a Big Mac^® on different days, accompanied or not by Coca-Cola (500 mL, pH<3) in a random way. We assessed prandial and 2 h postprandial esophageal events using impedance-pH monitoring.

Results: During meals with Coca-Cola, most signed belching (68 %) were concomitant with prolonged esophageal acidification or acid reflux, and the belching number was superior [median: 9.5 (IQR 4.7-14) vs. 0 (0-3); p=0.002] and less frequently represented by pure gas (24 % vs. 92 %; p<0.001) than in meals without Coca-Cola. Postprandial belching did not differ either in frequency [median: 15.5 (6-20.2) vs. 13.5 (10.7-20.5); p=0.739] or in type [(median %) pure gas: 6.7 % vs. 11.7 %; during acid reflux: 64.6 % vs. 51.7 %; during nonacid reflux: 22.5 % vs. 22.2 %; p=0.300), with more than 80 % of belching coincident with asymptomatic liquid reflux, regardless of Coca-Cola intake. Postprandial gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal acid exposure were similar, irrespective of Coca-Cola intake.

Conclusions: In healthy volunteers, a fast-food meal with Coca-Cola provoked a prompt reaction with increased prandial belching and esophageal acidification. Coca-Cola did not change postprandial belching, often accompanied by silent gastroesophageal liquid reflux.

Objectives: The effectiveness of diabetes management depends significantly on patients' knowledge of key concepts such as carbohydrate counting, bolus timing, duration of insulin action, and the interpretation of trend arrows. This study aims to evaluate the understanding of these concepts among patients with type 1 diabetes who are using advanced technologies.

Methods: From January 2024 to July 2024, consecutive patients with type 1 diabetes who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire to assess their retention of key concepts for T1D management. Each patient completed the questionnaire independently in a private room before their medical appointment.

Results: This study evaluated therapeutic education in adult T1D patients in Campania, Italy, who use advanced diabetes technologies. Despite most patients having long-term diabetes, significant knowledge gaps were found in diabetes management. Only 40 % of CGM users correctly correlated sensor data with capillary glucose, and 19 % erroneously believed they were identical. Just 25 % patients knew their insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio, and only 56 % accurately calculated carbohydrates. Even among users of advanced hybrid closed-loop systems, similar deficiencies existed.

Conclusions: Understanding of key concepts necessary for effective management of diabetes using advanced technologies remains insufficient in a cohort of Italian patients.